Ornamental And Turf Pest Control Quiz

Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that affects plants, including their leaves and flowering parts. One of the main characteristics of powdery mildew is the presence of fluffy, grayish-white blotches on the affected leaves and flowering parts. This is caused by the growth of fungal spores on the plant's surface, giving it a powdery appearance. The other options mentioned in the question, such as dark olive green spots, scorched appearance, and vein clearing or mosaic patterns, are not specific to powdery mildew and may be indicative of other plant diseases or issues.

Cleaning equipment on an impervious apron with retaining walls within a restricted area reduces the chance for exposing humans, pets, nontarget organisms, and other sites during equipment clean up. This method ensures that any potential spills or leaks are contained within the restricted area, preventing them from reaching the surrounding environment or storm sewer. Using an impervious apron and retaining walls also helps to prevent the spread of contaminants to nearby areas, minimizing the risk of exposure.

To find the number of pounds needed for one acre, we need to convert the recommended rate from square feet to acres. Since there are 43,560 square feet in one acre, we can divide the recommended rate of 2 pounds per 1000 square feet by 43.56 to get the rate per acre. This gives us a rate of approximately 0.046 pounds per acre. Multiplying this rate by 1 acre gives us the amount of insecticide needed, which is approximately 0.046 pounds. However, since we need a whole number of pounds, we round up to the nearest whole pound, which is 1 pound. Therefore, the correct answer is 87 pounds.

The correct answer is "Until the turf is dry." This means that children, adults, pets, and domestic animals should not have contact with the sprayed turf until it is completely dry. This is important because the chemicals in the spray could be harmful if they come into contact with skin or are ingested. Waiting until the turf is dry ensures that any residue or chemicals have evaporated or been absorbed into the soil, reducing the risk of exposure.

Summer patch is a turfgrass disease that can be severe in July and August in Nebraska. This disease is caused by the fungus Magnaporthe poae and is characterized by circular patches of dead or dying grass with a reddish-brown border. It is most common in lawns with poor drainage and high levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Summer patch can cause significant damage to turfgrass if left untreated, making it a severe disease during the summer months in Nebraska.

Leafhoppers are small, green or brown insects that are approximately 3/8 inch long. They have the ability to jump or fly when disturbed. Spider mites are not known for jumping or flying, and aphids are typically smaller in size and do not have the ability to jump. June bugs are larger beetles and do not fit the description given in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is leafhoppers.

Mowing turf and wrapping tree trunks are considered mechanical pest control methods because they physically prevent or remove pests. Mowing turf can reduce the population of pests like insects and rodents by removing their habitats and food sources. Wrapping tree trunks with protective materials can prevent pests like insects and rodents from climbing up the tree and causing damage. These methods do not involve the use of chemicals or pesticides, which is why they are considered mechanical pest control methods.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the most effective and environmentally responsible approach for managing pests in ornamental and turf areas. IPM combines cultural, biological, and chemical methods to control pests in a way that minimizes environmental impact. This approach emphasizes prevention and uses pesticides only when necessary, making it more sustainable than relying solely on chemical or biological controls.

The correct answer is Cultural, chemical, mechanical, biological. These four methods are commonly used for weed control. Cultural methods involve practices such as crop rotation, proper irrigation, and mulching to prevent weed growth. Chemical methods involve the use of herbicides to kill or suppress weeds. Mechanical methods involve physically removing weeds through methods like hand-pulling or using tools like weed trimmers. Biological methods involve using natural enemies of weeds, such as insects or pathogens, to control their population. These four methods together provide a comprehensive approach to weed control.

The signal word "Caution" indicates that the insecticide is relatively low in toxicity and poses minimal risk to humans and the environment when used as directed. In comparison, the signal word "Warning" suggests a higher level of toxicity and potential hazards, while the signal word "Danger" indicates the highest level of toxicity and potential risks. An insecticide without a label is not recommended as it lacks important information regarding proper usage and safety precautions. Therefore, the insecticide with the signal word "Caution" is the best choice as it effectively controls the target pest while posing the least risk.

The correct answer is 9,400 sq ft and 9.4 pounds. This is because the label requirement is 1.0 pounds of diazinon per 1000 sq ft. So, to calculate the amount of diazinon required, we need to divide the total square footage (9,400 sq ft) by 1000 and then multiply it by 1.0. This gives us 9.4 pounds of diazinon required.

2,4-D is an example of a selective, translocated, and post-emergence herbicide. Selective herbicides target specific types of plants while leaving others unharmed. Translocated herbicides are absorbed by the plant and move throughout its system, killing the entire plant. Post-emergence herbicides are applied to weeds after they have emerged from the soil. 2,4-D meets all of these criteria, making it the correct answer.

To reduce drift of pesticides, keeping nozzles close to the target pest or site is the most effective method. This ensures that the pesticides are applied directly to the intended area and minimizes the chances of them drifting away with wind or air currents. Using smaller droplets and dusts rather than sprays can also help reduce drift to some extent, but keeping the nozzles close to the target is the most important factor in preventing drift.

Using a larger nozzle with low pressure is a practical technique to reduce potential drift damage to ornamentals when spraying turf for weed control. This is because a larger nozzle produces larger droplets, which are less likely to be carried by the wind and drift onto ornamental plants. Additionally, using low pressure helps to reduce the force at which the herbicide is sprayed, further minimizing the potential for drift and damage to ornamentals.

The combination of high pressure and a small orifice will create the greatest drift hazard. This is because high pressure will result in a faster flow rate of the liquid, and a small orifice will restrict the flow, causing the liquid to be released at a higher velocity. The higher velocity of the liquid particles will make them more prone to drifting and being carried away by wind or air currents, increasing the potential for drift and causing a greater hazard.

Disease management in ornamentals can be improved by implementing several strategies. Dormant pruning helps remove infected or diseased branches, reducing the spread of diseases. Disease-resistant varieties are plants that have been bred to be less susceptible to certain diseases, reducing the need for chemical treatments. Bed rotation involves changing the location of ornamentals each year, which helps prevent the buildup of disease-causing organisms in the soil. Close plant spacing can create a favorable environment for disease development, so it is not a recommended strategy. Increasing water supply may actually promote the growth of certain diseases, so it is not an effective method for disease management. Therefore, the correct answer is dormant pruning, disease resistant varieties, and bed rotation.

Stem rust of Kentucky bluegrass is characterized by the production of brick red pustules on leaf blades in late summer. This is the correct answer because the other characteristics mentioned, such as occurring in late winter and giving the turf a dark gray cast, are not specific to stem rust of Kentucky bluegrass.

Emulsifiable concentrate formulations are most likely to cause phytotoxic injury because they contain solvents that can directly damage plant tissues. These solvents help in the dispersion of the active ingredient in water, but they can also penetrate plant cells and disrupt their structure and function. In contrast, wettable powder, granular, and dust formulations do not typically contain solvents that can directly harm plants, making them less likely to cause phytotoxic injury.

Spring preemergence herbicide application is the most effective for annual grassy weeds because it targets the weeds before they emerge from the soil. By applying the herbicide in the spring, before the weeds have a chance to germinate and grow, it can prevent their growth altogether. This method is particularly effective for annual grassy weeds, as they tend to germinate and grow in the spring. Applying the herbicide in the fall may not be as effective because the weeds may have already germinated and established themselves by that time.

The factors that contribute to pesticide phytotoxicity include uneven distribution of pesticides, high air temperatures, and excessive application rates of pesticides. These factors can all have negative effects on plants and can lead to phytotoxicity. Uneven distribution can result in some areas receiving too much pesticide, while others receive too little. High air temperatures can increase the volatility of pesticides, making them more likely to cause damage to plants. Excessive application rates can overwhelm plants and lead to toxicity. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to pesticide phytotoxicity.

The persistence of pesticides is important to consider in areas where humans, pets, or other animals are present because they may come into contact with the pesticides and be exposed to their potentially harmful effects. Similarly, if powder is applied, it can easily be spread by wind or other means and may contaminate nearby gardens or areas. Therefore, all of the given options are valid reasons to be aware of the persistence of pesticides in ornamental and turf areas.

Algae problems in greenhouses can be controlled by treatment with copper sulphate. Copper sulphate is a commonly used algaecide that effectively kills algae and prevents their growth. It works by disrupting the metabolic processes of algae, leading to their death. This treatment is effective in controlling algae growth and preventing the spread of algae in greenhouses. Other options such as reducing or increasing the house temperature or drenching with an antiseptic may not be as effective in controlling algae growth.

Yellow foxtail is best described as a summer annual, grassy weed. This means that it is a type of weed that completes its life cycle within a single growing season, germinating in the spring or summer, growing throughout the summer, and producing seeds before dying in the fall. It is also a grassy weed, meaning that it belongs to the grass family and has characteristics similar to grasses.

Hand picking the bags by mid May is an effective cultural control method for bagworms because it allows for the removal and destruction of the bags before the larvae inside have a chance to emerge and cause damage to plants. By removing the bags before mid May, the bagworm population can be significantly reduced, preventing further damage to plants. Spraying the bags during the winter or in late summer may not be as effective because the larvae are already inside the bags and may not be affected by the spray. Selecting resistant plants can help prevent bagworm infestations, but it is not a method for controlling existing infestations.

Spider mites damage conifers by sucking sap. Spider mites are tiny pests that feed on the sap of plants, including conifers. They use their piercing mouthparts to extract the sap from the needles and stems of the conifers. This feeding behavior deprives the plants of essential nutrients and can weaken them, leading to stunted growth, yellowing or browning of needles, and even death in severe infestations. Therefore, sucking sap is the correct answer as it accurately describes the damage caused by spider mites to conifers.

Fire blight is a bacterially induced disease that can infect various woody plant species. The given answer, Cotoneaster, is correct because it is one of the plant species that can be infected by fire blight. The other options, Tomato, Petunia, and Banana, are not typically susceptible to this disease.

The "frog-eye" pattern characteristic of summer patch may appear in circular, crescent, and/or serpentine shapes.

Elm leaf beetles damage elm trees by feeding on the leaves. This can lead to defoliation, weakening the tree and making it more susceptible to other diseases and pests. Boring into trunks, carrying dutch elm disease, and cutting off twigs are not mentioned as ways in which elm leaf beetles damage elm trees.

Leaf spot is a common fungal disease that affects plants. It is caused by various types of fungi that thrive in cool, wet conditions. These fungi are most active when the weather is cool and there is an abundance of moisture, such as from rain or dew. In these conditions, the fungi can easily infect the leaves and cause the characteristic spots. Warm, dry weather is not conducive to the growth and spread of the fungi, so leaf spot is less likely to occur in these conditions. Cold, dry weather also does not provide the ideal conditions for the fungi to thrive.

The correct answer is "Flesh or gray color with small distinct black dots." This description accurately describes a sod webworm larva. The larvae of sod webworms are typically light gray or flesh-colored with small black dots on their bodies. This coloration helps them blend in with the grass and soil, providing camouflage and protection from predators.

The control of pink and gray snow mold involves the construction of snow barriers to minimize the accumulation of snow in problem areas. This is because snow mold thrives in areas where snow accumulates and remains for extended periods of time. By constructing snow barriers, the amount of snow that accumulates in these problem areas can be reduced, thereby reducing the risk of snow mold development. The other options, such as heavy nitrogen fertilizer applications, cutting the turf too low, or allowing the turf to grow excessively before cold weather, do not specifically address the control of snow mold.

The correct answer is "Wrap trees, apply residual pesticides." Wrapping trees helps to physically prevent borers from infesting the trees, while applying residual pesticides can help to kill any borers that may already be present or prevent future infestations. Both methods work together to control borers effectively.

The minimum protective clothing for handling any formulation of pesticide with a "caution" label is a long-sleeved shirt and long pants, along with shoes. This combination of clothing provides coverage and protection for the arms, legs, and feet, which are the most vulnerable areas when handling pesticides. It helps to minimize skin exposure and potential contact with the pesticide, reducing the risk of absorption or skin irritation. Wearing closed-toe shoes also protects the feet from accidental spills or splashes.

Dandelion is effectively controlled with post-emergence herbicides in the fall. This means that applying herbicides after the dandelion has emerged from the ground is an effective method of controlling its growth. The other options, such as crabgrass, foxtail, and nimblewill, may require different methods or timing for effective control.

The correct answer is "All of the above" because prostrate spurge can be identified by all of the mentioned characteristics. It has milky sap, prostrate growth (meaning it grows close to the ground), and a tap root. Therefore, if a plant exhibits all of these characteristics, it is likely to be prostrate spurge.

Field bindweed is a perennial, broadleaf weed. It is a vine-like plant that grows low to the ground and has arrowhead-shaped leaves. It is considered a weed because it can quickly spread and take over an area, competing with other plants for nutrients and resources. Field bindweed is difficult to control and can be a nuisance in agricultural fields and gardens.

Scale insects go through several stages of development, including egg, crawler, pupa, and adult. The crawler stage is the best time to apply an insecticide because this is when the insects are most vulnerable and actively moving around. In this stage, the insects are small and mobile, making them easier to target and control with insecticides. Applying the insecticide during the crawler stage ensures that it reaches and kills the majority of the population, effectively managing the scale insect infestation.

Winter annual weeds germinate in the fall, survive through the winter, and complete their lifecycle in the spring. Common chickweed, henbit, and field pennycress are all examples of winter annuals. They typically sprout in the cooler months and can be problematic in lawns and gardens if not managed properly. The other weeds listed, like large crabgrass and dandelions, are not winter annuals.

Aphids are small insects that are known for their soft bodies and ability to suck sap from plants. They come in various colors, hence the term "multicolored". They do not have hard shells, and they do not feed on foliage or the cambium layer of plants. Therefore, the statement "Multicolored, soft bodied, sucks sap" best describes an aphid.

Grubs are insects that damage turf below the soil surface. Army cotton worms and sod webworms primarily damage the above-ground parts of the turf, while grubs feed on the roots of the grass, causing significant damage to the turf below the soil surface. Therefore, the correct answer is grubs.

Fungi are plants that lack chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is a pigment that allows plants to carry out photosynthesis, which is the process of converting sunlight into energy. Fungi, on the other hand, obtain their nutrients by absorbing them from their surroundings. They do not have the ability to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Therefore, fungi are classified as plants that lack chlorophyll.

Pesticide persistence is important when the treated soil is used for a different planting. This is because if the pesticide remains in the soil for a long period of time, it can potentially harm the new plants that are being planted. Therefore, it is important to consider the persistence of the pesticide when using treated soil for a different planting.

The correct answer is two bordeaux treatments in the spring. Bordeaux mixture is a fungicide that is commonly used to control diplodia tip blight in pines. It is most effective when applied in the spring, before the fungal infection becomes severe. By applying two treatments in the spring, it helps to prevent the spread and growth of the fungus, reducing the damage caused by diplodia tip blight. Pruning and burning stunned tips as they appear may help to remove infected plant material, but it is not as effective as using a fungicide like bordeaux mixture. Winter pruning and summer bordeaux treatment, as well as summer pruning and two summer bordeaux treatments, are not the most effective methods for controlling diplodia tip blight.

Dormant pruning and antibiotic treatment at flowering is the recommended method for controlling fire blight. Fire blight is a bacterial disease that affects fruit trees, and dormant pruning helps remove infected branches before the bacteria can spread. Antibiotic treatment at flowering is also effective in controlling the disease as it targets the bacteria during their active growth phase. Summer pruning and dormant antibiotic treatment may not be as effective as they do not specifically target the bacteria at the right time.

The ester form of 2,4-D is more hazardous than some other chemicals because its volatility may cause it to drift onto nontarget plants. Volatility refers to the tendency of a substance to vaporize or evaporate at a given temperature. In the case of the ester form of 2,4-D, its high volatility means that it is more likely to turn into a gas and be carried by air currents, potentially reaching and affecting plants that were not intended to be targeted. This makes it more hazardous as it can cause unintended damage to nontarget plants.

Accumulative pesticides are likely to cause harm to wildlife because they can build up in the environment over time, leading to higher concentrations in the bodies of animals. This can result in toxic effects, such as reproductive problems, immune system suppression, and even death. Accumulative pesticides are persistent and do not break down easily, so they can continue to pose a threat to wildlife for long periods.