Unit Test Chapter 12 And 13 The Renaissance, Reformation, And Age Of Exploration

Humanism is the correct answer because it is a belief that emphasizes the value and importance of human actions, ideas, and works. It places humans at the center of attention and focuses on their potential for growth, development, and achievement. Humanism promotes the idea that individuals have the ability to shape their own lives and make a positive impact on society through their actions and contributions. This belief was prominent during the Renaissance period, which saw a renewed interest in human potential and achievements.

The term "renaissance" refers to a period of cultural and intellectual rebirth that occurred in Europe during the 14th to 17th centuries. This era was characterized by a renewed interest in the arts, literature, philosophy, and sciences, as well as a shift towards humanism and individualism. The term "renaissance" itself means "rebirth" in French, reflecting the revival and rediscovery of classical knowledge and values that took place during this time.

The Italian city-states became rich through trading. This is because they were strategically located along major trade routes, such as the Mediterranean Sea, which allowed them to engage in profitable trade with other regions. The city-states developed strong merchant networks and established trade partnerships with various countries, enabling them to import valuable goods and export their own products. This trade brought wealth and prosperity to the city-states, leading to their economic growth and development.

The Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered territory in the Americas were called conquistadors. They were known for their military expeditions and conquests in the New World, particularly during the 16th century. These conquistadors played a significant role in the colonization of the Americas by the Spanish Empire, seeking wealth, power, and spreading Spanish influence and Christianity. They were known for their ruthless tactics and exploitation of indigenous peoples and resources.

Columbus is the correct answer because he sailed for Spain in 1492 with the intention of reaching Asia by sailing west. However, he ended up discovering a whole new continent, which is now known as America. This historic voyage is significant because it opened up new possibilities for exploration and colonization, ultimately changing the course of history.

The Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered territory in the Americas were called conquistadors. They were known for their military expeditions and conquests during the Age of Exploration. These conquistadors played a significant role in the colonization of the Americas by Spain, seizing control of vast territories and establishing Spanish dominance in the region.

Vespucci is the correct answer because he is the explorer from whom America got its name. Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian explorer who realized that the lands discovered by Christopher Columbus were not part of Asia, but a new continent. He wrote letters describing his voyages, which were widely circulated and led to the use of his name to refer to the newly discovered continent.

The Spanish missionaries in the New World aimed to convert the Natives to Christianity and civilize them. This was a common objective of many European colonizers during this time period, as they believed that their religion and way of life was superior. The missionaries wanted to spread their faith and bring the Natives under the influence of European culture and customs. They saw the conversion and civilization of the Natives as a means of achieving their religious and colonial goals.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, established a line of demarcation between territories controlled by Portugal and those controlled by Spain. This agreement was made to resolve conflicts between the two countries over newly discovered lands and to prevent further disputes. The treaty divided the newly discovered lands outside of Europe into two parts, with Portugal having control over territories to the east of the line and Spain having control over territories to the west. This helped to establish clear boundaries and prevent conflicts between the two colonial powers.

A caravel is a small, narrow ship with two or three masts and triangular sails. This type of ship was commonly used by explorers during the Age of Discovery, such as Christopher Columbus. The design of the caravel allowed for better maneuverability and the ability to sail against the wind, making it ideal for long-distance exploration.

The Renaissance was a period of rebirth in Europe. It was characterized by a renewed interest in the arts, literature, and sciences, as well as a shift towards humanism and individualism. During this time, there was a revival of classical knowledge and a focus on the achievements of ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance marked a significant departure from the medieval period and laid the foundation for the modern era. It was a time of great cultural, intellectual, and artistic growth, with notable figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and William Shakespeare emerging during this period.

Ferdinand Magellan is the correct answer because he was the first navigator to lead an expedition that successfully circumnavigated the world. Although he did not complete the entire journey himself as he was killed in the Philippines, his crew continued and completed the voyage. Magellan's expedition proved that the Earth is round and paved the way for future explorations and trade routes.

Triangular trade refers to the historical trade route that connected Europe, Africa, Asia, and the American continents. It involved the exchange of goods, such as slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods, between these regions. The Gold Coast, located in present-day Ghana, was a major hub for the trade of gold and other valuable resources. The Cape of Good Hope, located in present-day South Africa, served as a strategic point along the trade route, providing a stopover for ships traveling between Europe and Asia. Therefore, the given answer of "triangular trade" accurately describes the pattern of trade connecting these regions.

Martin Luther, a prominent figure in the Protestant Reformation, opposed the teaching of the Catholic Church regarding the sale of indulgences. Indulgences were essentially a way for individuals to buy forgiveness for their sins or reduce their time in purgatory. Luther strongly believed that salvation could not be bought or earned through monetary means, but rather through faith and God's grace alone. His opposition to the sale of indulgences eventually led to the widespread criticism of the Catholic Church and the establishment of Protestantism as a separate religious movement.

The Renaissance began in Italy. Italy was the birthplace of this cultural and intellectual movement, which spanned from the 14th to the 17th century. Italian cities such as Florence, Rome, and Venice were centers of artistic, scientific, and philosophical advancements during this period. Influential figures like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Galileo Galilei emerged from Italy, contributing to the Renaissance's flourishing in the country. The Italian Renaissance had a profound impact on European art, literature, architecture, and science, making Italy the correct answer.

The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed in 1494 and divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain. It aimed to prevent conflict between the two countries over their territorial claims and to establish a line of demarcation. This line, known as the Line of Demarcation, was drawn from north to south, 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands. All lands discovered to the east of this line would belong to Portugal, while those to the west would belong to Spain. Therefore, the correct answer is Portugal and Spain.

Christopher Columbus is the correct answer because he is the Italian explorer who is famously known for discovering the Americas and claiming them for Spain. In 1492, Columbus embarked on a voyage across the Atlantic Ocean and reached the Caribbean islands, which he mistakenly believed to be the West Indies. His exploration opened the way for further European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses. These were a set of statements that criticized certain practices of the Catholic Church, particularly the sale of indulgences. Luther's act of nailing the 95 Theses to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, in 1517 is often seen as the starting point of the Protestant Reformation. Luther's writings and teachings had a profound impact on the religious and political landscape of Europe, leading to the establishment of Protestantism as a separate branch of Christianity.

Michelangelo is the correct answer because he is widely known for painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. His masterpiece, completed between 1508 and 1512, depicts various scenes from the Bible, including the famous "Creation of Adam." Michelangelo's work on the Sistine Chapel ceiling is considered one of the greatest achievements in Western art history and showcases his exceptional skill in fresco painting.

The navigation techniques of the compass, sextant, and astrolabe allowed Europeans to explore farther than they had before in the 15th century. The compass provided a reliable method for determining direction, while the sextant and astrolabe were used to measure the angle between celestial objects and the horizon, allowing sailors to determine their latitude and navigate more accurately. These tools greatly improved navigation and made it possible for Europeans to venture into unknown territories and explore new lands.

The Papal Line of Demarcation refers to a line set by the pope that divided the New World into east and west, with lands in the east given to Portugal and lands in the west given to Spain. This division was made to resolve conflicts between the two Catholic nations over newly discovered territories. By establishing this line, the pope aimed to maintain peace and prevent disputes between Portugal and Spain regarding their respective claims in the New World.

The correct answer explains that Europeans got slaves from Africa because the harsh treatment of Natives and disease significantly reduced their population, leaving the Spanish without a sufficient workforce. This suggests that Europeans turned to Africa to acquire slaves as a means to meet their labor demands.

The Triangle Trade refers to the trade route that involved the transportation of slaves, cash crops, and manufactured goods between Western Africa, the Caribbean or American colonies, and Europe. This trade network was established during the colonial period and played a significant role in the development of the Atlantic economy. Slaves were captured in Africa and transported to the Americas to work on plantations producing cash crops such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton. These crops were then shipped to Europe for consumption or further processing. Manufactured goods from Europe were also sent to Africa as part of this trade network.

During the Age of Exploration, Spain played a significant role in colonizing and conquering large parts of South America. Spanish explorers like Christopher Columbus and Hernán Cortés led expeditions that resulted in the establishment of Spanish colonies and the downfall of powerful indigenous empires such as the Aztecs and the Incas. Spain's conquests in South America led to the establishment of the Spanish Empire, which dominated the region for centuries. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that Spain is the correct answer.

The correct answer is New Netherlands. This is because the statement mentions that the English seized it and renamed it, indicating that the original name of the place was different. Therefore, New Netherlands is the correct answer as it suggests that the place was initially named New Netherlands before being renamed by the English.

Vasco da Gama is the correct answer because he was the first European to sail around Africa to India in 1497 while sailing for Portugal. This voyage opened up a new sea route to India, bypassing the dangerous land routes. Columbus, on the other hand, is known for his voyages to the Americas, and Magellan is famous for being the first to circumnavigate the globe. Diaz, although an important Portuguese explorer, did not sail all the way to India like da Gama did.

The Columbian Exchange refers to the exchange of plants, animals, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) and the Old World (Europe, Africa, and Asia) following Christopher Columbus' voyages in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. This exchange had a significant impact on both sides, as it introduced new crops, animals, and diseases to the Americas, while also bringing back new foods, resources, and cultural practices to Europe and other parts of the Old World. It transformed the economies, diets, and societies of both regions and played a crucial role in shaping the modern world.

"The Prince" was written by Machiavelli. This book is a political treatise that explores the nature of power and the strategies that rulers should employ to maintain and expand their authority. Machiavelli's work is known for its pragmatic and ruthless approach to politics, advocating for the use of deception, manipulation, and even violence if necessary. It has had a significant impact on political theory and is still widely studied and debated today.

Prince Henry built a navigation school that influenced exploration in Portugal. This school, also known as the School of Sagres, was established in the 15th century and played a crucial role in advancing maritime navigation and exploration. It brought together skilled navigators, cartographers, and scientists, fostering the development of improved navigational techniques, shipbuilding methods, and mapmaking. The navigation school trained sailors and explorers, equipping them with the knowledge and skills necessary for long-distance voyages. This led to Portugal's dominance in exploration during the Age of Discovery, with Portuguese explorers like Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan making significant discoveries and establishing trade routes to Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

The correct answer is Moluccas because this term refers to a group of islands located in present-day Indonesia that were historically known for their production of valuable spices. These islands were highly sought after by European traders, including the Portuguese and the Dutch, who played a significant role in the spice trade during the Age of Exploration. The term "Spice Islands" became synonymous with the Moluccas due to their abundance of spices such as cloves, nutmeg, and mace.

Francisco Pizarro is the correct answer because he was the Spanish conqueror of the Inca Empire in 1533. Pizarro led an expedition that resulted in the capture and eventual downfall of the Inca Empire, leading to Spanish colonization of the region. Hernando Cortes was a conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico, not the Inca Empire. Montezuma was the emperor of the Aztec Empire, not a Spanish conqueror.

The Portuguese controlled the Spice Islands until they were driven out by the Dutch. This suggests that the Portuguese were the first European power to establish control over the Spice Islands, but were eventually overthrown by the Dutch. The Dutch were known for their aggressive expansionism and dominance in the spice trade during the 17th century, so it is plausible that they were able to successfully drive out the Portuguese and take control of the region.

John Cabot explored the New England coastline of the Americas for England. Amerigo Vespucci explored the coast of South America, Christopher Columbus explored the Caribbean and Central America, and Vasco d'Aquillera is not a known explorer. Therefore, the correct answer is John Cabot.

Mercantilism refers to an economic theory and practice that was dominant in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The idea behind mercantilism was to accumulate wealth for a nation by selling more goods to other countries than it bought from them. This approach aimed to establish a favorable balance of trade, where the value of exports exceeded the value of imports. By doing so, countries believed they could increase their wealth and power. This policy often involved imposing tariffs, subsidies, and other measures to protect domestic industries and promote exports.

The Middle Passage refers to the forced immigration of Africans across the Atlantic to the New World. This answer is correct because the Middle Passage was a brutal and inhumane journey that involved the transportation of enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas. It was a key part of the transatlantic slave trade, where millions of Africans were captured, sold, and transported to work as slaves in the New World. The Middle Passage was characterized by overcrowded and unsanitary conditions, high mortality rates, and extreme suffering for the enslaved Africans.

The correct answer is Cape Hope of Good. Portuguese explorers referred to the southern coast of West Africa as Cape Hope of Good. This name was given due to the hope and optimism they had for finding a sea route to India and the East. Cape Hope of Good later became known as Cape of Good Hope.

The Treaty of Tordesillas set the Papal Line of Demarcation. This line was established by the Pope to divide the newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal. It aimed to resolve conflicts between the two countries over territories in the New World. The treaty granted Spain control over territories west of the line, while Portugal gained control over territories to the east. This agreement helped to prevent further disputes and provided a clear division of territories for both countries.

Prince Henry the Navigator was a historical figure who was born in Portugal and played a significant role in the country's exploration and maritime expansion during the 15th century. He sponsored numerous voyages and expeditions, which greatly contributed to Portugal's dominance in the Age of Discovery. Therefore, it is accurate to say that Prince Henry the Navigator was associated with Portugal, making it the correct answer.

The correct answer is Sugarcane Plantation. African slaves were used as a labor force on sugarcane plantations. The demand for sugar in Europe and the Americas led to the establishment of large-scale sugarcane plantations, particularly in the Caribbean and the Americas. African slaves were forcibly brought to work on these plantations, enduring harsh conditions and exploitation. The labor provided by African slaves on sugarcane plantations played a significant role in the development and profitability of the sugar industry during that time.

The Dutch formed the East India Company and West India Company. These companies were established during the 17th century and played a significant role in the Dutch colonial empire. The East India Company focused on trade with Asia, particularly in spices, while the West India Company was involved in the Atlantic slave trade and colonization of the Americas. The Dutch were known for their prowess in maritime trade and exploration during this time period, making them a major player in global commerce.

According to mercantilists, the prosperity of a nation depended on having a large supply of bullion, gold, and silver. This is because mercantilists believed that wealth was measured by the amount of precious metals a nation possessed. They believed that by accumulating a surplus of bullion, a nation could increase its economic power and maintain a favorable balance of trade. This would enable them to finance military endeavors, expand their influence, and ensure economic stability. Therefore, having a large supply of bullion was considered essential for the prosperity and strength of a nation according to mercantilist theory.

A peninsulare refers to a person born in Spain who resided in New Spain and typically owned land or held a position of authority. This term specifically denotes individuals of Spanish descent who were born on the Iberian Peninsula and migrated to the New World. They were considered to be at the top of the social hierarchy in the New World caste system due to their direct connection to Spain.

European rulers and merchants were determined to gain control of the islands of Southeast Asia because the spice trade there was enormously profitable. The islands were known for producing valuable spices such as pepper, cloves, and nutmeg, which were highly sought after in Europe. Controlling the spice trade would allow European nations to dominate the market and generate significant wealth. This economic incentive was a major driving force behind their determination to gain control of the islands.

The Ibo society, located in present-day Nigeria, was known for its high production of slaves during the transatlantic slave trade. The Ibo people were targeted by European slave traders due to their strategic location and their strong agricultural and trading practices. They were often captured and sold into slavery, making the Ibo society one of the largest contributors to the slave trade in Africa.