CEH Quiz (201 - 261)

Insiders refer to individuals who have direct access to a company's computer system as part of their job function or a business relationship. This includes disgruntled employees, customers, suppliers, vendors, business partners, contractors, temps, and consultants. These individuals have the potential to carry out attacks due to their knowledge of the system and their proximity to sensitive information.

A pre-computed hash is commonly referred to as a "Rainbow table". Rainbow tables are used in cryptography to speed up the process of cracking hashed passwords by storing pre-computed hash chains. These tables contain a list of possible plaintext passwords and their corresponding hash values, allowing for quick lookup and comparison to the target hash. By using rainbow tables, attackers can significantly reduce the time and computational resources required to crack hashed passwords.

Dumpster diving refers to the activity of searching through someone's trash or garbage in order to find useful or valuable information. In this case, Oregon Corp has hired a private investigative agency to search through Scamster Inc's garbage and other rubbish at their office site to gather relevant information for their litigation suit. Dumpster diving is a common practice used by investigators to obtain evidence or gather intelligence.

Attackers use proxy servers to hide their source IP address so that they can carry out their hacking activities without facing any legal consequences. By routing their network traffic through a proxy server, the attacker's true IP address is masked, making it difficult for authorities to trace back the attack to its source. This anonymity provides a layer of protection for the attacker and allows them to operate without being easily identified or held accountable for their actions.

Paul is experiencing MAC spoofing. MAC spoofing is a technique where an attacker changes their device's MAC address to match the MAC address of another device on the network, in this case, Paul's laptop. This allows the attacker to impersonate Paul's laptop and gain unauthorized access to the network. This can explain why Paul is seeing a machine with an unfamiliar name connected to his wireless network and why the speed of his connection varies.

Converting the Trojan.exe file extension to Trojan.txt will not be effective in evading the Anti-Virus scanner. Although changing the file extension may make it appear as a text file, Anti-Virus software is designed to analyze the content of the file rather than just relying on the file extension. The scanner will still be able to detect the malicious code within the file, regardless of the file extension.

SSH (Secure Shell) can be used to protect the link. SSH is a cryptographic network protocol that provides secure communication over an insecure network. It encrypts the data being transmitted, preventing adversaries from intercepting and inspecting the traffic. By using SSH, Jane can tunnel the X-Windows and POP3 traffic to the remote host securely, even without VPN capabilities.

Neil has used a tailgating social engineering attack to gain access to the offices. Tailgating refers to the act of following someone who has legitimate access into a secure area without proper authorization. In this case, Neil used a fake company ID badge and uniform to blend in and gain entry by following an employee who used their valid access card. This type of attack exploits the trust and natural tendency of people to hold doors open for others, allowing unauthorized individuals to gain entry.

To keep intruders from getting sensitive information regarding the network devices using SNMP, enabling SNMPv3 which encrypts username/password authentication is important. SNMPv3 provides secure access to devices by encrypting the authentication credentials. Additionally, enabling IP filtering to limit access to SNMP devices adds an extra layer of security by allowing only specific IP addresses to access the devices. This helps to prevent unauthorized access and protect sensitive information.

The SQL statement will look for users with the name of admin, blank passwords, and email addresses that end in @testers.com. This implies that James is attempting to exploit a potential vulnerability in the login page by using SQL injection. By inputting this statement, James is trying to retrieve information from the Users table that matches the specified conditions.

NTP (Network Time Protocol) is used to synchronize the clocks on systems accurately. In this scenario, the user is running Wireshark to detect any irregularities in NTP traffic on the network. To view NTP packets, they should enable UDP Port 123 in the Wireshark display filter. NTP uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) as its transport protocol, and Port 123 is the designated port for NTP traffic. By enabling this port in Wireshark, the user will be able to capture and analyze NTP packets for any signs of irregularities or attacks on the network.

In order to perform advanced SQL Injection attacks on a vulnerable website without being able to perform command shell hacks on the server, the xp_cmdshell feature must be enabled in SQL Server. This feature allows the execution of command shell commands from within SQL Server, providing the attacker with the ability to execute arbitrary commands on the server. By enabling xp_cmdshell, the attacker can gain further control and exploit the vulnerabilities in the website.

A company is not legally liable for the content of email that is sent from its systems, regardless of whether the message was sent for private or business-related purposes. However, if outgoing email was found to contain material that was pornographic, racist, or likely to incite someone to commit an act of terrorism, the sender and the company's directors could still face prosecution. The "ignorance of the law" clause cannot be used as a defense in this situation. Therefore, the statement is false.

To OS fingerprint a server using the command line, you would type the command specified in Option C.

Wayne can infer that the initial traffic from 192.168.12.35 was being spoofed. This is because the TTL (Time to Live) value of the packets originating from 192.168.12.35 is lower (15) than the TTL value of the response received from the same IP address (21). A lower TTL value indicates that the packets have traveled a shorter distance, suggesting that the source IP address was likely forged or spoofed to make it appear as if it originated from the internal network.

By recording the sequence number chosen by the server and then opening a second connection from a forged IP address, an attacker can successfully launch Session Hijacking attacks. In this type of attack, the attacker can impersonate the legitimate client by guessing the correct responses and gain unauthorized access to the server. This allows the attacker to hijack the established session and potentially perform malicious actions on behalf of the legitimate client.

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By sending out TCP SYN packets instead of ICMP ECHO packets, traceroute can bypass the most common firewall filters. Firewalls typically permit inbound TCP packets to specific ports that hosts behind the firewall are listening for connections. Therefore, by using TCP SYN packets, which are typically used to establish a TCP connection, traceroute can mimic legitimate traffic and bypass the firewall restrictions on ICMP ECHO packets. This allows traceroute to successfully trace the path packets take to reach the destination, even in the presence of firewalls.

The given command is a SQL injection attack that aims to delete the entire members table. The command starts with a SELECT statement to retrieve the email, password, login ID, and full name from the members table where the email is equal to '[email protected]'. However, the command is maliciously crafted to include a DROP TABLE statement, which will delete the members table. The semicolon and double hyphen at the end are used to comment out the rest of the command, making it effective in deleting the table.

The given log file snippet suggests that the hacker is trying to cover his tracks. This can be inferred from the fact that the hacker has compromised a Linux machine and is likely attempting to erase any evidence of their presence or actions on the compromised system.

By typing the command "HEAD / HTTP/1.0" and receiving the results, Blake has successfully grabbed the Operating System banner. The command is commonly used to retrieve information about the web server, including the version and type of operating system it is running on. This information can be useful for an attacker to identify vulnerabilities and plan further attacks.

A hybrid attack is a type of password cracking technique that combines elements of a dictionary attack and a brute force attack. It starts with a dictionary of common words and then adds numbers and symbols to those words to create variations. These variations are then used to try and crack the password. This technique is effective because it takes advantage of the fact that many people use common words as their passwords, but also adds complexity by incorporating numbers and symbols.

Installing the server with default settings can be a correct statement related to the above web server installation. This is because using default settings may leave the server vulnerable to attacks as it may not have the necessary security configurations in place. It is important to customize the server settings and apply security measures to protect against potential exploits.

The correct answer is that the hacker first attempted logins with suspected usernames, then used SQL injection to gain access to valid bank login IDs. This is evident from the statement that the account balances of many customers were changed and money was transferred between accounts. SQL injection is a common attack technique where malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field, allowing the attacker to manipulate the database. In this case, the hacker likely used SQL injection to bypass the login system and gain access to valid login IDs, which they then used to transfer money between accounts.

A stealth scan is a type of port scan where the attacker tries to hide their presence and avoid detection. They do this by sending packets to the target system without completing the full TCP handshake. In a stealth scan, the attacker sends SYN packets to the target, but does not send the final ACK packet to complete the handshake. This allows them to gather information about open ports without alerting the target system's security measures.

The given XOR transforms for bits are all correct except for "1 xor 1 = 1". The XOR operation returns 1 only when the two input bits are different, but in the case of "1 xor 1", both bits are the same (both are 1), so the correct result should be 0.

The correct answer states that June cannot use an antivirus program because it compares the signatures of executable files to the database of known viral signatures, and in the case of polymorphic viruses, they cannot be detected by a signature-based antivirus program. Polymorphic viruses have the ability to mutate and change their known viral signature, making it difficult for signature-based antivirus programs to identify and detect them. Therefore, using an antivirus program that relies on signature matching would not be effective against polymorphic viruses.

Jacob is seeing a SYN flood. A SYN flood is a type of denial-of-service (DoS) attack where an attacker sends a large number of SYN requests to a target computer in order to overwhelm its resources and make it unable to respond to legitimate requests. In this case, Jacob has identified that the SYN requests are coming from a spoofed IP address, indicating that the attacker is disguising their identity.

The LM hash is a password hashing algorithm used in older versions of Windows operating systems. It breaks the password into two 7-character halves and hashes them separately. Therefore, any LM hash that has less than 8 characters represents a password of less than 8 characters. In this case, the hashes "44EFCE164AB921CQAAD3B435B51404EE" and "B757BF5C0D87772FAAD3B435B51404EE" both have 7 characters, indicating passwords of less than 8 characters.

Harold can use the technique of ARP spoofing the default gateway to sniff his agency's switched network. By ARP spoofing, Harold can trick the network into sending all the traffic to his machine instead of the actual default gateway. This way, he can capture and analyze the network traffic using the Sniffer program. ARP spoofing involves manipulating the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) tables to associate his machine's MAC address with the IP address of the default gateway. This allows Harold to intercept and analyze the network traffic passing through the switched network.

Cyber criminals infect a victim's computer with bots by targeting home computers that have security vulnerabilities, scanning the internet for unprotected computers and using them as entry points to install malicious software. They also use phishing or spam emails that contain links or attachments to trick users into downloading malware. Additionally, attackers exploit web browser vulnerabilities by hosting the bots on websites, allowing them to infect computers when users visit these compromised sites.

Blane can use a service such as ReadNotify tracking tool to accomplish this. This tool allows the sender to track the email and receive notifications when it is opened, forwarded, or printed. By using ReadNotify, Blane can monitor if the email is forwarded to any other recipients, ensuring compliance with the lawyer's and client's agreement.

Using the GET method to send sensitive data such as credit card information is not secure because the data is appended to the URL and can be logged by servers. To protect against this type of attack, the best approach is to replace the GET method with the POST method when sending data. Unlike GET, the POST method sends data in the body of the HTTP request rather than appending it to the URL, making it more secure and less prone to interception or logging.

Hping2 uses TCP instead of ICMP by default, which allows it to bypass the firewall that may be blocking ICMP packets. While ping packets use ICMP, which can be blocked by firewalls, hping2's use of TCP packets enables it to establish a connection with the target host and receive a response even if ICMP is blocked.

Bill can use the command "ip dhcp snooping" to ensure that all switches are safe from ARP poisoning. This command enables the switch to validate DHCP messages received from untrusted sources and ensure that only valid DHCP messages are allowed. By enabling DHCP snooping, Bill can prevent unauthorized DHCP servers from distributing incorrect IP addresses and protect against ARP poisoning attacks.

A connect scan is the most reliable type of scan to use in this scenario. It establishes a full TCP connection with the target host, which allows for more accurate results. This scan sends a SYN packet to the target host and waits for a response. If the target responds with a SYN/ACK packet, it means the port is open. If the target responds with a RST packet, it means the port is closed. This method is more reliable because it completes the full TCP handshake, ensuring that the results are accurate.

SSL encrypts the communication between point A and B, making it difficult for an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to analyze the packet content. The IDS relies on inspecting the packet content to detect any malicious activity or potential threats. However, when SSL is used, the content of the packets becomes obscured, and the IDS is unable to effectively analyze them. This can result in the IDS failing to detect any intrusions or security threats, making SSL a bad idea in this scenario.

Harold can use screen capturing spyware to track his daughter's online activities. This software will capture screenshots of her computer screen at regular intervals, allowing Harold to see what she has been doing online. By installing this spyware, Harold can monitor his daughter's activities without her knowledge or alerting her to his intentions. This will help him ensure her safety and protect her from potential online predators.

The correct answer is XMAS Scan. An XMAS Scan is a type of port scan where a packet with the FIN, URG, and PSH flags set is sent to the target system. This scan is used to determine if a port is open, closed, or filtered by the firewall. If the target system responds with a RST packet, the port is closed. If there is no response, the port is open. This scan is called XMAS Scan because the combination of the FIN, URG, and PSH flags resembles the blinking lights of a Christmas tree.

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Hayden is using a half-open scan to find live hosts on her network. In a half-open scan, Hayden sends SYN packets to an IP range and receives SYN/ACK responses from the hosts that are listening. However, before the connection is fully established, she sends RST packets to stop the session. This allows her to see how her intrusion detection system will log the traffic and identify any potential security vulnerabilities or threats on the network.

The investigator can infer that the file is a buffer overflow. This is because a buffer overflow occurs when a program or process tries to store more data in a buffer than it can hold, causing the excess data to overflow into adjacent memory. In this case, the file may have been given a .txt extension to make it appear as a harmless text file, but its contents are actually causing a buffer overflow. This suggests that the suspect may be attempting to exploit a vulnerability in a program or system.

Alternate Data Streams is a feature found in all versions of NTFS that allows file data to be forked into existing files without affecting their functionality, size, or display to traditional file browsing utilities like dir or Windows Explorer. This means that additional data can be stored within a file without altering its appearance or behavior, making it a useful tool for hiding information or adding metadata to files.

Blocking UDP, TCP, or ICMP at the firewall can help to prevent traceroute to some extent, but it cannot completely block tracerouting into the DMZ area. Traceroute uses a combination of ICMP, UDP, and TCP packets to determine the network path to a destination. By blocking these protocols, the firewall can make it more difficult for attackers to perform traceroute, but determined attackers may still find ways to bypass these restrictions. Therefore, there is no foolproof way to completely block tracerouting into the DMZ area.

Kevin is attempting to gain unauthorized access to Katy's email account by manipulating the query string in the URL. The query string manipulation involves changing the parameters in the URL to try and bypass authentication and gain access to the desired mailbox. This type of attack is known as query string manipulation and is a common method used by attackers to exploit vulnerabilities in web applications.

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This Snort signature is designed to look for the hexadecimal string "0d0a5b52504c5d3030320d0a" in the payload of the suspected packets. If this string is found in the payload, Snort will flag the packets as potentially containing the "BACKDOOR SIG - SubSseven 22" backdoor signature.

Sigverif.exe is a Windows system tool that checks the integrity of critical files that have been digitally signed by Microsoft. It verifies the digital signatures of these files to ensure that they have not been tampered with or modified in any way, providing an added layer of security and ensuring the trustworthiness of these files. This tool is commonly used to detect any unauthorized changes to system files, helping to maintain the overall stability and security of the Windows operating system.

When an attacker's computer sends an IPID of 24333 to a zombie computer on a closed port using Idle Scanning, the zombie computer will respond with an IPID of 24334. This is because Idle Scanning involves sending a spoofed packet to the zombie computer, which then sends a response to the victim's IP address. The IPID of the response packet is typically incremented by 1 compared to the IPID of the packet sent by the attacker. Therefore, the correct answer is that the zombie computer will respond with an IPID of 24334.

The correct answer is hping3 -a 10.8.8.8 -S springfield -c 2 -p 80. This command will spoof the source IP address as 10.8.8.8 and the source port as "springfield". By sending packets with these spoofed values, it will appear as if the packets are originating from the system at 10.8.8.8. This allows for testing whether the firewall is allowing or blocking these packets, helping to determine if random packets are being allowed in or out of the network.