Forensic Medicine Weekly Test 15 Feb 2019

Explanation
A black eye is a common condition caused by a contusion, which is a type of injury where there is bleeding under the skin due to a direct blow or trauma to the eye area. This results in discoloration and swelling around the eye, giving it a black or bruised appearance. A laceration refers to a tear or cut in the skin, while an incised wound is a clean, straight cut. Neither of these terms accurately describe a black eye. Therefore, the correct answer is contusion.

Explanation
Black gunpowder, also known as black powder, is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. Lead peroxide is not included in the composition of black gunpowder.

Explanation
Compulsion is a feature of drug addiction because it refers to the strong and uncontrollable urge to use drugs, despite negative consequences. Drug addiction is characterized by a physical and psychological dependence on drugs, leading to compulsive drug-seeking behavior. This compulsion is driven by changes in the brain's reward system, which makes the individual prioritize drug use over other important aspects of life. Drug addiction is a chronic condition that requires treatment and support to overcome.

Explanation
The dermal nitrate test is used to detect gunshot residue on hands. Gunshot residue contains nitrates, and this test involves swabbing the hands with a reagent that reacts with nitrates to produce a color change. If the test shows a positive result, it indicates the presence of gunshot residue on the hands. This test is commonly used in forensic investigations to determine if someone has recently fired a gun.

Explanation
Psychological dependence refers to the emotional and mental reliance on a drug, where the individual feels a strong desire or craving for the substance. Drug habituation, on the other hand, is the process of becoming accustomed to the effects of a drug, leading to a decreased response over time. While drug addiction, drug dependence, and drug abuse can also involve psychological aspects, only drug habituation specifically refers to the decreased response to a drug. Therefore, psychological dependence is the only feature that is exclusively associated with drug habituation.

Explanation
Rhinorrhea, yawning, piloerection, and prolonged sleeping are commonly observed symptoms during drug withdrawal. Drug withdrawal occurs when an individual stops using a substance that they have become physically dependent on. These symptoms are the body's way of reacting to the absence of the drug and can be quite uncomfortable for the individual experiencing them. Therefore, the correct answer is drug withdrawal.

Explanation
Huffing refers to the act of soaking a volatile substance, such as glue or paint thinner, in a kerchief or rag and then inhaling the fumes. This practice is often done to achieve a high or intoxication. It is important to note that huffing can have serious health consequences and can lead to brain damage, organ failure, and even death.

Explanation
Rave parties are the correct answer because they are known for being events where illegal drug use is encouraged. These parties often involve loud electronic music, dancing, and a party atmosphere that can attract a young and diverse crowd. The term "rave" originated in the 1980s and became associated with the use of drugs like ecstasy. These parties are often held in underground or secret locations to avoid detection by law enforcement.

Explanation
Bagging refers to the act of putting a volatile substance, such as glue or paint, in a plastic bag and inhaling the fumes. This practice is commonly used to achieve a quick and intense high. It is considered extremely dangerous and can lead to serious health consequences, including brain damage, organ failure, and even death.

Explanation
Drug dependence refers to the actual change in the neural systems that occurs as a result of drug use, leading to physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes in the individual. This term encompasses the physical and psychological reliance on a drug, where the person experiences withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. Drug dependence is characterized by an increased tolerance to the drug, requiring higher doses to achieve the desired effect, and often leads to compulsive drug-seeking behavior.