Manipulating Research Materials Quiz

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1. Intra-observer reliability is one person judges the same item across multiple points in time to see if that changes. The more consistent they are, the more reliable the task is

Explanation

Intra-observer reliability refers to the consistency of judgments made by the same person over multiple instances. If the person's judgments remain consistent across different points in time, it indicates a high level of reliability in the task. Therefore, the statement "True" is correct as it accurately reflects the concept of intra-observer reliability.

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About This Quiz
Manipulating Research Materials Quiz - Quiz

The 'Manipulating Research Materials Quiz' assesses understanding of ethical research practices, focusing on fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. It evaluates knowledge crucial for maintaining integrity in academic and research environments.

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2. Researchers may unintentionally affect the participants through their reinforcements, gender, clothing, etc. Minimized by researchers treating participants in a uniform manner. 

Explanation

Experimenter effects refer to the unintentional influence that researchers may have on participants during an experiment. This can occur through various factors such as their reinforcements, gender, clothing, etc. To minimize these effects, researchers should treat all participants in a uniform manner, ensuring that they are not biased or unintentionally influencing the participants' responses or behavior. This helps to maintain the integrity and validity of the experiment by reducing any potential confounding variables introduced by the experimenter.

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3. Limit the generalization of results to situations where the pretest/posttest also present. Pretest – administer tx – post test. Someone administers tx without pretest and gets different results. Minimized by unobtrusive measures – unrelated.

Explanation

Pretest and posttest sensitization effects refer to the possibility that participants may become more aware of the research process and their own behavior due to the pretest and posttest assessments. This increased awareness can lead to changes in behavior that are not solely due to the treatment being administered. In this scenario, when someone administers the treatment without a pretest, they may not experience the sensitization effects and therefore obtain different results. Unobtrusive measures can minimize this effect by using measures that are unrelated to the research process, reducing participant awareness and potential behavior changes.

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4. The operational definition of dependent variable might limit generalization to transfer to clinical settings.  Ex. If cognitive development is defined by a specific assessment battery, it can't be generalized to other assessment batteries.

Explanation

The measurement of the dependent variable refers to how it is assessed or measured in the study. If the operational definition of the dependent variable is too narrow or specific, it may not capture the full range of the construct being studied. This can limit the generalizability of the findings to other settings or populations. For example, if cognitive development is only measured using a specific assessment battery, the results may not be applicable to individuals assessed using different batteries. Therefore, the measurement of the dependent variable can impact the generalizability of the study's findings.

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5. The degree to which the relationship between the IV and DV is observed without the influence of EVs.

Explanation

Internal validity refers to the extent to which a study accurately measures the causal relationship between the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV), without the influence of extraneous variables (EVs). In other words, it assesses whether the observed relationship between the IV and DV is truly a cause-and-effect relationship. High internal validity means that the study design and procedures minimize the impact of confounding factors, increasing confidence in the results. Therefore, internal validity is the correct answer as it specifically addresses the absence of EVs in observing the relationship between the IV and DV.

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6. Ethics are Rules of conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior

Explanation

Ethics are principles that guide individuals in determining what is right and wrong, and they help distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. They provide a framework for making moral decisions and are based on values such as honesty, fairness, and respect. By following ethical guidelines, individuals are able to navigate complex situations and maintain integrity in their actions. Therefore, the statement that ethics are rules of conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior is true.

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7. Making up data or results and recording or reporting them.

Explanation

Fabrication refers to the act of creating or inventing data or results that do not actually exist and then recording or reporting them as if they were true. This can involve making up information entirely or manipulating existing data to fit a desired outcome. Fabrication is a form of research misconduct and is considered unethical and dishonest. It undermines the integrity and credibility of scientific or academic work.

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8. Making something public has the following social and ethical dimensions: Such as Social: status, prestige, profit, control. and  Ethical: veracity, transparency, equity.

Explanation

Making something public does indeed have social and ethical dimensions. Socially, it can impact one's status, prestige, profit, and control over the information or object being made public. Ethically, it involves considerations of veracity (truthfulness), transparency (openness), and equity (fairness). Therefore, the statement is true.

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9. The largest observed value minus the smallest observed value

Explanation

The range is a measure of dispersion that calculates the difference between the largest and smallest observed values in a dataset. It provides information about the spread or variability of the data points. The range is a simple and straightforward measure to understand the extent of the data values and can be easily calculated by subtracting the smallest value from the largest value. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is Range.

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10. Another measure of variability. If SD is small, values are spread close to the mean

Explanation

Standard deviation is a measure of how spread out the values in a data set are from the mean. If the standard deviation is small, it means that the values are clustered closely around the mean, indicating less variability. Therefore, the given statement correctly explains that if the standard deviation is small, the values are spread close to the mean.

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11. Ambiguous temporal precedence effects is also known as the chicken and the egg problem

Explanation

The statement is true because ambiguous temporal precedence effects, also known as the chicken and the egg problem, refer to a situation where it is difficult to determine which event or factor came first and caused the other. This analogy is often used to describe situations where the cause and effect relationship is unclear or uncertain, much like the dilemma of whether the chicken or the egg came first.

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12. Outside events, or extraneous variables that may influence the dependent variable during the course of the study.

Explanation

History effects refer to external events or circumstances that occur during the course of a study and may influence the dependent variable. These events could be unrelated to the study but still have an impact on the results. For example, if a study is investigating the effectiveness of a new teaching method, a history effect could be the introduction of a new educational policy that affects all schools in the area. This external event could confound the results of the study and make it difficult to determine the true impact of the teaching method.

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13. Changes that occur within the organism that can cause a threat to the IV. Physical abilities, mental abilities, boredom, fatigue, etc. Minimized by reducing the time required for observations.

Explanation

Maturation effects refer to changes that naturally occur within an organism over time, which can potentially influence the outcome of an experiment. These changes can include physical and mental development, as well as changes in boredom or fatigue levels. To minimize the impact of maturation effects, researchers can reduce the time required for observations, ensuring that the experiment is conducted within a reasonable timeframe to minimize the influence of maturation on the results.

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14. A conflict of interest is considered research misconduct, since the federal definition of research misconduct is limited to fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. 

Explanation

A conflict of interest is not considered research misconduct according to the federal definition of research misconduct, which only includes fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. This means that while a conflict of interest may raise ethical concerns, it does not fall under the category of research misconduct as defined by federal regulations.

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15. P  Researchers who work within the same discipline and  p  Multi-disciplinary research (researchers working across several disciplines) are examples of collaborative research

Explanation

Collaborative research involves researchers working together towards a common goal. In this case, the question states that researchers within the same discipline and researchers working across several disciplines are examples of collaborative research. This means that researchers who specialize in the same field and researchers from different fields coming together to conduct research are both considered collaborative research. Therefore, the answer "True" is correct.

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16. Research is the process whereby scientists attempt to understand the world and its inhabitants. Scientific research is governed by a strict set of rules that define the scientific method

Explanation

Research is indeed the process through which scientists seek to comprehend the world and its inhabitants. It involves systematic investigation, data collection, analysis, and interpretation to gain knowledge and understanding. The scientific method provides a structured approach to conducting research, ensuring objectivity, reliability, and validity. Therefore, the statement "Research is the process whereby scientists attempt to understand the world and its inhabitants" is true.

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17. ·         Evidence-based practice is an interdisciplinary approach to clinical practice that involves making decisions about how to promote health or provide care by integrating the best available evidence with practitioner expertise and other resources, and with the characteristics, state, needs, values, and preferences of those who will be affected.

Explanation

Evidence-based practice is indeed an interdisciplinary approach to clinical practice that involves integrating the best available evidence with practitioner expertise and other resources, as well as considering the characteristics, state, needs, values, and preferences of those who will be affected. Therefore, the statement "True" is the correct answer.

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18. Conducted to contribute new scientific knowledge with no intention of solving a social or clinical problem or any practical application

Explanation

Basic research refers to scientific investigations that are conducted purely to contribute new knowledge and understanding in a particular field, without any specific intention of solving a social or clinical problem or having any practical application. It is driven by curiosity and aims to expand the theoretical foundations of a discipline. This type of research often takes place in laboratories and focuses on fundamental principles and concepts. Applied research, on the other hand, is conducted with the goal of solving practical problems or addressing specific issues in society or industry.

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19. Conducted to solve a social problem, clinical problem, or other practical application.

Explanation

Applied research is the correct answer because it refers to research that is conducted to solve a social problem, clinical problem, or other practical application. Unlike basic research, which focuses on expanding knowledge and understanding, applied research aims to directly address real-world issues and find practical solutions. This type of research often involves conducting experiments and collecting data in real-life settings or through field studies. It is driven by the need for practical outcomes and can have direct implications for policy-making, decision-making, and problem-solving in various domains.

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20. The o   8 attributes for practice guidelines

Explanation

The given answer lists the 8 attributes for practice guidelines, which include validity, reliability/reproducibility, clinical applicability, clinical flexibility, clarity, multidisciplinary process, scheduled review, and documentation. These attributes are important for ensuring that practice guidelines are accurate, reliable, and applicable in clinical settings. Validity refers to the extent to which the guidelines measure what they are intended to measure, while reliability/reproducibility refers to the consistency of the guidelines' results. Clinical applicability and flexibility ensure that the guidelines can be effectively applied to different patient populations and clinical scenarios. Clarity ensures that the guidelines are clear and easy to understand. The multidisciplinary process involves involving experts from various healthcare disciplines in developing the guidelines. Scheduled review ensures that the guidelines are regularly updated based on new evidence. Documentation refers to the need for guidelines to be well-documented and transparent in their development and implementation.

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21. Attribute variables are measured, but can't be manipulated

Explanation

Attribute variables are characteristics or qualities that are observed and measured, but cannot be manipulated or controlled by the researcher. These variables are often used in descriptive research to describe or categorize a group or phenomenon. For example, variables such as gender, age, or ethnicity are attribute variables because they can be observed and measured, but cannot be changed or manipulated by the researcher. Therefore, the statement "Attribute variables are measured, but can't be manipulated" is true.

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22.  do not have an order, but instead form groupings/categories.

Explanation

Categorical variables are variables that do not have a specific order or numerical value, but instead form groupings or categories. They represent qualitative or nominal data, such as gender, color, or type of car. These variables cannot be measured on a continuous scale and can only take on a limited number of distinct values. In contrast, continuous variables can take on any value within a range and can be measured on a continuous scale, such as height or weight. Active variables and attribute variables are not commonly used terms in statistics, so it is unclear what they refer to in this context.

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23. Basically refers to the repeatability or consistency of a study or task.

Explanation

Reliability refers to the consistency or repeatability of a study or task. It indicates the extent to which the results or measurements obtained from the study or task are consistent and can be relied upon. In other words, if a study or task is reliable, it means that if it were repeated, similar results would be obtained. Reliability is an important aspect in research and measurement, as it ensures that the findings are not due to chance or random error. Therefore, the given answer, "Reliability," accurately describes the concept of consistency or repeatability in a study or task.

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24. The researchers, research assistants, and/or subjects performing the tasks outlined by the research plan do so without knowledge of the research questions or hypotheses.

Explanation

Blinding procedures refer to a method used in research studies where the researchers, research assistants, or subjects involved in the study are unaware of the research questions or hypotheses. This is done to minimize bias and ensure the reliability of the study's results. By keeping the participants blind to the research objectives, it helps to eliminate any potential influence on their behavior or responses. Blinding procedures are commonly used in various fields of research to enhance the validity and objectivity of the study findings.

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25. Participants are randomly assigned to two or more conditions and  Researchers control the selection of conditions, and they can freely manipulate the conditions are the two requirements for a true experiment. 

Explanation

In a true experiment, participants are randomly assigned to different conditions, and researchers have control over the selection and manipulation of these conditions. Random assignment helps ensure that any differences observed between the conditions are not due to preexisting differences among participants, but rather the result of the manipulation of the independent variable. By manipulating the conditions, researchers can test the cause-and-effect relationship between variables. Therefore, both random assignment and control over the conditions are necessary requirements for a true experiment.

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26. A research design that does not meet the requirements of a true experiment is called a quasi experiment 

Explanation

A research design that does not meet the requirements of a true experiment is called a quasi experiment. This means that the design lacks one or more important elements of a true experiment, such as random assignment of participants to groups or a control group. Quasi experiments are often used when it is not possible or ethical to conduct a true experiment, but they do not provide the same level of control and validity as true experiments.

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27. The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.

Explanation

The correct answer is Plagiarism. Plagiarism refers to the act of using someone else's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving them proper credit. It involves presenting someone else's work as one's own, which is considered unethical and a violation of academic or professional integrity. Plagiarism can have serious consequences, including academic penalties, damage to one's reputation, and legal actions.

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28. Authors must meet ALL of the following:

Explanation

This answer is correct because it accurately lists all three criteria that authors must meet in order to be considered for the given requirements. These criteria include making substantial contributions to the conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data, as well as drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content, and giving final approval of the version to be published.

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29. Threats to internal validity include 

Explanation

The answer includes a comprehensive list of threats to internal validity. These threats can affect the validity of research findings by introducing confounding factors or biases. Ambiguous temporal precedence effects refer to uncertainty in the order of cause and effect. Differential selection effects occur when groups being compared are not equivalent at the start of the study. History effects refer to external events that may influence the outcome. Maturation effects are changes that occur naturally over time. Statistical regression effects occur when extreme scores regress towards the mean. Attrition effects refer to the loss of participants during a study. Multiple-test effects arise when conducting multiple statistical tests. Instrumental effects occur when changes in measurement instruments affect the results. Additive and interaction effects involve the combined influence of multiple factors.

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30. Peer reviewers are expected to provide the following to the editor:

Explanation

Peer reviewers are expected to provide the editor with an evaluation of the value and originality of the work, identifying any potential problems with the methodology or approach used in the research. They also assess how well the research has been explained and whether appropriate credit has been given to others who may have contributed to the work.

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31. Reviewer comments should identify positive aspects/negative aspects (constructivity). Should not include personal attacks, and its inappropriate for a reviewer to contact an author directly

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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32. P  potential reviewers should honestly evaluate their own ability to be impartial. Objective and fair consideration of manuscript. Should be based on manuscript's merits.

Explanation

The potential reviewers should honestly evaluate their own ability to be impartial and demonstrate integrity in their review process. They should consider the manuscript objectively and fairly, based on its merits. This ensures that the review process is unbiased and maintains the highest level of professionalism and ethical standards.

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33. Differential selection effects

Explanation

The correct answer refers to "things like culture, sex, etc." as examples of differential selection effects. These factors can influence the dependent variable in a study and create biases or confounding variables. For example, cultural norms or gender roles may impact the way individuals respond to certain stimuli or tasks, leading to variations in the results. By considering these factors, researchers can better understand and control for potential biases, ensuring the validity of their findings.

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34. Mentors should posess

Explanation

The correct answer includes qualities and actions that mentors should possess in order to effectively support trainees. These qualities include experience with the research and challenges faced by trainees, the ability and willingness to communicate that experience, and an interest in helping trainees develop into successful professionals. Additionally, the answer suggests that mentors should be available, listen carefully, keep in touch, allow for differences, let trainees make decisions, teach by words and examples, and continue learning about effective mentoring.

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35. O   Trainees should:

Explanation

Trainees should identify their career plans, locate prospective mentors, distinguish between supervisors and mentees, be clear about needs and expectations, and keep learning about effective mentoring. This is important because trainees need to have a clear understanding of their career goals and how mentoring can help them achieve these goals. They should also actively seek out mentors who can provide guidance and support. It is crucial for trainees to differentiate between supervisors and mentors, as their roles and responsibilities may differ. Additionally, trainees should clearly communicate their needs and expectations to their mentors to ensure a productive mentoring relationship. Lastly, trainees should continuously learn about effective mentoring practices to enhance their mentoring experience.

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36. Conflicts of interests are situations that increase the risk of bias

Explanation

Conflicts of interest refer to situations where individuals or entities have competing interests that could potentially influence their judgment or actions. These conflicts can create a risk of bias because the conflicting interests may lead to decisions or behaviors that prioritize personal gain over objective decision-making. Therefore, it is true that conflicts of interest increase the risk of bias.

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37. What are the potential problems of collaborative research

Explanation

The potential problems of collaborative research include differences in style of investigators, differences in style of research across and within disciplines, difference between academic and industrial research with respect to data sharing, and ethical considerations that may affect research across institutions and nations. These issues can lead to communication and coordination challenges, conflicts in research approaches, difficulties in sharing data and findings, and ethical dilemmas that need to be addressed for successful collaboration.

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38. Participants that score very high or very low on the test tend to regress to the mean during the next test. Minimized by not choosing subjects based on extreme scores.

Explanation

Statistical regression effects refer to the tendency for extreme scores on a test to move closer to the average on subsequent tests. In this context, participants who score very high or very low on the test are likely to regress to the mean during the next test. This phenomenon can be minimized by not selecting subjects based on extreme scores, as it helps to reduce the influence of statistical regression and obtain more reliable results.

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39. If a participant is tested more than once, it affects other tests. Either reduced or increased anxiety. Minimized by counterbalancing tests (one group gets test A then B, next group gets test B then A). These halves are averaged and the adverse effects are minimized.

Explanation

When a participant is tested multiple times, it can have an impact on their performance in subsequent tests. This can be due to factors such as increased or decreased anxiety, fatigue, or familiarity with the testing procedure. To minimize these effects, counterbalancing is used, where one group of participants receives Test A followed by Test B, while the other group receives Test B followed by Test A. By averaging the results of these two groups, the adverse effects of multiple testing can be minimized. Therefore, the correct answer is Multiple-test effects.

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40. Unwanted variations in instruments used to measure human behaviors AKA technical difficulty. Minimized by training.

Explanation

Instrumental effects refer to the unwanted variations that can occur in the instruments used to measure human behaviors. These variations can introduce errors and inaccuracies in the measurements, making it difficult to obtain reliable and valid data. However, these instrumental effects can be minimized through proper training and calibration of the instruments. Therefore, the correct answer is instrumental effects.

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41. Combo of one or more of other effects. Not easily identified or measured. Eliminate effects when possible.

Explanation

The correct answer is additive and interaction effects. Additive effects refer to the combined impact of multiple factors, where the total effect is equal to the sum of each individual effect. Interaction effects, on the other hand, occur when the effect of one factor depends on the presence or level of another factor. These effects can be difficult to identify or measure individually, as they are often intertwined and can influence each other. However, it is important to try and eliminate these effects when possible to accurately understand and interpret the results.

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42. Factors that can increase the likelihood of a positive collaboration include

Explanation

The factors listed in the answer are all important for increasing the likelihood of a positive collaboration. Communication throughout the project ensures that all team members are on the same page and can address any issues or concerns that may arise. Discussing in advance who will do what project and understanding that the research may evolve helps to establish clear roles and expectations. Discussing authorship and data management in advance helps to prevent conflicts and ensure that everyone's contributions are recognized. Concluding or continuing the collaboration, clarifying data ownership issues, and developing trust, collegiality, fairness, and accountability are all crucial for maintaining a positive and productive collaboration.

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43.  Field Studies are 

Explanation

Field studies are conducted in everyday settings such as homes, schools, or clinics. They aim to observe behaviors as they occur in their natural environment and may sacrifice close control over variables for closer ties to reality. This means that researchers go out into the real world to observe and gather data, rather than conducting experiments in a controlled laboratory setting. This allows for a more realistic understanding of how behaviors occur in their natural context.

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44. Two requirements are central to the definition of a true experiment.

Explanation

A true experiment requires two central requirements. The first requirement is the presence of an independent variable, which is manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable. The second requirement is the random assignment of participants to different groups or conditions. This ensures that any differences observed between groups can be attributed to the independent variable rather than other factors. Therefore, the statement "Two requirements are central to the definition of a true experiment" is true.

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45. 1.    the entire population of interest. Accessible populations are the accessible portions of target populations. If they're similar to one another its more valid.

Explanation

The correct answer refers to the concept of accessible populations and target populations. Accessible populations are the portions of the target population that are easily accessible for research purposes. When these accessible populations are similar to the target population, it enhances the validity of the research findings. This suggests that the researcher has been able to study a representative sample of the population of interest, increasing the generalizability of the results.

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46. A new and unusual experimental tx might be superior simply because its new. The difference between the txs might disappear once the novelty is gone. Minimized by a familiarization routine before the routine begins

Explanation

The correct answer is novelty and disruption effects. This is because the explanation states that a new and unusual experimental treatment might be considered superior simply because it is new. However, the difference between the treatments might disappear once the novelty wears off. This suggests that the novelty of the treatment has an effect on the perceived superiority, indicating the presence of novelty and disruption effects.

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47. Mathematical properties of inequality and equal intervals. Its appropriate to compute differences, but not to multiply or divide.  Has an artificial origin and no true zero point.  Examples: temperature and calendar dates. There is never no temperature  

Explanation

Interval-level data refers to data that can be measured on a scale where the intervals between values are equal, but there is no true zero point. This means that the values can be compared and differences can be computed, but multiplication or division is not meaningful. Examples of interval-level data include temperature and calendar dates. This is because there is an arbitrary starting point (such as 0 degrees Celsius or January 1st) but there is never truly no temperature or no date.

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48. 5 step model of evidence based practice

Explanation

This answer accurately lists the 5 steps of the evidence-based practice model. The steps involve identifying the needed information, locating the evidence, assessing the usefulness of the evidence in practice, integrating the evaluation with clinical experience and client factors, and evaluating if the intervention works as expected. These steps provide a systematic approach to incorporating research evidence into clinical decision-making.

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49. Raise awareness of research findings, facilitate readings for change and encourage consideration of practice alternatives.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Dissemination". Dissemination refers to the act of spreading information or knowledge to a wider audience. In the context of the given statement, raising awareness of research findings, facilitating readings for change, and encouraging consideration of practice alternatives can all be achieved through dissemination. This involves sharing the research findings with relevant stakeholders, such as professionals, policymakers, and the general public, in order to increase awareness and promote the adoption of new practices or ideas.

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50. Increase adoption of findings, facilitate changes in practice, reinforce and support changes in practice.

Explanation

Implementation refers to the process of putting into practice or carrying out a plan, decision, or action. In the context of the given options, implementation is the most appropriate choice because it aligns with the goal of facilitating changes in practice and reinforcing and supporting those changes. Dissemination, on the other hand, refers to the act of spreading information or knowledge, which is not directly related to the goal of facilitating and supporting changes in practice.

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51. Dependent variables are

Explanation

Dependent variables are the focus of observations in experiments, meaning they are the variables that the researcher is looking at and measuring. They can be manipulated by the researcher, meaning the researcher has control over how they are changed or affected. Option 4, "anything that has not been identified as an IV or DV," is incorrect because dependent variables have been specifically identified as the variables of interest in the research study.

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52. Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is no longer accurately represented in the research record. 

Explanation

Falsification refers to the act of manipulating research materials, equipment, processes, or data in a way that distorts or misrepresents the accuracy of the research record. This can involve changing or omitting data or results to present a false representation of the research findings. Falsification is a serious ethical violation as it undermines the integrity and credibility of scientific research.

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53. These have an order (sometimes artificial categories are created from continuous variables).

Explanation

Continuous variables are variables that can take on any value within a certain range. They are not restricted to specific categories or levels. In this context, the statement suggests that there is an order or hierarchy among the variables mentioned, and continuous variables are one of the categories within that order. The explanation implies that the other options (active variables and dependent variables) may also be part of this order or hierarchy, but it does not provide any further details about their relationship or characteristics.

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54. The extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is well-founded and corresponds accurately to the real world.

Explanation

Validity refers to the degree to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement accurately represents the real world. It is about the extent to which a test or measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure. In other words, it assesses whether the results obtained from a study or experiment are accurate and can be trusted. Validity is crucial in research as it ensures that the findings and conclusions drawn from the study are meaningful and applicable to the real world.

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55. Should accept an assignment only if they have enough expertise to provide an authoritative statement.

Explanation

This answer is correct because competence refers to having the necessary knowledge, skills, and expertise to perform a task effectively. In this context, accepting an assignment only if one has enough expertise ensures that they are competent enough to provide an authoritative statement. It is important to have the necessary competence to maintain professionalism and ensure the quality of work.

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56. O   Having a conflict of interest is not the same as simply having conflicting desires or individual biases.

Explanation

Having a conflict of interest means being in a situation where a person's personal interests or biases can potentially influence their judgment or actions in a way that may not be objective or fair. It goes beyond having conflicting desires or biases, as it involves a situation where there is a potential for a person's personal interests to interfere with their ability to make impartial decisions. Therefore, the given statement is true as it correctly distinguishes between having a conflict of interest and simply having conflicting desires or biases.

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57. O   Having a conflict of interest implies only the potential for bias/wrongdoing, not a certainty or likelihood.

Explanation

Having a conflict of interest means that there is a possibility of bias or wrongdoing, but it does not guarantee that it will occur or that it is likely to happen. It simply suggests that there is a potential for a person's judgment or actions to be influenced by their personal interests, which may compromise their objectivity or integrity. Therefore, the statement is true as it accurately reflects the nature of conflicts of interest.

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58. O   has all the properties of interval data plus a true zero point (does not include inequality). p  Ex. Mass, length, duration, charge, etc.

Explanation

Ratio level data is a type of measurement scale that possesses all the properties of interval data, such as having equal intervals between values and allowing for the use of arithmetic operations. However, ratio level data also includes a true zero point, meaning that a value of zero indicates the absence of the measured attribute. Examples of ratio level data include mass, length, duration, and charge.

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59.   Involve loss of participation due to one or more reasons. Studies that require a long period of time for completion are especially vulnerable, or health related characteristics/low SES. Minimized by operational definition (ex. If you're going to move in 2 years don't participate.

Explanation

Attrition effects refer to the loss of participants in a study over time. This can happen due to various reasons such as participants dropping out, moving away, or no longer being interested or available to continue participating. Attrition effects can be especially problematic in studies that require a long period of time for completion or involve individuals with health-related characteristics or low socioeconomic status. To minimize attrition effects, researchers can use operational definitions and screen participants to ensure their commitment and availability for the duration of the study.

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60.  If participants receive more than one treatment subsequently, the subsequent treatment might react to the first treatment. (is there more improvement because the first treatment is still having an effect on the child's learning?)

Explanation

When participants receive more than one treatment subsequently, the subsequent treatment might react to the first treatment, leading to multiple-treatment interference effects. This means that the effects of the first treatment may still be present and influencing the dependent variable, causing more improvement than if only one treatment was administered. This interference can confound the results and make it difficult to determine the true impact of each individual treatment.

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61. Threats to external validity are 

Explanation

This answer correctly identifies and lists the threats to external validity. These threats include accessible populations and target populations, describing the independent variable explicitly, multiple-treatment interference effects, novelty and disruption effects, experimenter effects, pretest and posttest sensitization effects, and measurement of the dependent variable. Each of these factors can potentially impact the generalizability of research findings to a larger population or real-world settings.

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62. Operational definitions: describe the activities necessary to measure and manipulate variables in research; they can be though of as instructions for…

Explanation

The answer provided correctly lists the activities that operational definitions describe, which include selecting subjects, measuring variables, carrying out procedures, and providing a continuum for evaluation. Operational definitions are instructions that guide researchers on how to measure and manipulate variables in their study. They provide clear and specific guidelines on how to select participants, measure the variables of interest, and carry out the necessary procedures. Additionally, operational definitions often include a continuum or scale for evaluating the variables, such as a range from good to bad performance.

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63. The dispersion of individual values around the mean. The value is not expressed in the same unit of measurement as the sample scores so its not easily interpreted.

Explanation

Variance is the correct answer because it measures the dispersion of individual values around the mean. It is calculated by taking the average of the squared differences between each value and the mean. The variance is not expressed in the same unit of measurement as the sample scores, making it less easily interpretable compared to the range or standard deviation.

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64. Have the mathematical property of inequality.  Young versus old, or completely agree, mostly agree, neutral, mostly disagree, completely disagree. Think of lining people up from tallest to shortest. You know who is taller but not by how much.

Explanation

The given options represent different levels of measurement in data. Nominal-level data is categorical data without any inherent order or ranking. Interval-level data is numerical data with equal intervals between values but no true zero point. Ratio-level data is numerical data with equal intervals between values and a true zero point. Ordinal-level data is categorical data with an inherent order or ranking, but the differences between values may not be equal. In the given scenario, the data is being ranked from tallest to shortest, indicating an inherent order or ranking, but the differences between heights may not be equal. Therefore, the data has the mathematical property of inequality, making it ordinal-level data.

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65. Does not measure anything. p  Used to label people, objects, behaviors, events, or other entities. p  Possible to assign numbers to nominal data, but it does not have mathematical property. p  Ex. Male versus female or British versus American versus Australian.

Explanation

Nominal-level data is a type of data that is used to label people, objects, behaviors, events, or other entities. It is possible to assign numbers to nominal data, but it does not have any mathematical properties. Examples of nominal-level data include categories such as male versus female or British versus American versus Australian. This type of data does not measure anything, but it is used to categorize and classify different entities.

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66. The procedures followed by researchers must be able to be duplicated in other settings otherwise there could be different results.

Explanation

Describing the independent variable (IV) explicitly is important because it allows other researchers to replicate the study in different settings. If the IV is not clearly described, it may lead to different results when the study is replicated. This is because different interpretations or implementations of the IV can affect the outcomes of the study. Therefore, explicitly describing the IV ensures that the procedures followed by researchers can be duplicated in other settings, leading to more reliable and valid results.

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67. O   Factors contributing to increase in research collaborations are

Explanation

The factors contributing to an increase in research collaborations are technological advances that allow for easy communication worldwide, scarce resources, and private and federal funding sources that encourage collaborative and multidisciplinary projects. These factors create an environment where researchers are able to connect and collaborate across different institutions and disciplines, leading to increased research collaborations. Additionally, the difference between academic and industrial research with respect to data sharing may also contribute to the increase in collaborations, as researchers from different sectors may need to collaborate in order to access and share necessary data.

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68. The consistency of two or more individuals who independently observe the same event

Explanation

Inter-observer reliability refers to the consistency of observations made by different individuals who independently observe the same event. It measures the agreement between observers and assesses the degree to which they provide similar results. This is important in research and data collection to ensure that the observations are accurate and not influenced by individual biases or errors. Therefore, the given answer is Inter-observer reliability.

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69. External validity is not the generalizability of the research results to other participants and settings (especially important for transferring research results to clinical practice).

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that external validity refers to the generalizability of research results to other participants and settings. It is especially important in transferring research findings to clinical practice. Therefore, the statement that external validity is not the generalizability of research results to other participants and settings is false.

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70. Independent variables are 

Explanation

In experimental research designs, independent variables are controlled and manipulated by the researcher. This means that the researcher has control over the values or levels of the independent variable and can manipulate them to observe their effects on the dependent variable. On the other hand, in quasi-experimental designs, independent variables are fixed because they are inherent to the participant and cannot be controlled by the researcher. This means that the values or levels of the independent variable are predetermined and cannot be changed or manipulated.

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71. Active variables can't be manipulated by the researcher

Explanation

This statement is false. Active variables can be manipulated by the researcher. In research, active variables are those that are intentionally changed or manipulated by the researcher in order to observe their effect on other variables or outcomes. The ability to manipulate active variables is a key aspect of experimental research design, allowing researchers to test hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships.

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72. Laboratory Studies are 

Explanation

Laboratory studies are conducted in controlled settings that are separate from everyday life. This allows researchers to manipulate variables and maintain strict control over the conditions of the study. However, this controlled environment also carries the risk of laboratory bias, where the results may not accurately reflect real-world situations. Despite this, laboratory studies are valuable for contributing new scientific knowledge without the specific goal of solving social or clinical problems or having practical applications.

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73. Ethical principals

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that honesty is an ethical principle that prohibits lying or falsifying information. It emphasizes the importance of being truthful and transparent in all aspects of research and professional conduct. By adhering to the principle of honesty, researchers ensure the integrity of their work and maintain the trust of their peers and the broader scientific community.

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Intra-observer reliability is one person judges the same item across...
Researchers may unintentionally affect the participants through their...
Limit the generalization of results to situations where the...
The operational definition of dependent variable might limit...
The degree to which the relationship between the IV and DV is observed...
Ethics are Rules of conduct that distinguish between acceptable...
Making up data or results and recording or reporting them.
Making something public has the following social and ethical...
The largest observed value minus the smallest observed value
Another measure of variability. If SD is small, values are spread...
Ambiguous temporal precedence effects is also known as the chicken and...
Outside events, or extraneous variables that may influence the...
Changes that occur within the organism that can cause a threat to the...
A conflict of interest is considered research misconduct, since the...
P  Researchers who work within the same discipline and  ...
Research is the process whereby scientists attempt to understand the...
·        ...
Conducted to contribute new scientific knowledge with no intention of...
Conducted to solve a social problem, clinical problem, or other...
The o   8 attributes for practice guidelines
Attribute variables are measured, but can't be manipulated
 do not have an order, but instead form groupings/categories.
Basically refers to the repeatability or consistency of a study or...
The researchers, research assistants, and/or subjects performing the...
Participants are randomly assigned to two or more conditions and...
A research design that does not meet the requirements of a true...
The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or...
Authors must meet ALL of the following:
Threats to internal validity include 
Peer reviewers are expected to provide the following to the editor:
Reviewer comments should identify positive aspects/negative aspects...
P  potential reviewers should honestly evaluate their own ability...
Differential selection effects
Mentors should posess
O   Trainees should:
Conflicts of interests are situations that increase the risk of bias
What are the potential problems of collaborative research
Participants that score very high or very low on the test tend to...
If a participant is tested more than once, it affects other tests....
Unwanted variations in instruments used to measure human behaviors AKA...
Combo of one or more of other effects. Not easily identified or...
Factors that can increase the likelihood of a positive collaboration...
 Field Studies are 
Two requirements are central to the definition of a true experiment.
1.    the entire population of interest. Accessible...
A new and unusual experimental tx might be superior simply because its...
Mathematical properties of inequality and equal intervals. Its...
5 step model of evidence based practice
Raise awareness of research findings, facilitate readings for change...
Increase adoption of findings, facilitate changes in practice,...
Dependent variables are
Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing...
These have an order (sometimes artificial categories are created from...
The extent to which a concept, conclusion, or measurement is...
Should accept an assignment only if they have enough expertise to...
O   Having a conflict of interest is not the same as simply...
O   Having a conflict of interest implies only the potential...
O   has all the properties of interval data plus a true zero...
  Involve loss of participation due to one or more reasons....
 If participants receive more than one treatment subsequently,...
Threats to external validity are 
Operational definitions: describe the activities necessary to measure...
The dispersion of individual values around the mean. The value is not...
Have the mathematical property of inequality. ...
Does not measure anything. ...
The procedures followed by researchers must be able to be duplicated...
O   Factors contributing to increase in research...
The consistency of two or more individuals who independently observe...
External validity is not the generalizability of the research results...
Independent variables are 
Active variables can't be manipulated by the researcher
Laboratory Studies are 
Ethical principals
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