Unit 6 Test - Industrialization And Economic Development

The Industrial Revolution is widely considered to have originated in the United Kingdom. It was a period of major industrialization and technological advancements that began in the late 18th century and continued throughout the 19th century. The United Kingdom experienced significant changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transportation, which led to the development of factories, the growth of cities, and the rise of the capitalist economy. The inventions and innovations that fueled the Industrial Revolution, such as the steam engine and the spinning jenny, were largely pioneered in the United Kingdom. This period of transformation had a profound impact on society, economy, and the world at large.

The primary sector of the economy is losing the most people in the countries of China, Vietnam, and India. This sector includes activities related to agriculture, fishing, mining, and forestry. The reason for this is the ongoing process of industrialization and urbanization in these countries, which has led to a shift of population from rural areas to urban centers. As people move to cities for better job opportunities and higher wages in the secondary and tertiary sectors, the primary sector experiences a decline in its workforce.

The primary sector refers to activities that involve the extraction of raw materials from the earth, such as agriculture, mining, and fishing. These activities are typically less likely to occur in the core area of a country, which is usually characterized by urbanization, industrialization, and service-based industries. The core area is more likely to have a higher concentration of secondary, quaternary, and quinary sector activities, which involve manufacturing, research and development, and high-level decision-making respectively. The tertiary sector, which includes services such as retail, healthcare, and education, is also more likely to be present in the core area.

The term "space-time compression" best exemplifies the trend of computer technical support jobs being outsourced to India due to improvements in telecommunication technology. This term refers to the concept that advancements in technology have reduced the time and distance barriers between different locations, allowing for faster and more efficient communication and transportation. In this case, the improvement in telecommunication technology has made it possible for companies to easily communicate with and transfer work to India, resulting in the outsourcing of these jobs.

In a highly developed country, the primary sector typically includes agriculture, mining, and other natural resource-based industries. The secondary sector includes manufacturing and construction, while the tertiary sector includes services such as finance, healthcare, and education. The answer "Primary 10%, secondary 30%, tertiary 60%" best describes the overall structure of a highly developed country's workforce in 2008, with a smaller percentage engaged in primary activities, a larger percentage in secondary activities, and the largest percentage in tertiary activities.

During the early 1800s Industrial Revolution, Western Europe emerged as the region that accounted for nearly 80% of the industrial output. This can be attributed to various factors such as the presence of abundant natural resources, advancements in technology and machinery, a skilled workforce, and favorable economic and political conditions. Western European countries like England, Germany, and France experienced significant industrial growth during this period, leading to the establishment of factories, increased production, and the rise of capitalism. This region's dominance in industrial output during the early 1800s Industrial Revolution is well-documented in historical records.

Many United States high tech companies have been outsourcing many of their technical support and other tertiary jobs to India. This is because India has a large pool of highly skilled and educated professionals in the field of technology and IT. The country also offers cost-effective labor compared to the United States, making it an attractive destination for outsourcing. Additionally, India has a strong English-speaking population, which is crucial for customer support roles. Overall, outsourcing to India allows US companies to access top talent, reduce costs, and improve efficiency.

LDCs are typically characterized by extreme disparities in income between rich and poor, an increasing percentage of the population living in cities, large portions of the population engaged in agricultural activity, and a rising standard of living. However, they are typically not characterized by large portions of the population being highly skilled and educated.

London is considered the highest order financial center because it is home to the largest and most diverse financial market in the world. It has a long history of being a global financial hub, with a strong presence of international banks, financial institutions, and stock exchanges. London's financial sector is renowned for its depth, liquidity, and innovation, making it a preferred destination for global investors and businesses. The city's financial services industry also plays a significant role in driving the UK's economy, contributing to its status as a leading global financial center.

Nigeria is not a major producer of steel. While China, Japan, United States, and South Korea are known for their significant steel production, Nigeria does not have a large steel industry. This could be due to various factors such as limited infrastructure, lack of natural resources, or a focus on other industries in the country's economy.

Germany has the largest percent of its workforce engaged in the tertiary or service sector in 2008. This can be attributed to Germany's strong economy and its focus on industries such as finance, technology, healthcare, and tourism. The country has a well-developed service sector, which contributes significantly to its GDP and employment.

Central Africa gets the highest percentage of its Gross Domestic Product (GPD) from agriculture. This region is known for its vast agricultural resources and a significant portion of its population is engaged in agricultural activities. The fertile soil and favorable climate in Central Africa contribute to the high agricultural productivity, making it a major contributor to the region's GDP. Additionally, agriculture plays a crucial role in providing employment opportunities and ensuring food security in Central Africa.

Textile plants are more likely to outsource jobs to another country because of slight increases in labor costs. This is because labor costs make up a significant portion of the production costs in the textile industry. Therefore, when labor costs increase, textile plants may seek to outsource their operations to countries with lower labor costs in order to remain competitive and maintain profitability.

As a country industrializes and mechanized farming replaces labor-intensive jobs, people are encouraged to move to new industrial and urban areas in search of employment opportunities. This leads to a decrease in the country's birth rate over time as individuals prioritize work and career over starting families. Therefore, the given answer correctly explains the large-scale effect of industrialization on a country's demographic patterns.

High tech industries tend to locate near major universities because they can access a pool of skilled graduates and collaborate on research. They also prefer areas with access to venture capital and entrepreneurs to secure funding and support for their innovative ideas. High quality of life reputations attract talented professionals who value a good work-life balance. Availability of high quality communication and transportation facilities is crucial for these industries to connect with their global markets. However, inner-city, downtown locations close to central business districts may not be a locational tendency for high tech industries as they often require larger spaces and lower costs, which are typically found in suburban areas or technology parks.

The statement "The wealthiest countries have the greatest deposits of fossil fuels" is not true. The distribution of fossil fuels is not determined by a country's wealth. Instead, the availability of fossil fuels depends on geological factors and the location of deposits. Some countries with significant fossil fuel reserves may not necessarily be the wealthiest countries.

A low Crude Birth Rate (CBR) would not be typical of a less developed country in 2008 because less developed countries typically have higher birth rates due to factors such as limited access to contraception, lower levels of education, and cultural norms that encourage larger families. A low CBR is more characteristic of developed countries where access to contraception is widespread and there is a higher level of education and awareness about family planning.

Sustainable development is the correct answer because it emphasizes the importance of using resources in a way that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The use of micro loans for women and the poor, small-scale community based projects, and resource conservation are all strategies that align with the principles of sustainable development. This approach aims to address social, economic, and environmental issues holistically, promoting long-term and inclusive development.

Weber's least cost location theory focuses on determining the optimal location for a manufacturing facility based on factors such as labor cost, transportation cost, agglomeration effects, and the relative location of resources and markets. However, it does not consider the global division of labor as a factor in determining the optimum location. The global division of labor refers to the allocation of different stages of production to different countries based on their comparative advantages. While this concept is important in international trade and production systems, it is not directly considered in Weber's theory of least cost location.

Lhasa-Tibet-West is considered a peripheral region within China because it is located in the western part of the country, far away from the central and more developed areas such as Beijing and Shanghai. Tibet is a remote and sparsely populated region with unique cultural and geographical characteristics, making it less integrated with the rest of China. This peripheral location has resulted in challenges in terms of infrastructure development, economic opportunities, and access to resources compared to more central regions.

Modernization is the correct answer because it advocates for countries to go through progressive stages of economic structural change, similar to the path that Western Europe and North America took during the Industrial Revolution. This school of thought believes that by adopting modern technologies, institutions, and practices, less developed countries can achieve economic growth and development. It emphasizes the importance of industrialization, urbanization, and technological advancements in the process of modernizing a country's economy.

Spain best fits the description of periphery in the early 21st century based on the concept of core-periphery relationships. In this concept, the core refers to the economically and politically dominant regions, while the periphery refers to the less developed and dependent regions. Spain, compared to the other options, has a lower GDP per capita and higher unemployment rate, indicating a relatively weaker economy. It also has a history of economic challenges, such as the 2008 financial crisis and high levels of public debt. Therefore, Spain can be considered as a periphery region in Europe during the early 21st century.

Automobile manufacturing and assembly plants continue to close or relocate facilities in the northern United States due to weak unions in the north and a shortage of skilled labor. This suggests that labor-related factors, such as the influence of unions and the availability of skilled workers, are not favorable in the northern region. The other factors mentioned, such as lower labor costs in other U.S. regions, changes in materials used for car manufacturing, population migration, and international competition, all contribute to the decision-making process but do not specifically explain the closure or relocation of facilities in the northern United States.

The answer states that the vast amount of fast-moving rivers and large population create an agglomeration of industries near Lake Baikal. However, this statement does not accurately depict the location characteristics of manufacturing in Russia. There is no evidence or information provided to support this claim. Therefore, this answer is incorrect.

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The least accurate description is that Post-Fordist production emphasizes the importance of classical economic theory as measured in distance cost as opposed to time cost. This statement is incorrect because Post-Fordist production actually emphasizes the importance of time cost over distance cost. Post-Fordist production focuses on flexibility, customization, and just-in-time production, which prioritize reducing time costs and increasing efficiency.

The correct answer is "There is a shortage of iron ore in the interior United States." This factor does not help explain why steel manufacturing facilities in the United States have increasingly been located in a coastal city location because it suggests that there is a lack of iron ore in the interior of the country, which would make it more difficult and expensive to transport the raw material to inland locations. Therefore, it would be more cost-effective to locate the facilities near coastal areas where the transportation of iron ore can be done more easily.

Highly developed countries are often characterized by strong legal systems that prevent corruption and ensure the enforcement of contracts. This creates a stable and predictable business environment, which attracts investment and promotes economic growth. Additionally, market-based economies, where prices are determined by supply and demand, allow for efficient allocation of resources and encourage competition. These factors contribute to the overall development and prosperity of a country.

Improvements in intermodal containerization have been the most important transportation improvement of the late 20th and early 21st century impacting international trade. Intermodal containerization refers to the standardized method of packing goods into containers that can be easily transferred between different modes of transportation, such as ships, trains, and trucks, without the need for unpacking and repacking. This has greatly increased the efficiency and speed of transporting goods globally, as it allows for seamless transfer and reduces the time and costs associated with handling and loading/unloading. It has revolutionized the logistics industry and facilitated the growth of international trade.

Windshields would most likely be market-oriented because they are a product that is directly sold to consumers. Market orientation means that a company focuses on meeting the needs and wants of the market and customers. In the case of windshields, they are produced and sold based on consumer demand and preferences. This indicates that the windshield industry is likely to be market-oriented, as it is driven by consumer demand and the goal of meeting customer needs.

Germany best fits the description of the core in the early 21st century based on Wallerstein's world-system analysis. The core countries are typically the most developed and economically powerful nations, and Germany is known for its strong economy, technological advancements, and global influence. It is a major player in international trade and has a highly skilled workforce. Additionally, Germany's central location in Europe gives it strategic importance and allows it to have strong political and economic ties with other core countries.