Chapter 19- Common Diseases You Will See

If hypertension is not controlled, it can lead to serious complications such as a heart attack or stroke. High blood pressure puts strain on the arteries and can cause them to become damaged or narrowed. This increases the risk of blood clots forming, which can block blood flow to the heart or brain and result in a heart attack or stroke. Therefore, it is important to manage and control hypertension to reduce the risk of these life-threatening events.

People with Alzheimer's disease often experience confusion and depression, which can put them at risk for accidents or harm. Their confusion may cause them to forget important safety precautions or become disoriented in familiar environments. Depression can also affect their motivation and ability to take care of themselves, increasing the likelihood of accidents or neglecting their own safety. Therefore, being constantly alert for the safety of clients with Alzheimer's disease is crucial to prevent any potential harm or accidents they may face due to their confusion and depression.

Microwave ovens emit electromagnetic waves, which can interfere with the electrical signals of a pacemaker. The strong electromagnetic fields generated by microwaves can disrupt the proper functioning of the pacemaker, potentially causing it to malfunction or deliver incorrect signals to the heart. Therefore, it is advised for individuals with pacemakers to maintain a safe distance from microwave ovens to avoid any potential interference.

For clients with angina, it is important for them to reduce stress, lose weight, and stop smoking. This is because stress can trigger angina symptoms, excess weight puts additional strain on the heart, and smoking damages the blood vessels and reduces oxygen supply to the heart. Therefore, by reducing stress, losing weight, and quitting smoking, clients can improve their overall cardiovascular health and manage their angina symptoms effectively.

False. Diet is an important factor in the treatment of a client with hypertension. A healthy diet, low in sodium and high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, can help lower blood pressure. It is recommended to limit the intake of processed foods, red meat, and sugary beverages. Additionally, maintaining a healthy weight and exercising regularly are also important in managing hypertension.

Sometimes individuals who are experiencing a heart attack may mistake it for indigestion. This can occur because the symptoms of a heart attack, such as chest pain and discomfort, can be similar to those of indigestion. This confusion can lead to a delay in seeking medical attention, which can be dangerous as prompt treatment is crucial during a heart attack. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the symptoms of a heart attack and seek immediate medical help if experiencing any concerning signs.

The term "infarct" refers to the death of tissue that occurs when there is a lack of blood supply. This can happen when a blood vessel becomes blocked or narrowed, preventing oxygen and nutrients from reaching the affected area. As a result, the tissue dies and is unable to function properly. Therefore, the statement that "infarct" means death of tissue due to lack of blood supply is true.

The statement is false because once a client's blood pressure is controlled by medication, it is still necessary for them to continue taking the medication regularly as prescribed by their healthcare provider. Stopping the medication abruptly can cause the blood pressure to rise again and lead to complications. Therefore, medication should be taken consistently to maintain blood pressure control and prevent any potential health risks.

Tuberculosis (TB) can indeed be active or inactive. Active TB refers to a condition where the bacteria causing TB are actively multiplying and causing symptoms. Inactive TB, also known as latent TB, occurs when the bacteria are present in the body but are not causing symptoms or spreading the disease. People with latent TB do not feel sick and cannot spread the infection to others. However, the bacteria can become active in the future, leading to active TB. Therefore, it is true that TB can be both active and inactive.

The statement is false because medication for TB should not be taken only when the client feels ill. TB medication is typically prescribed for a specific duration, usually several months, regardless of whether the client feels ill or not. This is because TB treatment aims to completely eliminate the bacteria causing the infection and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains. It is important for clients to complete the full course of medication as prescribed by their healthcare provider, even if they start feeling better before the treatment is completed.

The statement is true because diagnosis of a condition is commonly done through various methods such as skin tests, x-rays, and sputum samples. These diagnostic techniques help medical professionals identify the presence of certain diseases or conditions by examining the skin, imaging the internal structures of the body, or analyzing the respiratory secretions. Therefore, the given answer is correct.

Exercise during an attack of angina can actually worsen the condition. Angina occurs when there is a reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, typically due to narrowed or blocked arteries. Exercise increases the demand for oxygen and can further restrict blood flow to the heart, leading to increased pain or even a heart attack. Therefore, it is recommended to rest during an angina attack and seek medical assistance if the pain persists.

Angina is not caused by a light stroke. Angina is a type of chest pain that occurs when there is reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It is usually caused by coronary artery disease, which is a narrowing or blockage of the blood vessels that supply the heart. A light stroke, on the other hand, refers to a mild or transient ischemic attack (TIA) that occurs when there is a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain. These two conditions are unrelated and have different causes.

Arteriosclerosis is a condition characterized by the hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to the buildup of plaque. This plaque can restrict blood flow to the heart, leading to a heart attack. Therefore, it is correct to say that arteriosclerosis is a major cause of heart attacks.

The given symptoms are all associated with insulin shock. Excessive sweating is a common symptom as the body tries to regulate its temperature. Hunger is another symptom as low blood sugar levels can trigger a feeling of hunger. Low blood sugar is a key symptom of insulin shock as it indicates that the body is not receiving enough glucose for energy. Weakness and dizziness are also common symptoms as the body lacks energy. Headache and blurred vision can occur due to the brain not receiving enough glucose.

The Homemaker/Home Health Aide should report the client's consideration of an unconventional method of treatment because it is their responsibility to ensure the client's safety and well-being. Reporting it allows the healthcare team to assess the potential risks and benefits of the unconventional method and provide appropriate guidance or alternative treatment options. It also helps to ensure that the client receives evidence-based and effective care for their arthritis.

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disease that commonly affects young adults. It is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking the protective covering of nerve fibers in the central nervous system. This leads to communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body, resulting in various symptoms such as fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness or weakness in limbs, and problems with coordination and balance. The disease can vary in severity and progression, with periods of relapse and remission.

Changes in the client's condition that may be a reaction to the medication must be reported immediately because it could indicate that the dosage of the medication needs to be adjusted. This is important to ensure that the client is receiving the appropriate amount of medication for their condition and to prevent any potential harm or adverse effects. By reporting these changes promptly, healthcare professionals can evaluate the client's response to the medication and make necessary adjustments to optimize their treatment plan.

Turning and deep breathing is a nursing intervention commonly used to prevent pneumonia in stroke patients. This technique helps to prevent the accumulation of secretions in the lungs, which can lead to pneumonia. By regularly turning the patient and encouraging deep breathing exercises, the nurse promotes lung expansion, improves ventilation, and helps to clear any potential blockages or congestion in the airways. This intervention is crucial in preventing respiratory complications and maintaining the overall respiratory health of stroke patients.

Small frequent meals and frequent sips of water are two ways to help maintain adequate nutrition for a client with Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease can affect a person's ability to eat and drink, so offering small meals throughout the day can ensure that they are getting enough nutrients. Similarly, providing frequent sips of water can help prevent dehydration, which is a common concern for individuals with Alzheimer's. These strategies can help support the overall health and well-being of the client and ensure they are receiving proper nutrition.

Multiple sclerosis is a progressive disease that affects the transmission of impulses through the central nervous system. It is characterized by the damage to the protective covering of nerve fibers, leading to communication problems between the brain and the rest of the body. This can result in various symptoms such as fatigue, difficulty walking, numbness or weakness in limbs, and problems with coordination and balance. The correct answer, multiple sclerosis, accurately describes this progressive disease and its impact on the central nervous system.

Occupational therapy plays a crucial role in the care of clients with arthritis by preventing the loss of movement. Arthritis can cause stiffness, pain, and inflammation in the joints, leading to decreased mobility and function. Occupational therapy focuses on improving the client's ability to perform daily activities, such as dressing, bathing, and cooking, by providing exercises, adaptive equipment, and strategies to manage pain and conserve energy. By addressing these aspects, occupational therapy helps to maintain and enhance the client's independence, quality of life, and overall well-being.

Observing the skin and nails of a client with diabetes is important because they are more prone to infections and have slower healing abilities. Diabetes can affect the blood flow and immune system, making it easier for infections to occur. Additionally, high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and nerves, leading to poor circulation and decreased sensation in the extremities. This can result in delayed wound healing and an increased risk of developing infections. By reporting observations related to the skin and nails, healthcare professionals can identify potential issues early on and provide appropriate interventions to prevent complications.

Insulin shock, also known as hypoglycemia, is caused by either an excess of insulin or a deficiency of sugar in the body. Insulin is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels, and when too much insulin is present or there is not enough sugar available, the blood sugar levels drop dangerously low. This can lead to symptoms such as sweating, confusion, dizziness, and even loss of consciousness. Therefore, both too much insulin and not enough sugar can contribute to the occurrence of insulin shock.

Coughing or sneezing into a handkerchief is the best way a client can reduce the spread of their tuberculosis because it helps to contain the respiratory droplets that may contain the bacteria causing tuberculosis. By using a handkerchief, the client can prevent the bacteria from being released into the air and potentially infecting others. This practice is important in preventing the transmission of tuberculosis to others and is a simple and effective way to minimize the spread of the disease.

Foot drop is a common complication of stroke that occurs when the muscles in the foot are weakened or paralyzed, leading to difficulty in lifting the front part of the foot. To prevent this complication, nursing care should include the use of a foot rest. A foot rest helps to maintain proper alignment of the foot and prevent the foot from dropping. It provides support and elevation to the foot, reducing the risk of contractures and promoting proper circulation. By using a foot rest, the patient's foot is kept in a neutral position, preventing the development of foot drop.

A flushed face and shortness of breath can be signs of increased blood pressure (B/P). When blood pressure is elevated, the blood vessels near the surface of the skin dilate, causing the face to appear flushed. Additionally, the heart has to work harder to pump blood through narrowed blood vessels, leading to shortness of breath. Therefore, it is true that a flushed face and shortness of breath may indicate that the client's blood pressure is elevated.

Nitroglycerine is a medication commonly used to relieve the pain associated with angina, a condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. Nitroglycerine works by dilating the blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the heart and reducing the workload on the heart muscle. Therefore, it is correct to say that nitroglycerine will stop the pain of angina.

Heart surgery is not the only treatment for angina. There are various other treatment options available for angina, such as medication, lifestyle changes, and minimally invasive procedures like angioplasty. Heart surgery is usually considered as a last resort when other treatment methods have failed to provide relief or in cases of severe blockages in the coronary arteries. Therefore, the statement that heart surgery is the treatment for angina is false.

Patients with COPD experience inadequate exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide due to the obstruction of their airways. This can lead to decreased oxygen levels in the blood and increased carbon dioxide levels, which can affect the brain and cause confusion. Monitoring for signs of confusion is important as it can indicate worsening respiratory function and the need for intervention to improve oxygenation.

The question is asking for the three forms of AIDS. The correct answer includes "AIDS carrier," which refers to individuals who are infected with HIV but do not show symptoms of AIDS. "AIDS related conditions" are the various health issues that can arise as a result of a weakened immune system due to AIDS. Finally, "AIDS" refers to the advanced stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely compromised, leading to a range of symptoms and opportunistic infections.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive disease that causes the degeneration of neurons. It primarily affects the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles, leading to muscle weakness, difficulty in speaking, swallowing, and eventually paralysis. The term "amyotrophic" refers to muscle atrophy, while "lateral sclerosis" refers to the hardening and scarring of the lateral regions of the spinal cord. This debilitating disease has no known cure and typically leads to a decline in physical function and eventual death.

This answer correctly lists three factors to remember about meals for a person with a neurological disease. These factors include: 1) having small meals that are high in nutrients and fiber to support overall health, 2) ensuring that the meals are not too hot to prevent any discomfort or injury, and 3) cutting up the food into small pieces to make it easier to chew and swallow, considering any difficulties with motor skills or swallowing that may be associated with the neurological disease.

The three types of side effects that may occur as a result of cancer treatment are loss of hair and loss of appetite, weight loss, and open sores. These side effects are common in cancer patients due to the aggressive nature of the treatment. Loss of hair and loss of appetite are often caused by chemotherapy, while weight loss can result from a combination of factors such as decreased appetite and the body's increased energy needs to fight the disease. Open sores may occur due to radiation therapy or certain medications used in cancer treatment.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that primarily affects the bones and joints. It causes the breakdown of the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in a joint, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion. The condition affects the bones by causing them to become damaged and develop bone spurs. It also affects the joints by causing inflammation, swelling, and the deterioration of the joint tissues. Therefore, both bones and joints are impacted by osteoarthritis.

The four risk factors for AIDS transmission are IV drug use with needle sharing, receiving blood or blood products before 1978, having sexual partners and not using condoms, and not knowing the sexual partners well, especially if any of them have engaged in unsafe sex since 1978. These factors increase the likelihood of contracting and transmitting the virus that causes AIDS.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive disease that affects the part of the brain responsible for controlling movement. It is characterized by the degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the brain, leading to symptoms such as tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. The disease gradually worsens over time, causing a range of motor and non-motor symptoms that can significantly impact a person's quality of life. While there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, various treatments, including medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes, can help manage the symptoms and improve daily functioning.

Rest and support are important aspects of care for a client with arthritis who has swollen, sore joints. Resting the affected joints helps to reduce inflammation and pain, allowing the joints to heal. Support, such as the use of braces or splints, can help to stabilize the joints and alleviate discomfort. Additionally, providing the client with assistive devices, such as canes or walkers, can help to reduce the strain on the joints and improve mobility. Overall, rest and support are crucial in managing the symptoms of arthritis and promoting the client's overall well-being.

Regular exercise is important for patients with neurological disorders because it helps maintain muscle tone and regulate elimination. Neurological disorders often lead to muscle weakness and loss of coordination, so exercise can help strengthen and tone the muscles, improving mobility and balance. Additionally, exercise stimulates bowel movements and can prevent constipation, which is common in neurological disorders. Regular physical activity also helps improve lung function and prevent pneumonia, as it promotes deep breathing and clears mucus from the airways. Overall, exercise plays a crucial role in managing symptoms and improving overall health in patients with neurological disorders.

A client with diabetes needs to closely monitor their diet because it plays a crucial role in controlling their blood sugar levels. By following a healthy and balanced diet, they can regulate their carbohydrate intake, which directly affects their blood glucose levels. Additionally, a proper diet can help manage weight, reduce the risk of complications, and improve overall health. Medication and exercise are also important components of diabetes management, but diet is particularly significant in maintaining stable blood sugar levels.

To prevent decubiti (pressure ulcers) in stroke patients, nursing care should include bathing, turning, and massaging the affected areas. Bathing helps maintain cleanliness and hygiene, reducing the risk of infection. Regularly turning the patient helps relieve pressure on specific areas, improving blood circulation and preventing the formation of pressure ulcers. Massaging the skin also promotes blood flow and prevents the development of sores. These interventions are crucial in preventing complications and ensuring the overall well-being of stroke patients.

The answer accurately defines Alzheimer's disease as a chronic, progressive, degenerative neurological disease. This means that Alzheimer's is a long-lasting condition that worsens over time, leading to the deterioration of the nervous system.

The phrase "respite for the primary care giver" refers to giving the family member who is responsible for the care of someone a break or a period of relief. This means allowing them to have some time for themselves to do things that they want to do, apart from their caregiving responsibilities. It is a way of providing support and temporary relief for the primary caregiver, allowing them to recharge and take care of their own needs.

Pacemakers are not used to control blood pressure. Pacemakers are electronic devices that help regulate the heartbeat by sending electrical impulses to the heart muscles to maintain a regular rhythm. They are typically used for individuals with abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias, not for controlling blood pressure. Blood pressure is controlled by a combination of factors including the contraction of blood vessels, the amount of blood pumped by the heart, and the resistance of blood flow in the arteries.

If you notice any symptoms of insulin shock, it is important to follow the instructions given by the supervisor, such as consuming sweetened orange juice. This is because insulin shock is a severe condition caused by low blood sugar levels, and consuming a source of sugar can help raise blood sugar levels quickly. It is crucial to report the situation because if left untreated, the client's condition can deteriorate rapidly, leading to a potentially life-threatening situation.

Living in a crowded and poorly ventilated home environment increases the risk of tuberculosis transmission. Close contact with infected individuals in cramped spaces facilitates the spread of the disease. Poor ventilation prevents the circulation of fresh air, allowing the bacteria to linger in the air for longer periods. Malnourishment weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to contracting tuberculosis. Additionally, poor overall health compromises the body's ability to fight off the infection, further increasing the risk.

The correct answer includes four causes of a CVA, which stands for cerebrovascular accident or stroke. The first cause mentioned is the closing of a blood vessel, which can occur due to various reasons such as atherosclerosis or a blood clot. The second cause mentioned is a clot, which can obstruct the blood flow to the brain and lead to a stroke. The third cause mentioned is a hemorrhage, which refers to bleeding in the brain. Lastly, the answer states that the CVA occurs in the brain, indicating that these causes specifically affect the blood vessels and blood flow in the brain.