Forensic Medicine & Toxicology 1

The presence of an abrasion collar indicates that the injury occurred due to scraping or rubbing against a rough surface. In the case of abrasions over the neck, it suggests that the person may have experienced friction or contact with a rough object around the neck area, causing the skin to be scraped off. This could be due to various reasons such as strangulation, an assault, or accidental contact with a sharp object.

The correct answer is "Multiple scars of face." This answer is chosen because the other options listed are more severe injuries such as a fracture of the femur, emasculation, and contusion of the breast. While multiple scars on the face can still be significant, they are not considered a grievous injury compared to the other options.

In cases of dowry death, the investigation is primarily conducted by the police. They are responsible for gathering evidence, interviewing witnesses, and building a case against the accused. The police have the authority to arrest and charge individuals involved in the crime. While other officials such as magistrates, coroners, and medical examiners may be involved in the legal process, the initial inquest and investigation is typically led by the police.

An incised wound refers to a type of injury where the skin and subcutaneous tissue are cut or sliced open. This can occur due to a sharp object such as a knife or a glass shard. The edges of the wound are typically clean and well-defined, indicating a deliberate and precise injury. Incised wounds often bleed profusely and may require medical attention to clean, stitch, and prevent infection.

The first permanent teeth to erupt are the first premolars. These teeth typically come in around the age of 10 to 12 years old, replacing the primary molars. The eruption of the first premolars marks an important milestone in dental development, as it signifies the transition from the primary dentition to the permanent dentition.

The Benzidine test is used to detect the blood group of a blood stain. It involves adding a reagent called benzidine to the stain, which reacts with the hemoglobin in the blood. This reaction produces a blue-green color, indicating the presence of blood. The test is based on the fact that different blood groups have different antigens on the surface of red blood cells, and these antigens can be detected through the reaction with benzidine. Therefore, the Benzidine test is a reliable method for determining the blood group of a blood stain.

Hydrocution refers to the sudden immersion in cold water causing a physiological response that can lead to cardiac arrest and potentially death. Electrocution in water, on the other hand, refers to the fatal injury caused by electric shock in water. It is not related to hydrocution. Therefore, the statement "Electrocution in water" is not true about hydrocution.

A scald is an injury caused by hot liquids or steam coming into contact with the skin. In this case, the lesion has intact skin, indicating that there is no break in the outer layer of the skin. However, there is tearing of the subcutaneous tissue, which is the layer of tissue beneath the skin. This tearing suggests that the injury is deeper than just the superficial layers of the skin, which is consistent with a scald.

By the age of 14, all of the deciduous (baby) teeth have typically been replaced by permanent teeth. Therefore, a 14-year-old child should not have any deciduous teeth remaining.

Police inquests are not required in cases of suicide, as suicide is considered a self-inflicted act and does not involve any criminal investigation. In cases of accidental death, dowry death, and murder, a police inquest is necessary to determine the cause and circumstances of the death and to gather evidence for potential criminal charges.

The correct answer is 5 years because it is generally accepted that children below the age of 5 do not have the cognitive and moral development to understand the consequences of their actions or to form criminal intent. This is supported by various psychological and legal frameworks that consider a certain level of maturity and understanding as necessary for criminal responsibility. Therefore, it is commonly agreed upon that children cannot be held responsible for crimes committed before the age of 5.

In India, the maximum permissible time period for exhumation is 5 years. This means that after a person is buried, their remains can only be exhumed within a period of 5 years. After this time period, exhumation is not allowed unless there are exceptional circumstances or legal requirements. This time limit ensures that the deceased's remains are given adequate time for decomposition and allows for proper burial practices to be followed.

Inquests for custodial deaths are typically held by doctors. This is because doctors are responsible for determining the cause of death and conducting post-mortem examinations. They have the necessary medical knowledge and expertise to examine the body and collect evidence that can help establish the cause and circumstances of the death. Magistrates, sub-inspectors, and district attorneys may be involved in the investigation and legal proceedings related to the custodial death, but the actual inquest is conducted by a doctor.

HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) testing is the most informative test in parental identification. HLA genes are inherited from parents, and by comparing the HLA profiles of a child and their alleged parents, it is possible to determine if there is a biological relationship. This test is particularly useful in cases where DNA testing is not possible or inconclusive. HLA testing can provide strong evidence of parental likeness and help establish or confirm biological parentage.

Brain death is said to occur if there are absent spinal reflexes. Spinal reflexes are involuntary movements that are controlled by the spinal cord without any input from the brain. When these reflexes are absent, it indicates that the brain is no longer functioning, leading to brain death.

In the context of medical termination of pregnancy, all of the given statements are true except for the statement that professional secrecy has to be maintained. In medical practice, professional secrecy refers to the obligation of healthcare providers to keep patient information confidential. However, in the case of medical termination of pregnancy, healthcare providers may be required to disclose certain information to ensure the safety and well-being of the patient. This may include sharing information with other healthcare professionals involved in the procedure or reporting cases of termination to relevant authorities. Therefore, professional secrecy is not always maintained in the context of medical termination of pregnancy.

DNA can be extracted from various sources for forensic analysis, such as semen, CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), and buccal mucosa (inner lining of the cheek). However, hair roots do not contain enough viable DNA for reliable testing. While DNA can be found in the hair shaft, it is typically degraded and not suitable for accurate analysis. Therefore, hair roots are not a viable sample for DNA extraction.

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After death, Livor mortis is caused because the muscles of the body begin to relax. Livor mortis, also known as lividity, is the pooling of blood in the dependent parts of the body due to gravity. As the muscles relax, blood is no longer being pumped through the body, causing it to settle in the lower areas. This results in a discoloration of the skin in those areas, giving a purplish appearance.

Rigor mortis occurs due to the stiffening of muscles in the body after death. This happens because ATP, the molecule responsible for muscle contraction, is no longer being produced. Without ATP, the muscles are unable to relax and remain in a contracted state, causing stiffness.