Caring For People With Learning Disabilities - Qp3

Explanation
The statement is true because normalisation is indeed the philosophy of care that promotes an ordinary life for individuals with learning disabilities. It focuses on empowering them to live as independently as possible, participate in community activities, and have access to the same opportunities and experiences as their non-disabled peers. Normalisation aims to reduce the stigma and segregation often associated with disabilities and encourages inclusion, equality, and self-determination for individuals with learning disabilities.

Explanation
These four writers, Bank-Mikkelson, Nirje, Wolfensberger, and O'Brien, have played a significant role in influencing the emergence of normalization in this country. Their contributions and ideas have shaped the understanding and implementation of normalization principles, which aim to ensure that individuals with disabilities have equal opportunities, rights, and access to mainstream society. Through their writings, they have advocated for the deinstitutionalization of individuals with disabilities and the promotion of community-based support and inclusion. Their work has been instrumental in challenging traditional practices and promoting a more inclusive and equitable society for individuals with disabilities.

Explanation
Nirje's outline of three handicaps suggests that there are three factors that contribute to a person's learning disability. The first handicap is the actual learning disability itself, which refers to the difficulties a person may have in acquiring knowledge or skills. The second handicap is the imposed or acquired handicap, which refers to the barriers or limitations that society or the environment may place on individuals with learning disabilities. The third handicap is the individual's personal awareness of their learning disability, which refers to their own understanding and recognition of their challenges. Therefore, the statement "Nirje outlined three handicaps: the actual learning disability of the individual; the imposed or acquired handicap; and the individual's personal awareness of their learning disability" is true.

Explanation
The correct answer is that Nirje's and Bank-Mikkelson's work shares three characteristics: egalitarian statements about the rights of service users, a focus on equality in terms of an individual's quality of life, and a lack of specific confrontation of the issue of segregation in service design.

Explanation
The given statement is true. According to Wolfensberger (1972), normalisation refers to using culturally normative means to establish and maintain personal behaviors and characteristics that are also culturally normative. This means that the goal is to ensure that individuals with disabilities are able to live as close to a culturally normative life as possible, by providing them with opportunities and support that align with the cultural norms of society.

Explanation
Social role valorisation is actually the creation of valued social roles for people with learning disabilities, not without. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

Explanation
The given hierarchy is based on the esteem typically given to the holder of each role, starting with the highest. However, the correct answer is False because the hierarchy is not accurately represented. The roles are not placed in the correct order of esteem.

Explanation
The given statement is true. The explanation provided states that British society maintains social prejudices related to race, gender, age, and disability. It mentions that prejudices concerning race or gender are often unconscious rather than blatant. It further provides an example of unconscious prejudice, which is the disproportionate referral of black male children to special education services, even when their IQs are within normal range. This explanation supports the given answer that the statement is true.

Explanation
The passage suggests that one outcome of uniform conservatism is the creation of a negative image, specifically a "grey" person. This implies that being overly conservative can lead to a lack of individuality and spontaneity. Additionally, the passage mentions that reinforcing the average can cause confusion when unexpected things happen. Finally, it states that the absence of spontaneity can contribute to prejudicial attitudes towards intellectually disabled individuals. These points support the idea that the statement "One outcome is that the conservatism itself can become so uniform as to create a new negative image" is true.

Explanation
O'Brien's central concern is to outline the key issues that services should accomplish for users. The "five accomplishments" mentioned in the question are community presence, making choices, enabling competence, enhancing respect, and community participation. These accomplishments are important for services to achieve in order to meet the needs and preferences of users effectively. Community presence ensures that the service is actively engaged with the community it serves. Making choices empowers users to have control and make decisions regarding their own care. Enabling competence focuses on supporting users to develop skills and abilities. Enhancing respect emphasizes the importance of treating users with dignity and respect. Community participation involves involving users in decision-making processes and encouraging their active involvement in the community.

Explanation
The statement emphasizes the importance of supporting service users in making choices about their lifestyle. It states that individuals need assistance in understanding their situation, exploring the available options, and gaining experience in making personal decisions throughout their lives. This aligns with the concept of person-centered care, which aims to empower individuals and involve them in decision-making processes that affect their lives. Therefore, the correct answer is True.

Explanation
Nirje defines an imposed or acquired handicap as the extra limitations that hinder development, resulting from negative modes of care. This means that when individuals receive inadequate or harmful care, it can impede their growth and progress. Therefore, the statement is true as it accurately reflects Nirje's explanation of imposed or acquired handicaps.

Explanation
The given statement is "Another key phrase in Nirje's definition is patterns of life." The statement is false because the key phrase in Nirje's definition is actually "cycles of life" and not "patterns of life." The author mentions that Nirje referred to the cycles of the day, the week, the year, and progression through the stages of the life cycle, which supports the idea that cycles are a key aspect in Nirje's definition. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

Explanation
Wolfensberger's work does not describe latent social intentions rooted in unconscious notoriety. The statement suggests that his work discusses hidden or underlying social intentions that are based on unconscious notoriety, but this is not true.

Explanation
Wolfensberger and Thomas (1983) did not suggest that an overcompensation towards conservative or average norms should become an essential part of the positive revaluing process. They actually suggested the opposite - that stigmatized individuals should not have to conform to societal norms in order to undo centuries of poor public image. This goes against the principle of normalisation, which promotes the idea that individuals with disabilities should have the same opportunities and rights as everyone else. Therefore, the correct answer is False.