Operativni SiSTEMi 1(Prvi Kolokvijum)

In the given model, when one of the user threads transitions to the waiting state, all other user threads from the same group continue their activities normally. This means that the waiting state of one thread does not affect the activities of other threads in the same group.

In the multithread model of a process, the program code is shared and accessible by all threads. This means that all threads can access and execute the same code simultaneously. Therefore, the program code is "zajednički-deljiv" (shared-divisible) for all threads. Each thread does not have its own unique code, but rather they all share the same code.

The correct answer is "Asocijativna memorija" (Associative memory). The explanation is that associative memory is a type of memory that allows for fast retrieval of data by searching for content rather than its location. It is commonly used in cache memory, which is a structure in the CPU that helps improve performance by storing frequently accessed data. Asociativna memorija is the only option that aligns with this description.

The banker algorithm is a scheme that performs calculations before approving or temporarily rejecting a request. It is used to prevent deadlocks, which are situations where processes are unable to proceed because they are waiting for resources held by other processes. The banker algorithm ensures that resources are allocated in a safe and efficient manner, avoiding deadlocks by considering the available resources, the maximum resources each process can request, and the current allocation of resources.

The correct answer is "Moderan kernel, moderna aplikacija." This means that the model in the picture represents a situation where both the kernel and the application are modern.

The given image represents Linked lists. Linked lists are data structures consisting of nodes, where each node contains a value and a reference to the next node. They are used to store and organize data in a linear manner, allowing for efficient insertion and deletion operations. In the given image, the diagram likely depicts the structure of a linked list with nodes connected through pointers or references.

The correct answer is that both DMA and PIC are involved in the situation depicted in the picture.

The correct answer is "Pool[n], count, in, out". This solution for the "Bounded Buffer" problem fully protects these shared variables from concurrent access and ensures their correctness. The other variables, "Samo pool[n]", "Samo in", "Samo out", and "Samo count" are not fully protected and may be accessed concurrently, leading to potential race conditions and incorrect results.

The structure in the picture is very reliable and simple only if the resources contain only one instance. This means that if there is only one instance of each resource, the structure can effectively detect and prevent deadlock. However, if there are multiple instances of the resources, the structure may not be as reliable and simple in detecting deadlock.

The correct answer is "Privilegovanih I/O instrukcija" (Privileged I/O instructions). In computer systems, I/O (Input/Output) operations are typically protected using privileged instructions. Privileged instructions are special instructions that can only be executed by the operating system or kernel, and not by regular user programs. These privileged I/O instructions allow the operating system to control and manage input and output operations, ensuring that they are performed securely and efficiently. Regular user programs do not have direct access to these privileged I/O instructions to prevent unauthorized access or misuse of system resources.

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The correct answer is that the left mechanism is indirect IPC and the right mechanism is direct IPC.

The exit section of the given algorithm is in line number 4.

The given answer, "dva", suggests that the number of memory cycles during a write operation is not always the same. This implies that the performance can vary when paging is introduced.

The Banker algorithm is a resource allocation and deadlock avoidance algorithm. It is used to determine whether granting a request for resources will leave the system in a safe state, where no deadlock can occur. The algorithm works by simulating the allocation of resources and checking if the system can reach a safe state. If the request leads to a safe state, it is granted; otherwise, it is denied to prevent deadlock. In this case, the schema approves every request and performs calculations on the state of processes, indicating that it is the Banker algorithm.

The correct answer states that the transition shown in the image is from user mode to kernel mode under the influence of an interrupt, and the process is not "aware" of this situation. This suggests that when an interrupt occurs, the system switches from user mode to kernel mode without the process being aware of it.

The given question is asking for the name of the scheme that requires the process to declare the use of all or maximum resources at the beginning. The correct answer is the Banker algorithm. The Banker algorithm is a resource allocation and deadlock avoidance algorithm that ensures that processes are allocated resources in a safe and deadlock-free manner. It requires processes to declare their maximum resource requirements upfront, allowing the system to make safe resource allocations and avoid potential deadlocks.

This question is asking about the number of processes that a given algorithm can simultaneously serve. The answer "n processes" implies that the algorithm can handle any number of processes simultaneously. This suggests that the algorithm is designed to be scalable and can efficiently handle a large number of processes without any limitation.

The given sequence of numbers represents the time quantum (TQ) for a short-term scheduler algorithm. The correct answer is 20, as it is the last number in the sequence. This suggests that the time quantum for the algorithm is 20 units of time.

Segmentacija je tehnika upravljanja memorijom u kojoj se memorija dijeli na segmente različitih veličina. Svaki proces ima svoje segmente u memoriji. Deljivost memorije između različitih procesa je moguća na nivou segmenata, što znači da se segmenti mogu deliti između različitih procesa. Ova deljivost omogućava efikasno korišćenje memorije i deljenje podataka između procesa.

In computer systems, memory protection is typically achieved through the use of base and limit registers. These registers define the starting address (base) and the size (limit) of a memory segment that a process can access. By checking the base and limit values, the system can ensure that a process does not access memory outside of its allocated segment, thus providing memory protection. This mechanism helps prevent unauthorized access to memory and ensures the stability and security of the system.

The Banker algorithm is a deadlock prevention algorithm that ensures that the system never enters a deadlock state. It does this by allocating resources to processes in a safe manner, taking into account the maximum resource requirements of each process and the available resources in the system. By carefully managing resource allocation, the Banker algorithm can prevent deadlocks from occurring.

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The correct answer is Short-term scheduler and dispatcher. In the given scenario, the short-term scheduler and dispatcher are involved. The short-term scheduler is responsible for selecting which process should be executed next from the pool of ready processes. The dispatcher is responsible for actually loading the selected process into the CPU and starting its execution. Together, they work to efficiently manage the execution of processes and ensure that the CPU is utilized effectively.

The best method in case some processes enter a deadlock in a system with a deadlock detection algorithm is to perform a Roll-Back. This means that the system will go back to a previous state where the deadlock did not exist and then continue the execution from there. This allows the system to avoid the deadlock situation and continue functioning properly.

The correct answer is "Dualni mod rada procesa" which translates to "Dual mode of process operation" in English. This suggests that the image is depicting the concept of dual mode in process operation.

This short-term scheduler algorithm is rated as "odličan" or excellent in terms of performance.

The correct answer is option 2, "smanjuju se 100%". This means that the performance decreases completely when paging is introduced. Paging is a memory management technique that allows the operating system to store and retrieve data from secondary storage when the main memory is full. However, this process of swapping data between main memory and secondary storage can lead to slower performance compared to when all data is stored in the main memory. Therefore, the introduction of paging can result in a 100% decrease in performance.

The correct answer is "Događaj A se sigurno izvršava posle B". This means that event A will definitely occur after event B.

In the given situation, the transition indicated by the red arrow is caused by a lack of data or a resource that is being waited for for a long time.

This image most likely requires a Windows operating system because it is specifically mentioned that it is NT-based. NT-based operating systems, such as Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10, are designed for business and professional use. The other options listed, such as Novell software, DOS, UNIX/Linux, Sun Solaris, and Google Chrome, are not specifically mentioned as being NT-based or suitable for the image.

The architecture seen in the picture is parallel processing with symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and uniform memory access (UMA). SMP-UMA architecture involves multiple processors or cores that share a common main memory, allowing them to work on different tasks simultaneously. This architecture is suitable for applications that require high performance and can be efficiently parallelized.

The given answer states that the transition indicated by the red arrow is definitely not preemption.

The given answer states that the short-term scheduler algorithm is preemptive. This means that the scheduler can interrupt a running process before its completion and allocate the CPU to another process. Preemption allows for better responsiveness and efficient utilization of system resources. However, it may also introduce overhead and potential issues like priority inversion. Overall, a preemptive scheduler is advantageous in scenarios where time-critical tasks need to be prioritized and executed promptly.

The correct answer is "Bounded Buffer". A bounded buffer is a data structure that is used for transferring data between two or more threads or processes. It has a fixed size and can only hold a certain number of items. When the buffer is full, any attempt to add more items will block until space becomes available. Similarly, when the buffer is empty, any attempt to remove items will block until there are items to remove. This ensures that the producer and consumer threads or processes are synchronized and do not interfere with each other's operations.

The exit section of the given algorithm is in line number 7.

The correct answer is "Sigurno ne" (Definitely not). In the given question, it is stated that there is a transition from running to I/O or event wait-waiting in the state diagram of the process. Preemption refers to the act of temporarily interrupting a task that is currently running in order to give the processor to another task. However, in this case, it is stated that preemption definitely did not occur. This suggests that the process was not interrupted or preempted during the transition from running to I/O or event wait-waiting.

The red arrow in the picture indicates a transition caused by the parent process.

UNIX/Linux is the most typical representative of Time-sharing systems (TS) because these operating systems are designed to allow multiple users to simultaneously access and share system resources. They provide a time-sharing environment where users can run multiple programs or tasks concurrently, dividing the CPU time among them. UNIX/Linux systems have a long history in the development of time-sharing concepts and have been widely used in server environments for decades. They offer robust multi-user capabilities, efficient process management, and a wide range of tools and utilities that make them suitable for time-sharing scenarios.

The correct answer is RR (Round Robin). The Round Robin scheduling algorithm is considered the best in terms of Response Time (RT) because it provides equal time slices to each process in a cyclic manner. This ensures that no process has to wait for a long time before getting CPU time, resulting in faster response times.

The given image represents Buddy systems. Buddy systems is a memory allocation technique where memory is divided into blocks of different sizes. When a request for memory allocation is made, the system searches for the smallest available block that can satisfy the request and splits it into two equal-sized buddies. If the request cannot be satisfied with the available blocks, the system merges adjacent buddies to create a larger block. This technique helps in efficient memory management by reducing fragmentation and improving memory utilization.

In the given question, the correct answer is "Sistemskog softvera i aplikativnog softvera". This means that the operating system (OS) is directly below the system software and application software layers in the structural diagram of a computer system. This indicates that the OS acts as an intermediary between the hardware and the system and application software, providing a platform for these software layers to run on and interact with the hardware.

The correct answer is "Stranice". In the context of memory sharing between different processes in paging, memory is divided into fixed-size blocks called pages. Each process is allocated a certain number of pages, and these pages can be shared between processes. This allows for efficient memory utilization and sharing of resources among processes.

The correct answer is MDA and PIC. MDA stands for Memory Data Access and it is responsible for managing the data transfer between the CPU and the memory. PIC stands for Programmable Interrupt Controller and it handles the interrupts generated by external devices. Both MDA and PIC contribute to the complete CPU isolation from I/O actions.

The given question is asking about the number of processes that a given algorithm can simultaneously serve. The answer "n processes" suggests that the algorithm can serve any number of processes at the same time, indicating that there is no limit to the number of processes it can handle concurrently.

The given answer states that it cannot be determined with certainty at first glance whether it is a deadlock or not. This suggests that additional information or analysis is required to determine if the situation shown in the picture is indeed a deadlock. The answer implies that a visual inspection alone is not sufficient to make a conclusive judgment.

This question asks to identify the short-term scheduler algorithm and evaluate it in terms of preemption. The given answer is "Preemptive." This means that the identified short-term scheduler algorithm allows for preemption, which means that it can interrupt the execution of a process before it has completed and allocate the CPU to another process.

Algoritmi za MVT (Multiple Variable Time) moraju analizirati sve postojeće šupljine prilikom alokacije memorije. Oba algoritma, best-fit i worst-fit, obavljaju ovu analizu. Best-fit algoritam pronalazi najmanju šupljinu koja je dovoljno velika da smesti zahtevanu količinu memorije, dok worst-fit algoritam pronalazi najveću šupljinu. Oba algoritma imaju svoje prednosti i mane, pa se koriste u različitim situacijama, u zavisnosti od prioriteta kao što su efikasnost ili smanjenje fragmentacije memorije.

The given image most likely corresponds to UNIX/Linux because UNIX/Linux is an operating system commonly associated with server administration and software development, as depicted in the image. Novell software, DOS, Sun Solaris, MS Windows (NT based), and Google Chrome are not typically associated with server administration or software development, making UNIX/Linux the most suitable option.

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The entry section of the given algorithm is in line number 2.

In the ready state, a process has access to all resources except for the CPU. This means that the process has already loaded into the memory (RAM) and has all the necessary files and data, but it is waiting for the CPU to execute its instructions.

The given answer suggests that the algorithm can simultaneously serve any number of processes, denoted by "n". This means that there is no limit to the number of processes that can be handled by the algorithm at the same time.

When the page size is reduced, the internal fragmentation decreases. This is because a smaller page size means that there will be less unused space within each page. Therefore, the amount of wasted memory due to internal fragmentation is reduced.

The given correct answer "Sigurno ne" (Definitely not) suggests that in the transition from waiting-I/O or event completion to ready state in the basic process state diagram, there is no preemption. Preemption refers to the act of temporarily interrupting a task being carried out by a computer system, without requiring its cooperation, and with the intention of resuming the task at a later time. Therefore, the answer implies that there is no interruption or suspension of the process during this transition.

The TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer) is a hardware cache that stores recently used virtual-to-physical address translations. By using TLB, the system can quickly access the physical memory location corresponding to a virtual memory address, without having to perform a time-consuming translation process. This helps to improve the performance of paging, as it reduces the time needed for address translation. Therefore, by using TLB, the system can mitigate the drastic performance drop caused by the introduction of paging.

The given question asks about the structure of the operating system that is most commonly manipulated by a kernel process. The correct answer is "Dispatcher." The dispatcher is responsible for selecting and allocating processes to the CPU for execution. It manages the context switching between processes, ensuring that the CPU is utilized efficiently. The long-term scheduler, medium-term scheduler, short-term scheduler, and swapper are also important components of the operating system, but they do not directly handle the allocation of processes to the CPU like the dispatcher does.

A smaller time quantum (TQ) for the short-term scheduler algorithm can lead to decreased performance. This is because a smaller TQ means that the CPU will have to switch between processes more frequently, resulting in more overhead and less time available for each process to execute. As a result, the overall system performance may be reduced.

Priority scheduling is the best short-term scheduler algorithm for the given class of operating systems. This algorithm assigns priorities to each process and schedules them based on their priority levels. It ensures that processes with higher priority are executed first, allowing for efficient utilization of system resources. This is particularly important for the given class of operating systems, as it helps prioritize critical tasks and ensures timely execution of important processes.

The correct answer is the Banker algorithm. The Banker algorithm is used to prevent deadlock in a resource allocation system. It ensures that resources are allocated in a safe manner by checking if granting a request will lead to a deadlock. If a request cannot be granted without causing a deadlock, it is denied. This algorithm is commonly used in operating systems to manage resource allocation and prevent deadlocks from occurring.

The technique of aging in short-term scheduler algorithms is used to reduce the occurrence of priority inversion or deadlock situations, which are commonly known as "zakucavanje" in Serbian. By using aging, the priority of a process gradually increases over time, ensuring that lower priority processes eventually get scheduled and preventing them from being blocked indefinitely by higher priority processes. This helps in reducing the occurrence of "zakucavanje" and improving the overall system performance.

The entry section of the given algorithm is located in line number 3.

The correct answer is "uvek ima" which translates to "always has" in English. This means that the given algorithm always has "busy waiting". Busy waiting refers to a situation where a process repeatedly checks for a condition to be true, without performing any other useful task. In this case, the algorithm consistently employs busy waiting as part of its execution.

When a user thread transitions to the waiting state in the model depicted in the image, all other user threads from the same group are blocked. This means that they are unable to continue their activities until the waiting thread resumes execution.

The correct answer is "Dualni mod rada procesa" which translates to "Dual mode of process operation" in English. This suggests that the image represents the concept of a dual mode of operation for a process, which can refer to a system or a program running in both user mode and kernel mode simultaneously.

In the IA-32 architecture on Intel processors, the last address is resolved in the page table frame. The page table frame is a data structure that maps virtual addresses to physical addresses. It contains the necessary information for the processor to translate virtual addresses into physical addresses. By using the page table frame, the processor can access the correct physical memory location corresponding to a given virtual address.

The given correct answer states that the algorithm in question is a "Čisto softversko rešenje" which translates to "Pure software solution" in English. This means that the algorithm does not involve the use of any hardware components or external devices, and it is implemented solely through software programming.

The given answer states that the algorithm can only serve one writer process and one reader process simultaneously. This means that at any given time, only one writer process can access and modify the data, and only one reader process can access and read the data. This ensures that there is no conflict or inconsistency in the data when multiple processes are accessing it concurrently.

The picture represents dynamic loading. Dynamic loading is a mechanism in which a program can load and execute code at runtime, rather than being statically linked at compile time. This allows for more flexibility and efficiency in memory usage, as only the necessary code is loaded when it is needed. The picture may depict the process of dynamically loading a module or library into memory during program execution.

The given answer suggests that the short-term scheduler algorithm that is best suited for UNIX/Linux operating system. This is because UNIX/Linux is a multitasking operating system that supports time-sharing and provides efficient process scheduling. It has a variety of scheduling algorithms, such as round-robin, priority-based, and fair-share scheduling, which can be utilized by the short-term scheduler to optimize process execution and resource utilization.

The correct answer is "nema specijalno ime" which translates to "it does not have a special name" in English. This suggests that the algorithm being referred to does not have a specific or well-known name associated with it.

The given correct answer is "Preemptive." This means that the short-term scheduler algorithm in question has the ability to interrupt or preempt a running process before its completion. This allows for better control and allocation of system resources, as the scheduler can prioritize certain processes based on their importance or urgency.

Inverted paging is the correct answer because it is a memory management technique where instead of having a separate page table for each process, there is a single global page table that is shared by all processes. In this approach, each page table entry contains the process ID and the page number, allowing for efficient memory allocation and management. This technique is commonly used in systems with a large number of processes and limited memory resources.

This question is asking to identify the short-term scheduler algorithm and evaluate it in terms of preemption. The given answer "Non-preemptive" suggests that the identified algorithm does not support preemption. This means that once a process starts executing, it will continue until it completes or voluntarily gives up the CPU. There is no mechanism in place to interrupt or preempt the process before it finishes.

When you have enough free memory in total, but you cannot allocate it to the process that requested it, it is called external fragmentation.

In the given situation, the red arrow indicates that only the process is causing the transition. This means that there are no other factors such as DMA, PIC, lack of data or resources, or lack of RAM causing the transition.

The situation in the picture represents the best way, but not the only way, for a process to obtain any hardware resource. This suggests that there may be other ways for a process to acquire hardware resources, but the depicted situation is considered the most optimal or preferable method.