12-bio-botany -unit-v & VI Plants Physiology, Biology In Human Welfare

Chlorophyll 'a' is regarded as the primary pigment because it is the main pigment involved in the process of photosynthesis. It absorbs light energy from the sun and converts it into chemical energy, which is then used by plants to produce glucose and oxygen. Chlorophyll 'a' is responsible for the green color of plants and is essential for their growth and survival. Carotenoids and xanthophylls are accessory pigments that assist chlorophyll 'a' in capturing light energy, while chlorophyll 'b' is another type of chlorophyll that also contributes to photosynthesis but is not considered the primary pigment.

Chlorophyll is the pigment that is highly efficient in absorbing solar energy. It is responsible for the green color in plants and is essential for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll molecules are able to absorb light energy from the sun and convert it into chemical energy that can be used by the plant for growth and development. This pigment is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells and is crucial for the process of photosynthesis.

Acalyphine is extracted from Acalypha indica, which is a plant species commonly known as Indian nettle or Indian copperleaf. Acalyphine is a chemical compound found in the plant and is used for various medicinal purposes.

Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by hexokinase. Hexokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to glucose using ATP as a phosphate donor. This phosphorylation step is important in glucose metabolism as it traps glucose inside the cell and prepares it for further metabolic processes. Hexokinase is found in most tissues and has a high affinity for glucose, ensuring efficient glucose uptake and utilization.

Melvin Calvin is credited with discovering the dark reactions of photosynthesis. He conducted experiments using radioactive carbon-14 to trace the pathway of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. Through his research, Calvin was able to identify the series of chemical reactions that occur in the absence of light, which are responsible for converting carbon dioxide into glucose. This process is known as the Calvin cycle, named after him. His discovery significantly contributed to our understanding of how plants convert sunlight into energy and played a crucial role in the development of modern biochemistry.

An example of an insectivorous plant is Drosera. Insectivorous plants are plants that have adapted to attract, trap, and digest insects as a source of nutrients. Drosera, also known as sundew, is a genus of carnivorous plants that use sticky hairs on their leaves to trap and digest insects. They secrete a sticky substance that attracts insects, and once an insect lands on the leaf, the hairs bend and trap the insect. The plant then releases enzymes to digest the insect and absorb its nutrients.

Photoperiodism refers to the response of a plant to the relative lengths of light and dark periods. It is a phenomenon where plants use the duration of light and darkness to regulate their growth, development, and flowering. Different plants have different photoperiodic requirements, which determine whether they are classified as short-day plants, long-day plants, or day-neutral plants. Short-day plants flower when the dark period is longer than a critical duration, long-day plants flower when the dark period is shorter than a critical duration, and day-neutral plants are not influenced by the duration of light or darkness.

Carbohydrates are the common respiratory substrate because they are the primary source of energy for cellular respiration in most organisms. During cellular respiration, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is then used to produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell. Proteins and lipids can also be used as respiratory substrates, but carbohydrates are the most common and preferred source due to their efficient conversion into energy. Vitamins, on the other hand, are not respiratory substrates as they do not provide energy through cellular respiration.

The C4 pathway is also known as the Hatch-Slack pathway. This pathway is a biochemical process used by certain plants to efficiently fix carbon dioxide and minimize photorespiration. It involves the initial fixation of carbon dioxide into a four-carbon compound and its subsequent conversion into a three-carbon compound for entry into the Calvin cycle. The Hatch-Slack pathway is named after the scientists Marshall Davidson Hatch and Roger Slack, who first described the process in the 1960s.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. It occurs in specialized organelles called chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll, the pigment that captures sunlight. Chloroplasts are unique to plant cells and are responsible for carrying out photosynthesis. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis, mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, and peroxisomes are involved in various metabolic processes. Therefore, the correct answer is chloroplasts.

RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) is a 5C compound. It is an important molecule in the Calvin cycle, which is involved in the fixation of carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. RuBP has a total of five carbon atoms in its structure, making it a 5C compound. Glucose, fructose, and phosphoglyceric acid are not 5C compounds.

Magnesium (Mg) is the essential component for the formation of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis in plants. Magnesium is a central atom in the chlorophyll molecule, and it plays a critical role in capturing and transferring light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Without magnesium, plants would not be able to produce chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis effectively, leading to stunted growth and poor plant health. Therefore, Mg is necessary for the formation of chlorophyll.

2,4-D is a commonly used herbicide that is used to control broadleaf weeds in agricultural fields. It is a synthetic auxin, which means it mimics the natural plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). By acting as a growth regulator, 2,4-D disrupts the normal growth patterns of weeds, leading to their death. ABA (abscisic acid) is a plant hormone involved in stress responses, while urea is a nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, the correct answer is 2,4-D.

Hexokinase is the enzyme responsible for phosphorylating glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. This phosphorylation step is important in the first step of glycolysis, as it traps glucose within the cell and prepares it for further metabolism. Hexokinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to glucose, forming glucose-6-phosphate. This reaction is irreversible and is an important regulatory step in glycolysis.

Auxin was the first plant hormone to be discovered. It was first identified by Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin in their experiments on phototropism in 1880. They observed that a chemical substance was responsible for the bending of plant stems towards light, and they named this substance "auxin." Since then, auxin has been extensively studied and found to play a crucial role in various plant growth and development processes, including cell elongation, root formation, and apical dominance.

Apical dominance is the phenomenon where the terminal bud of a plant suppresses the growth of lateral buds. This is primarily due to the presence of auxin, a plant hormone, in the terminal bud. Auxin inhibits the growth of lateral buds by promoting the elongation of cells in the terminal bud, redirecting the flow of nutrients and energy towards the terminal bud. This allows the plant to prioritize the growth of the main stem, ensuring its upward growth and preventing the lateral branches from competing for resources.

Nitrosomonas is the correct answer because it is a bacterium known for its ability to convert ammonia into nitrate through a process called nitrification. This bacterium plays a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle, specifically in the first step of nitrification, where it oxidizes ammonia to nitrite. Nitrosomonas is commonly found in soil, water, and wastewater treatment systems, and its activity is important for maintaining nitrogen balance in ecosystems.

The dark reaction is also known as the Calvin cycle. This cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It is named after Melvin Calvin, who discovered it in the 1950s. The Calvin cycle uses the energy produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. It is called the dark reaction because it can occur in the absence of light, unlike the light-dependent reactions. The Krebs cycle, pentosephosphate pathway, and photorespiration are all different processes that occur in cellular metabolism and are not related to the dark reaction.

Ribose is a five carbon compound. It is a type of sugar that is an important component of RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis and function of RNA, which is involved in protein synthesis and gene expression. Ribose is a pentose sugar, meaning it has five carbon atoms in its structure. Therefore, ribose is the correct answer to the question.

The first step in aerobic respiration is glycolysis. This is the process where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm of the cell. It is an anaerobic process, meaning it does not require oxygen. Glycolysis is the initial step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and it produces a small amount of ATP and NADH. The pyruvate molecules produced in glycolysis then enter the mitochondria to continue the aerobic respiration process.

Auxin prevents abscission, which is the process of shedding or dropping of leaves, fruits, or flowers from a plant. It promotes the retention of plant parts by inhibiting the formation of abscission layers, which are responsible for the separation of plant organs. Auxin helps in maintaining the attachment and stability of leaves, fruits, and flowers to the plant.

Photorespiration is also known as the C2 cycle. This is because during photorespiration, a two-carbon compound called glycolate is produced as a byproduct instead of the normal three-carbon compound, phosphoglycerate, in the Calvin cycle. The glycolate then undergoes a series of reactions in the peroxisome and mitochondria, ultimately leading to the release of carbon dioxide. This process is called photorespiration because it occurs in the presence of light and consumes oxygen while releasing carbon dioxide.

Dark respiration refers to the process of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of light. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and are responsible for carrying out aerobic respiration, which involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. Therefore, mitochondria are involved in dark respiration as they play a crucial role in generating energy for the cell.

Auxin prevents abscission, which is the process of shedding or dropping of leaves, flowers, or fruits from a plant. Auxin helps in maintaining the attachment of these plant parts to the stem by inhibiting the formation of the abscission zone, a layer of cells that facilitate the detachment. This allows the plant to retain its leaves, flowers, and fruits for a longer period, ensuring their proper growth and development.

"Foolish seedling" disease of rice is caused by gibberellins. Gibberellins are a group of plant hormones that regulate various processes in plant growth and development, including stem elongation. In the case of "Foolish seedling" disease, the excessive production of gibberellins leads to abnormal elongation of the rice seedlings, resulting in weak and floppy stems. This disease is a common problem in rice cultivation and can significantly affect crop yield.

The correct answer is Maryland Mammoth. Photoperiodic response in flowering refers to the response of plants to the duration of light and darkness in a 24-hour period. Maryland Mammoth is a type of plant that was the first to exhibit this response.

Cuscuta is a total parasite because it lacks chlorophyll and cannot produce its own food through photosynthesis. It relies entirely on other plants for nutrients and water, attaching itself to the host plant and extracting resources from it. This makes Cuscuta completely dependent on its host for survival, making it a total parasite.

During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Oxygen is released as a byproduct of this process and is the gas evolved during photosynthesis.

Pyricularia oryzae is the correct answer because it is the pathogen that causes the blast disease of rice. Blast disease is a devastating fungal infection that affects rice plants, causing lesions on leaves, stems, and grains, leading to reduced yield and quality. Pyricularia oryzae is the scientific name for the fungus that causes this disease.

The total amount of energy released from one molecule of glucose on oxidation is approximately 2900 kJ.

Sugarcane is a C4 plant because it utilizes the C4 photosynthetic pathway. This pathway allows the plant to efficiently fix carbon dioxide by initially converting it into a four-carbon compound before entering the Calvin cycle. C4 plants like sugarcane are adapted to hot and dry environments, as this pathway helps them minimize water loss and maximize their photosynthetic efficiency.

An epiphyte is a type of plant that grows on the surface of another plant, typically a tree, without deriving nutrients from the host plant. It obtains nutrients and water from the air, rain, and debris that accumulate around it. Vanda plants are known to be epiphytes, as they are commonly found growing on trees in tropical regions.

Wavelengths of light between 400 nm to 700 nm are most effective for photosynthesis. This range is known as the visible light spectrum and includes colors such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. These colors are absorbed by chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs light most efficiently in the red and blue regions of the spectrum, while green light is reflected, giving plants their green color. Therefore, the wavelengths between 400 nm to 700 nm provide the optimal range of light for plants to carry out photosynthesis.

The complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose yields 38 ATP. This is because during cellular respiration, glucose is broken down through a series of metabolic reactions, such as glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. These reactions generate energy in the form of ATP. The breakdown of glucose ultimately produces a total of 38 ATP molecules, which are used by cells as a source of energy for various cellular processes.

In C3 plants, light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts in mesophyll cells. During light reactions, light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. These energy molecules are then used in the dark reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, which occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts in mesophyll cells. In the dark reactions, carbon dioxide is fixed and converted into glucose through a series of enzymatic reactions. Therefore, both light reactions and dark reactions occur in mesophyll cells of C3 plants.

Xylulose phosphate is a 5C compound because it contains 5 carbon atoms in its structure. The other compounds listed, phosphoglyceraldehyde, erythrosephosphate, and sedoheptulose phosphate, do not have 5 carbon atoms and therefore cannot be classified as 5C compounds.

In the C3 pathway, the acceptor molecule of CO2 is RuBP (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate). RuBP is a five-carbon molecule that combines with CO2 in the presence of the enzyme Rubisco to form an unstable six-carbon compound. This compound then breaks down into two molecules of PGA (3-phosphoglycerate), which is the first stable product of CO2 fixation in the C3 pathway. Therefore, RuBP acts as the initial acceptor molecule for CO2 in the C3 pathway.

Cercospora personat is the correct answer because it is the pathogen that causes Tikka disease of groundnut. Tikka disease is a fungal disease that affects groundnut plants and is caused by the fungus Cercospora personat. This fungus infects the leaves and pods of the groundnut plant, causing dark brown spots and lesions. It can lead to reduced yield and quality of the groundnut crop if not properly managed.

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Aconitase is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cis-aconitic acid into isocitric acid by adding a molecule of water.

Abscisic acid is responsible for the closure of stomata. Stomata are small openings on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange. When plants experience water stress, such as drought or high temperatures, abscisic acid is produced and triggers the closure of stomata. This helps to reduce water loss through transpiration and conserve water within the plant. Auxin, gibberellins, and cytokinins are plant hormones that have various other functions in growth and development, but they do not directly cause the closure of stomata.

The respiratory quotient (RQ) is the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced to the volume of oxygen consumed during cellular respiration. In the case of glucose, the RQ is 1 because for every molecule of glucose that is metabolized, one molecule of carbon dioxide is produced and one molecule of oxygen is consumed. Therefore, the correct answer is unity.

Bakanae disease in paddy is caused by gibberellic acid. Gibberellic acid is a plant hormone that promotes plant growth. In the case of Bakanae disease, the presence of gibberellic acid leads to abnormal elongation of the infected plant, causing symptoms such as excessive height and reduced yield. This disease is commonly found in paddy fields and can cause significant damage to the crop.

Thylakoids are the correct answer because they are the site of photosynthesis in plant cells. Thylakoids are flattened, membrane-bound structures found within the chloroplasts of plant cells. They contain the photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll, which capture sunlight and convert it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis. The pigments are embedded within the thylakoid membranes, allowing them to absorb light and carry out the necessary reactions for photosynthesis to occur. Therefore, the photosynthetic pigments are located in the thylakoids.

FADH2 is a molecule that carries high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain in cellular respiration. During the process of oxidative phosphorylation, these electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, generating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This proton gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. Each molecule of FADH2 generates enough energy to produce two ATP molecules. Therefore, the correct answer is two ATP.

Tobacco is a short day plant because it requires a specific amount of darkness to trigger its flowering process. Short day plants flower when the length of daylight falls below a critical threshold, usually less than 12-14 hours of daylight. In contrast, long day plants require longer periods of daylight to flower. Therefore, tobacco is the correct answer as it falls under the category of short day plants.

Aldolase is the correct answer because it is the enzyme responsible for cleaving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two molecules of 3 carbon compounds. Aldolase catalyzes the aldol cleavage reaction, which breaks the carbon-carbon bond in fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and forms two 3 carbon compounds, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP). This reaction is a crucial step in glycolysis, the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into energy.

Pyruvic acid undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to produce acetyl-CoA, which is an important step in cellular respiration. This reaction is catalyzed by pyruvic dehydrogenase, an enzyme complex located in the mitochondria. Pyruvic dehydrogenase removes a carboxyl group from pyruvic acid and transfers the remaining acetyl group to coenzyme A, forming acetyl-CoA. This acetyl-CoA can then enter the citric acid cycle to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, pyruvic dehydrogenase is the correct enzyme responsible for the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvic acid.

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed during the electron transport chain. It occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane and involves the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating a proton gradient across the membrane. This proton gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP. Therefore, oxidative phosphorylation is the correct term for the formation of ATP during the electron transport chain.

The reducing power produced in the light reaction is NADPH2. This molecule is formed through the transfer of electrons from water to NADP+ during photosynthesis. NADPH2 is an important molecule in the Calvin cycle, where it acts as a reducing agent to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. It is also used in other metabolic processes that require reducing power, such as lipid and nucleotide synthesis. Therefore, NADPH2 is the correct answer as it is the primary reducing agent produced in the light reaction of photosynthesis.