Bio 2 Mid-term Exam Review (Fall 2014)

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1. What is the term for the jelly-like substance that is contained inside the cell membrane?

Explanation

The correct answer is cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that is contained inside the cell membrane. It is a semi-fluid substance that fills the cell and surrounds the organelles. It contains various molecules, such as proteins, enzymes, and nutrients, which are necessary for cellular processes to occur. The cytoplasm also acts as a medium for transporting materials within the cell and providing support and structure.

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About This Quiz
Bio 2 Mid-term Exam Review (Fall 2014) - Quiz

This Bio 2 Mid-Term Exam Review for Fall 2014 focuses on fundamental biochemistry concepts, assessing knowledge on polymers of amino acids, nucleotides, lipid monomers, DNA nucleotides, and structural... see morecarbohydrates. It enhances understanding of molecular biology relevant to academic and professional biology studies. see less

2. Which of the following is a network of proteins that supports and gives shape to a cell?

Explanation

The cytoskeleton is a network of proteins that provides structural support and shape to a cell. It is responsible for maintaining cell shape, organizing organelles within the cell, and facilitating cell movement. The cytoskeleton is composed of three main types of protein filaments: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. These filaments work together to give the cell its shape and strength, and they also play a role in cell division and intracellular transport. Therefore, the cytoskeleton is the correct answer as it is specifically designed to support and give shape to a cell.

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3. In the diagram to the right, what is structure A?

Explanation

The diagram mentioned in the question likely depicts a mitochondrion, an organelle found in cells. Structure A, labeled as the "folded inner membrane," refers to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, which is highly folded to form structures called cristae. These folds increase the surface area available for cellular respiration and ATP production. The other options, such as the mitochondrial matrix (the space inside the inner membrane), stroma (found in chloroplasts), and thylakoid membrane (found in chloroplasts and involved in photosynthesis), do not match the description of structure A in the given context.

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4. Which of the following is a characteristic of anaphase?

Explanation

During anaphase, the sister chromatids, which were held together by the centromere, are separated and pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the spindle fibers. This process ensures that each daughter cell will receive one complete set of chromosomes. The nuclear membrane breaks down during prophase, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell during metaphase, and the cytoplasm splits during cytokinesis.

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5. Animal cells are the only type of cell that contains mitochondria.

Explanation

Animal cells are not the only type of cell that contains mitochondria. Mitochondria are present in both animal and plant cells. They are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. Plant cells also contain mitochondria as they require energy for various metabolic processes. Therefore, the statement that animal cells are the only type of cell that contains mitochondria is false.

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6. Which of the following types of organisms uses cellular respiration for their cellular energy needs?

Explanation

Eukaryotes use cellular respiration for their cellular energy needs. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the energy currency of the cell. Eukaryotes include organisms such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists. They have complex cellular structures, including a nucleus, and their cells are generally larger and more specialized compared to prokaryotes. Therefore, eukaryotes rely on cellular respiration to produce energy for various cellular processes.

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7. Plant cells do not conduct cellular respiration.

Explanation

Plant cells do conduct cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. In plant cells, this process occurs in the mitochondria, just like in animal cells. Plant cells require energy for various metabolic activities, growth, and reproduction, which is why they undergo cellular respiration. Therefore, the statement that plant cells do not conduct cellular respiration is false.

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8. What is the term for an organism that makes its own source of chemical energy?

Explanation

A producer is an organism that has the ability to produce its own source of chemical energy through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. This process involves converting sunlight or inorganic compounds into organic compounds, such as glucose, which can be used as a source of energy. Producers play a crucial role in ecosystems by providing energy for other organisms through the food chain.

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9. Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?

Explanation

The stage of mitosis illustrated on the right is anaphase. In anaphase, the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite ends of the cell. This is facilitated by the shortening of microtubules and the pulling force exerted by the spindle fibers. The chromosomes are clearly shown moving away from each other in the image, indicating the characteristic feature of anaphase.

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10. If we find life elsewhere in the universe it is likely to look exactly like life on Earth because there is a limited number of proteins that can be formed.

Explanation

The given statement is false. While it is true that there is a limited number of proteins that can be formed, it does not necessarily mean that life elsewhere in the universe would look exactly like life on Earth. Life on other planets could have different biochemistries and use different building blocks for their proteins. Additionally, the conditions and environments on other planets may be vastly different from Earth, leading to the evolution of different forms of life. Therefore, it is not accurate to assume that life elsewhere in the universe would be identical to life on Earth.

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11. The function of the light-dependent reactions is to

Explanation

The light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis involve capturing and transferring energy from sunlight. During these reactions, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. This energy is then used to generate high-energy molecules such as ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the subsequent dark reactions that produce sugars. Therefore, the function of the light-dependent reactions is to capture and transfer energy, enabling the synthesis of organic compounds.

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12. Which of the following organelles can be found on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Explanation

Ribosomes can be found on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. This is because the endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis, and ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. Ribosomes can either be free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they synthesize proteins that are destined to be transported and secreted by the cell. Therefore, ribosomes are the correct answer to this question.

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13. Which organelle is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information?

Explanation

The nucleus is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic information. It contains the cell's DNA, which carries the instructions for the cell's structure and function. The nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane, which helps protect the DNA and regulate the passage of molecules in and out of the nucleus. Inside the nucleus, the DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes. The nucleus plays a crucial role in controlling the cell's activities and is often referred to as the "control center" of the cell.

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14. Which of the following are end products of glycolysis?

Explanation

Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into two three-carbon molecules called pyruvate. NADH and ATP are also produced during glycolysis. NADH is a high-energy molecule that carries electrons to the electron transport chain for further energy production. ATP is the main energy currency of the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is pyruvate, NADH, and ATP.

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15. Organic compounds always contain the element ____.

Explanation

Organic compounds are defined as compounds that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms. Carbon is the essential element in organic compounds as it forms strong covalent bonds with other elements, allowing for the formation of complex and diverse organic molecules. Nitrogen and oxygen are also commonly found in organic compounds, but carbon is always present. "Organium" is not a valid element and is not related to organic compounds.

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16. What part is labeled A?

Explanation

The correct answer for the part labeled A is "Phosphate." Phosphate is an essential component of a nucleotide, which is the basic building block of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. It consists of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base. The phosphate group plays a crucial role in the structure and function of nucleic acids, as it forms the backbone of the DNA or RNA molecule, providing stability and allowing for the attachment of other nucleotides.

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17. Some cells live their entire lives without going through mitosis. These cells are said to be in ___.

Explanation

Some cells do not undergo mitosis and remain in a non-dividing state called G zero. In this phase, cells temporarily or permanently exit the cell cycle and stop dividing. They may stay in this phase for a long time or indefinitely, performing their specialized functions without the need for replication. This allows for cell differentiation and the maintenance of specialized tissues in the body. The G zero phase is essential for the proper functioning and stability of multicellular organisms.

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18. Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?

Explanation

The stage of mitosis illustrated on the right is metaphase. In metaphase, the chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane of the cell. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive an equal number of chromosomes during cell division. The chromosomes are fully condensed and attached to the spindle fibers at their centromeres. This stage is characterized by the maximum condensation and visibility of chromosomes, making it easily identifiable.

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19. In the diagram to the right, what is structure B?

Explanation

Structure B in the diagram is the mitochondrial matrix. The mitochondrial matrix is the fluid-filled space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It contains enzymes that are involved in various metabolic reactions, such as the citric acid cycle. The matrix also houses the mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes, which are essential for the production of proteins within the mitochondria.

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20. How many ATP are formed from one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?

Explanation

During cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose produces a total of 38 ATP. This process involves several steps, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. In glycolysis, two ATP are produced directly. The Krebs cycle then produces two more ATP. The majority of ATP, however, is generated during the electron transport chain, where the energy stored in NADH and FADH2 is used to create a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce a total of 34 ATP. Therefore, the correct answer is 38.

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21. In the diagram to the right, the structure labeled D is the ___.

Explanation

In the given diagram, the structure labeled D is the granum. The granum is a stack of thylakoid membranes found in the chloroplasts of plant cells. These thylakoid membranes contain chlorophyll, which is responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. The granum plays a crucial role in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where the captured light energy is used to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose.

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22. This is a diagram of a monomer called a ___.

Explanation

The diagram represents a monomer, which is a single unit that can combine with other units to form a larger molecule. In this case, the diagram includes a phosphate group, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogen base. These three components are characteristic of a nucleotide, which is the monomer unit that makes up nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Therefore, the correct answer is "Nucleotide".

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23. The process by which plants use sunlight to make glucose is called ___.

Explanation

Photosynthesis is the correct answer because it is the process by which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. During photosynthesis, plants use chlorophyll in their leaves to capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy that is stored in the form of glucose. This process is essential for the survival of plants and is responsible for producing the oxygen that we breathe. Cellular respiration, the cell cycle, and mitosis are unrelated processes that do not involve the conversion of sunlight into glucose.

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24. Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide found in DNA?

Explanation

Uracil is not a nucleotide found in DNA. DNA is composed of four nucleotides: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Uracil (U) is found in RNA instead of DNA. RNA uses uracil instead of thymine as one of its nucleotides. Therefore, uracil is the correct answer as it is not a nucleotide found in DNA.

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25. What part is labeled C?

Explanation

In the context of nucleotides, the part labeled C refers to the nitrogen base. Nitrogen bases are the molecules that make up the "rungs" of the DNA ladder and determine the genetic information encoded in the DNA sequence. There are four types of nitrogen bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). In this question, the correct answer is C, which represents the nitrogen base.

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26. The three-carbon molecule formed by glycolysis is ___.

Explanation

Glycolysis is the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate. Pyruvate is a three-carbon molecule that is formed as an end product of glycolysis. Therefore, the correct answer is pyruvate.

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27. Which of the following is NOT true of water?

Explanation

Water cannot diffuse through lipids easily because lipids are nonpolar molecules, while water is a polar molecule. Polar molecules like water are attracted to other polar molecules and repelled by nonpolar molecules. Lipids, being nonpolar, do not interact well with water and therefore water cannot easily pass through lipid membranes.

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28. What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

Explanation

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for processing and delivering proteins within the cell. It receives proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and modifies them by adding sugars and other molecules to create functional proteins. It then packages these proteins into vesicles and transports them to their final destination, either within the cell or outside of it. Therefore, the main function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and deliver proteins.

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29. Which of the following is a characteristic of metaphase?

Explanation

In metaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. This is a characteristic of metaphase because it is the stage of mitosis where the chromosomes, which have already duplicated during interphase, align themselves along the equatorial plate of the cell. This alignment is crucial for the subsequent separation of sister chromatids during anaphase. The nuclear membrane has already broken down in prophase, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell in anaphase, and the cytoplasm splits in cytokinesis, which are not characteristics of metaphase.

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30. Unlike a eukaryoteic cell, a prokaryotic cell does not have...

Explanation

A prokaryotic cell does not have a nucleus. Unlike eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells do not have a defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane. Instead, their DNA is located in the cytoplasm, which is not separated from the rest of the cell by a membrane. Prokaryotic cells have a simpler structure compared to eukaryotic cells, lacking many membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus.

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31. Which of the following is not found in a plant cell?

Explanation

Flagella are not found in plant cells. Flagella are whip-like structures that are responsible for cell movement. While flagella are present in some types of cells, such as bacteria and sperm cells, they are not found in plant cells. Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and a Golgi apparatus, but they lack flagella.

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32. Why does a runner breathe hard for a few minutes after finishing a race?

Explanation

After finishing a race, a runner breathes hard for a few minutes because their cells are making up for an oxygen deficit. During the race, the runner's cells require a high amount of oxygen to produce energy through cellular respiration. However, the demand for oxygen exceeds the supply, leading to an oxygen deficit. After the race, the body needs to replenish the oxygen levels in the cells and remove the accumulated lactic acid, which is responsible for the heavy breathing.

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33. Which of the following monomers make up a lipid?

Explanation

Lipids are composed of glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with hydroxyl groups, while fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at one end. These two monomers combine through dehydration synthesis, forming ester bonds between the hydroxyl groups of glycerol and the carboxyl groups of fatty acids. This combination results in the formation of triglycerides, which are the main components of lipids found in organisms. Therefore, the correct answer is glycerol and fatty acid.

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34. Atherosclerosis is a disease caused by a build-up of plaque inside arteries. What polymer is the main component of the plaque formation?

Explanation

Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by the accumulation of plaque inside arteries. Plaque is primarily composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin. Saturated fatty acids, which are commonly found in foods like red meat, butter, and full-fat dairy products, have been shown to contribute to the formation of plaque in arteries. Therefore, saturated fatty acids are the main component of plaque formation in atherosclerosis.

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35. In biological systems, proteins are said to be denatured when...

Explanation

Proteins are composed of amino acids and have a specific three-dimensional structure that is crucial for their function. When proteins are denatured, their shape is altered, causing them to lose their functional properties. This can be caused by various factors such as heat, pH changes, or exposure to certain chemicals. Denaturation disrupts the protein's structure, leading to the loss of its ability to perform its biological functions effectively. Therefore, the correct answer is that denatured proteins change shape and become non-functional.

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36. This is a diagram of a monomer that is used to build ___.

Explanation

The diagram represents a monomer that is used to build nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are polymers made up of repeating units called nucleotides, and the diagram likely shows one such nucleotide. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, play a crucial role in storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. They are composed of a sugar (represented by the diagram), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Therefore, based on the given information, the correct answer is nucleic acids.

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37. In the diagram to the right, the structure labeled E is the ___.

Explanation

In the given diagram, the structure labeled E appears to be a network of interconnected flattened sacs, which is characteristic of thylakoid membranes. Thylakoid membranes are found within chloroplasts and are responsible for carrying out the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. They contain pigments such as chlorophyll, which capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy. The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoid membranes, while the granum refers to a stack of thylakoid membranes. Therefore, the correct answer is thylakoid membranes.

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38. Which of the following stages occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?

Explanation

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. This cycle is a series of chemical reactions that take place in the mitochondria and is an important part of cellular respiration. During the citric acid cycle, acetyl-CoA is oxidized and carbon dioxide is produced, along with energy-rich molecules such as NADH and FADH2. These energy-rich molecules are then used in the next stage, oxidative phosphorylation, to produce ATP, the main energy currency of the cell.

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39. Cell division is very similar in animal and plant cells . However, ___.

Explanation

Plant cells form a cell plate instead of a cleavage furrow during cell division. This is because plant cells have a rigid cell wall surrounding them, which cannot be pinched inwards like the flexible cell membrane of animal cells. Instead, a new cell wall called the cell plate is formed in the middle of the dividing plant cell. This cell plate eventually develops into a new cell wall, separating the two daughter cells. In contrast, animal cells form a cleavage furrow, which is a constriction in the cell membrane that deepens until it pinches the cell into two daughter cells.

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40. Which of the following is not one of the top elements in the body?

Explanation

Calcium is not one of the top elements in the body because it is not one of the most abundant elements found in the human body. The top elements in the body include carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, which make up the majority of the body's composition. Calcium, although important for bone health and other bodily functions, is present in much smaller quantities compared to these other elements.

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41. What is the main function of the Krebs cycle?

Explanation

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells. Its main function is to produce molecules that carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain. During the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2 are produced as byproducts. These molecules carry high-energy electrons that are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Therefore, the correct answer is "producing molecules that carry high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain."

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42. A membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes is a ...

Explanation

A lysosome is a membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes. These enzymes break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances in the cell. Lysosomes play a crucial role in maintaining cellular health by removing and recycling unwanted materials. They are responsible for the breakdown of macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, into smaller components that can be reused by the cell.

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43. What enzyme is located at the end of the electron transport chain?

Explanation

ATP synthase is the correct answer because it is the enzyme located at the end of the electron transport chain. This enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of ATP, which is the main energy currency of the cell. ATP synthase uses the energy from the flow of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane to convert ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation and occurs in the final step of cellular respiration.

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44. The term "mitosis" means ___.

Explanation

Mitosis is the process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, the nucleus of the cell also divides, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material. Therefore, the term "mitosis" refers to the division of the nucleus, not the division of the cell, cytoplasm, or replication of DNA.

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45. Which of the following describes DNA?

Explanation

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that contains the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms. It is composed of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine). DNA controls the production of proteins through a process called protein synthesis. This involves the transcription of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA), which is then translated into proteins. Therefore, the correct answer is that DNA controls the production of proteins.

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46. What part is labeled B?

Explanation

The part labeled B in this question is the Ribose Sugar. This is because ribose sugar is one of the three components of a nucleotide, which is the building block of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. The other two components of a nucleotide are a phosphate group and a nitrogen base. In this case, the question is asking specifically about the part labeled B, and out of the given options, the Ribose Sugar is the correct answer.

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47. What is the function of oxygen in cellular respiration?

Explanation

Oxygen in cellular respiration serves the function of picking up electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. In this process, electrons are passed along the chain and eventually combine with oxygen to form water. This final step allows for the regeneration of electron carriers and the continuation of ATP production. Without oxygen, the electron transport chain would not be able to function properly, leading to a decrease in ATP production and potentially disrupting cellular respiration.

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48. All of the following are stages of Interphase except ___.

Explanation

Interphase is the stage in the cell cycle where the cell prepares for cell division. It consists of three stages: G1, S, and G2. During G1, the cell grows and carries out its normal functions. In the S stage, DNA replication occurs. G2 is the stage where the cell prepares for division by synthesizing proteins and organelles. The M stage, or mitosis, is the actual process of cell division where the cell's nucleus divides into two daughter nuclei. Therefore, M is not a stage of Interphase.

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49. What type of polymer is an enzyme?

Explanation

Enzymes are a type of protein. Proteins are large, complex molecules made up of amino acids. Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes and are involved in almost all cellular activities. Enzymes have specific shapes that allow them to bind to specific substrates and facilitate chemical reactions. Therefore, the correct answer is protein.

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50. There are literally hundreds of thousands of different organic molecules. Which statement best explains how this is possible?

Explanation

Carbon is unique in that it can make four chemical bonds. This allows it to form a wide variety of organic molecules by bonding with other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. The ability to form multiple bonds gives carbon the flexibility to create complex and diverse molecular structures, leading to the vast number of organic molecules found in nature.

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51. Which of the following is a characteristic of prophase?

Explanation

During prophase, the nuclear membrane breaks down, allowing the chromosomes to be exposed in the cytoplasm. This is an important step in cell division as it allows the chromosomes to be properly organized and prepared for separation. The breakdown of the nuclear membrane also allows for the formation of the mitotic spindle, which is responsible for moving the chromosomes during cell division. Therefore, the characteristic of prophase that is described in the answer is accurate.

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52. Which of the following is a characteristic of G2 phase?

Explanation

During the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the cell continues to grow and prepares for mitosis. This means that it synthesizes proteins and organelles necessary for cell division, and checks for any errors in DNA replication that may have occurred during the S phase. The nuclear membrane reforms during the later stages of mitosis, not during G2 phase. DNA replication occurs in the S phase, not in G2 phase. Therefore, the correct answer is "Cell growth and preparation for mitosis."

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53. Which of the following is a feature found only in plant cells?

Explanation

The central vacuole is a feature found only in plant cells. It is a large, membrane-bound organelle that occupies a significant portion of the cell's volume. The central vacuole plays a crucial role in maintaining the cell's turgor pressure, storing nutrients, regulating ion concentrations, and facilitating waste disposal. While mitochondria, nucleus, and centriole are also present in plant cells, the central vacuole is unique to them. It is responsible for several essential functions specific to plant cells, making it a distinguishing feature.

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54. Which of the following is a "4%" element in the body?

Explanation

Calcium is a "4%" element in the body because it makes up approximately 4% of the total body weight. It is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in maintaining strong bones and teeth, as well as aiding in muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. Calcium is primarily stored in the bones and teeth, but it is also found in the bloodstream, where it is tightly regulated to maintain proper levels for bodily functions.

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55. Which of the following trace elements can prevent goiters?

Explanation

Iodine is the correct answer because it is a trace element that is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. Goiters are often caused by a deficiency of iodine, which leads to an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Therefore, consuming sufficient amounts of iodine can prevent goiters from occurring.

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56. The main light-absorbing molecules found in plant leaves are called

Explanation

Chlorophyll is the correct answer because it is the main light-absorbing pigment found in plant leaves. It is responsible for capturing sunlight during photosynthesis and converting it into energy for the plant. Chloroplasts are the organelles in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs, but they contain chlorophyll. Thylakoids are membrane structures within chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place. Grana are stacks of thylakoids. Therefore, while chloroplasts, thylakoids, and grana are all involved in photosynthesis, chlorophyll is the specific molecule that absorbs light.

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57. The specific chemical that an enzyme will act on is called a(n) ...

Explanation

An enzyme is a type of protein that acts as a catalyst in biochemical reactions. It helps to speed up the reaction by lowering the activation energy required. The specific chemical that an enzyme acts on is called a substrate. The enzyme binds to the substrate at its active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. The enzyme then catalyzes the conversion of the substrate into a product. Therefore, the correct answer is substrate.

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58. Which phrase best describes the effect of a catalyst on a chemical reaction?

Explanation

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. By decreasing the activation energy, a catalyst allows the reaction to proceed at a faster rate, without being consumed in the process. Therefore, the correct answer is "decreases the activation energy."

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59. Which of the following takes place in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Explanation

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, energy is captured from sunlight by chlorophyll molecules in the chloroplasts of plant cells. This captured energy is then used to convert water and carbon dioxide into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), which are energy-rich molecules used in the subsequent dark reactions of photosynthesis to produce sugars. Therefore, the correct answer is "Energy is captured."

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60. How many amino acids are found in humans?

Explanation

There are 20 amino acids found in humans. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and play a crucial role in various biological processes. They are essential for the synthesis of proteins, enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters. These 20 amino acids are classified into two categories: essential amino acids, which cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet, and nonessential amino acids, which can be synthesized by the body.

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61. Which stage of the cell cycle is illustrated on the right?

Explanation

The stage of the cell cycle illustrated on the right is cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the final stage of the cell cycle, where the cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are formed. This process ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material and organelles. In the given image, if the cell is seen dividing into two separate cells with a visible separation between them, it indicates that cytokinesis is occurring.

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62. The purpose of the light reactions is to___.

Explanation

The purpose of the light reactions is to make ATP and NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle. During the light reactions, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. These energy-rich molecules are then used in the Calvin cycle, where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose. Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of the light reactions, but its main purpose is not to make oxygen itself. The primary goal of the light reactions is to generate ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the production of glucose.

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63. Which process breaks down sugars to make ATP when oxygen is present?

Explanation

Cellular respiration is the correct answer because it is the process by which cells break down sugars to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main energy currency of cells. This process occurs in the presence of oxygen and involves several steps, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration is a similar process but occurs in the absence of oxygen, while photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy.

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64. Which organelle converts molecules from the food you eat into usable energy?

Explanation

The mitochondrion is the correct answer because it is the organelle responsible for converting molecules from the food we eat into usable energy. This process, known as cellular respiration, takes place in the mitochondria's inner membrane, where molecules such as glucose are broken down and transformed into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell. The mitochondrion is often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell due to its crucial role in energy production.

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65. Which of the following is a structural form of carbohydrate?

Explanation

Cellulose is a structural form of carbohydrate because it is a complex polysaccharide made up of glucose molecules linked together in a linear chain. It forms the main structural component of plant cell walls and provides rigidity and support to plants. Starch, on the other hand, is a storage form of carbohydrate found in plants, while enzymes and RNA are not carbohydrates at all.

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66. In the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis,

Explanation

In the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide enters the Calvin cycle and sugars are made. This is because during the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide molecules are combined with a five-carbon molecule called RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) to form an unstable six-carbon molecule. This molecule then breaks down into two molecules of PGA (3-phosphoglycerate), which are then converted into G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) with the help of ATP and NADPH. G3P can then be used to produce glucose and other sugars, which are essential for the plant's energy storage and growth.

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67. Where do the hydrogen ions for the photosystems of the light-dependent reactions come from?

Explanation

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, the hydrogen ions for the photosystems come from water. During the process of photosynthesis, water molecules are split through a process called photolysis, releasing oxygen, electrons, and hydrogen ions. The electrons are used by the photosystems to generate ATP and NADPH, while the hydrogen ions contribute to the formation of a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. This process is essential for the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, allowing plants to produce glucose and oxygen.

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68. Which of the following is a characteristic of S phase?

Explanation

The S phase of the cell cycle is the phase where DNA replication occurs. During this phase, the cell synthesizes a copy of its DNA in preparation for cell division. This is an essential step to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information. The other options mentioned, such as cell growth, preparation for mitosis, and nuclear membrane reforms, are not specific to the S phase and can occur at different stages of the cell cycle.

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69. Which of the following is a polymer of nucleotides?

Explanation

Nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, which include DNA and RNA. They consist of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. Nucleic acids are essential for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are not polymers of nucleotides.

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70. Oxygen is used during glycolysis.

Explanation

Oxygen is not used during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration, and it occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. It is an anaerobic process, meaning it does not require oxygen. Oxygen is only used in the later stages of cellular respiration, specifically during the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain, which take place in the mitochondria. Therefore, the statement that oxygen is used during glycolysis is false.

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71. What are the products of photosynthesis?

Explanation

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose (a sugar) and oxygen. Glucose is a source of energy for the plant, while oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct. Therefore, the correct answer is "glucose and oxygen."

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72. Which end product of fermentation causes the burning feeling in muscles that are working hard?

Explanation

During intense physical activity, the body may not receive enough oxygen to produce energy through aerobic respiration. In such cases, anaerobic respiration takes place, which produces lactic acid as a byproduct. Lactic acid buildup in muscles can cause a burning sensation. However, carbon dioxide is not directly responsible for this sensation. Therefore, the answer "carbon dioxide" is incorrect.

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73. Which of the following is a polymer of amino acids?

Explanation

Protein is a polymer of amino acids. It is made up of long chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. These chains can fold and interact with each other to form complex three-dimensional structures. Proteins are essential for many biological processes and functions in the body, such as enzyme catalysis, cell signaling, and structural support.

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74. Which of the following statements best describes the process of photosynthesis?

Explanation

The process of photosynthesis is best described by the statement "Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and store chemical energy." Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. Chloroplasts, which contain the pigment chlorophyll, are the organelles responsible for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This statement accurately describes the role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis.

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75. The functional group -NH2 is called the ____.

Explanation

The functional group -NH2 is called the amino group. This group consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. It is commonly found in organic compounds such as amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. The amino group is important in various biological processes and plays a crucial role in the structure and function of proteins.

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76. During which process is carbon dioxide formed?

Explanation

During alcohol fermentation, carbon dioxide is formed as a byproduct. This process occurs in yeast and some bacteria, where glucose is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide through a series of chemical reactions. The carbon dioxide gas is released as bubbles, which is why it is commonly observed during the fermentation of alcoholic beverages such as beer and wine.

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77. Which end product of alcoholic fermentation is important in the baking industry?

Explanation

Carbon dioxide is the correct answer because it is the end product of alcoholic fermentation and is important in the baking industry. During fermentation, yeast breaks down sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. In baking, carbon dioxide gas is produced by the yeast, causing the dough to rise. This gives bread its light and fluffy texture. Without carbon dioxide, bread would be dense and flat. Therefore, carbon dioxide is crucial in the baking industry for creating the desired texture and volume in baked goods.

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78. Which of the following is a characteristic of telophase?

Explanation

During telophase, the nuclear membrane, which had broken down during prophase, reforms around the separated sets of chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell. This is an important characteristic of telophase as it marks the final stage of mitosis, where the two new nuclei are formed, preparing the cell for cytokinesis and the division into two daughter cells. The other options mentioned, such as cell growth and normal function or preparation for mitosis, are not specific to telophase and occur at different stages of the cell cycle. DNA replication, on the other hand, occurs during the S phase of interphase, not during telophase.

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79. Which of the following is a feature found only in animal cells?

Explanation

Centrioles are cylindrical structures found only in animal cells. They play a crucial role in cell division by organizing the microtubules that form the spindle fibers. This helps in the separation of chromosomes during cell division. Plant cells do not have centrioles, making it a feature exclusive to animal cells. Central vacuole, mitochondria, and nucleus are present in both animal and plant cells.

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80. Which phrase best describes the main role of fermentation?

Explanation

Fermentation plays a crucial role in allowing glycolysis to continue producing a small amount of ATP. When oxygen is scarce, fermentation provides an alternative pathway for the breakdown of glucose. It converts pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, into various byproducts such as lactic acid or ethanol, regenerating NAD+ in the process. This is important because glycolysis requires NAD+ as a coenzyme, and without fermentation, glycolysis would come to a halt due to the depletion of NAD+. Therefore, fermentation allows glycolysis to sustain a minimal ATP production in the absence of oxygen.

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81. Which phrase about fermentation is correct?

Explanation

Fermentation is an anaerobic process because it occurs in the absence of oxygen. During fermentation, glucose is broken down into simpler molecules, such as lactic acid or ethanol, without the involvement of the electron transport chain. While fermentation can occur in bacteria, it is not limited to them and can also happen in other organisms, such as yeast. Therefore, the correct phrase about fermentation is that it is an anaerobic process.

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82. Which phrase best describes the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?

Explanation

The electron transport chain in photosynthesis is a series of proteins located in the thylakoid membrane. These proteins are responsible for transferring electrons and generating a proton gradient, which is used to produce ATP during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. The thylakoid membrane is where the light-harvesting pigments are located, and it is the site of the electron transport chain. Therefore, the phrase "a series of proteins located in the thylakoid membrane" best describes the electron transport chain in photosynthesis.

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83. Where does glycolysis take place?

Explanation

Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate to produce energy in the form of ATP. It is the first step in cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. This is where glucose is readily available and can be converted into pyruvate through a series of enzymatic reactions. The other options, such as the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane, are involved in later stages of cellular respiration but not in glycolysis. Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are responsible for photosynthesis, not glycolysis.

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What is the term for the jelly-like substance that is contained inside...
Which of the following is a network of proteins that supports and...
In the diagram to the right, what is structure A?
Which of the following is a characteristic of anaphase?
Animal cells are the only type of cell that contains mitochondria.
Which of the following types of organisms uses cellular respiration...
Plant cells do not conduct cellular respiration.
What is the term for an organism that makes its own source of chemical...
Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?
If we find life elsewhere in the universe it is likely to look exactly...
The function of the light-dependent reactions is to
Which of the following organelles can be found on the surface of the...
Which organelle is the storehouse for most of a cell's genetic...
Which of the following are end products of glycolysis?
Organic compounds always contain the element ____.
What part is labeled A?
Some cells live their entire lives without going through mitosis....
Which stage of mitosis is illustrated on the right?
In the diagram to the right, what is structure B?
How many ATP are formed from one molecule of glucose during cellular...
In the diagram to the right, the structure labeled D is the ___.
This is a diagram of a monomer called a ___.
The process by which plants use sunlight to make glucose is called...
Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide found in DNA?
What part is labeled C?
The three-carbon molecule formed by glycolysis is ___.
Which of the following is NOT true of water?
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following is a characteristic of metaphase?
Unlike a eukaryoteic cell, a prokaryotic cell does not have...
Which of the following is not found in a plant cell?
Why does a runner breathe hard for a few minutes after finishing a...
Which of the following monomers make up a lipid?
Atherosclerosis is a disease caused by a build-up of plaque inside...
In biological systems, proteins are said to be denatured when...
This is a diagram of a monomer that is used to build ___.
In the diagram to the right, the structure labeled E is the ___.
Which of the following stages occurs in the mitochondrial matrix?
Cell division is very similar in animal and plant cells . However,...
Which of the following is not one of the top elements in the body?
What is the main function of the Krebs cycle?
A membrane-bound sac that contains digestive enzymes is a ...
What enzyme is located at the end of the electron transport chain?
The term "mitosis" means ___.
Which of the following describes DNA?
What part is labeled B?
What is the function of oxygen in cellular respiration?
All of the following are stages of Interphase except ___.
What type of polymer is an enzyme?
There are literally hundreds of thousands of different organic...
Which of the following is a characteristic of prophase?
Which of the following is a characteristic of G2 phase?
Which of the following is a feature found only in plant cells?
Which of the following is a "4%" element in the body?
Which of the following trace elements can prevent goiters?
The main light-absorbing molecules found in plant leaves are called
The specific chemical that an enzyme will act on is called a(n) ...
Which phrase best describes the effect of a catalyst on a chemical...
Which of the following takes place in the light-dependent reactions of...
How many amino acids are found in humans?
Which stage of the cell cycle is illustrated on the right?
The purpose of the light reactions is to___.
Which process breaks down sugars to make ATP when oxygen is present?
Which organelle converts molecules from the food you eat into usable...
Which of the following is a structural form of carbohydrate?
In the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis,
Where do the hydrogen ions for the photosystems of the light-dependent...
Which of the following is a characteristic of S phase?
Which of the following is a polymer of nucleotides?
Oxygen is used during glycolysis.
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Which end product of fermentation causes the burning feeling in...
Which of the following is a polymer of amino acids?
Which of the following statements best describes the process of...
The functional group -NH2 is called the ____.
During which process is carbon dioxide formed?
Which end product of alcoholic fermentation is important in the baking...
Which of the following is a characteristic of telophase?
Which of the following is a feature found only in animal cells?
Which phrase best describes the main role of fermentation?
Which phrase about fermentation is correct?
Which phrase best describes the electron transport chain in...
Where does glycolysis take place?
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