1W0510 CDC Practice Test B Set All Books

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1. This analytical process involves analyzing at the largest scale first, then focusing downward to the smallest scale?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Macroscale analysis." Macroscale analysis involves analyzing data and patterns at the largest scale first, such as global or regional trends, and then gradually narrowing down the focus to smaller scales, such as local or individual patterns. This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of the overall picture before delving into specific details.

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About This Quiz
Climatology Quizzes & Trivia

This CDC practice test covers essential climatology concepts for Air Force personnel, focusing on elements like temperature, evaporation, precipitation, and wind. It assesses understanding of climatic influences and... see moreweather phenomena crucial for military operations. see less

2. What is a forecast review?

Explanation

A forecast review is an after-the-fact review of the observations, analyses, and forecast aids that were available to the forecaster. This means that it is a retrospective evaluation of the accuracy and effectiveness of the forecast, taking into account the information and tools that were accessible at the time. It allows for an assessment of the forecaster's performance and can provide insights for future improvements in forecasting techniques.

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3. What is the purpose of a forecast review?

Explanation

The purpose of a forecast review is to improve forecasting. This process involves evaluating past forecasts and analyzing their accuracy and effectiveness. By reviewing and analyzing previous forecasts, organizations can identify areas for improvement, such as refining forecasting techniques, adjusting models, or gathering more accurate data. The goal is to enhance the accuracy and reliability of future forecasts, enabling better decision-making and planning.

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4. A review accomplished for failing to follow forecast procedures should include

Explanation

The correct answer is the forecast procedures that were improperly followed, the consequences of those actions, and the procedures that you should have followed. This answer provides a comprehensive review of the situation by addressing the specific forecast procedures that were not followed, explaining the consequences of those actions, and offering guidance on the correct procedures that should have been followed. It covers all the necessary elements for a thorough review and analysis of the situation.

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5. What is the first step in developing a forecast review or study?

Explanation

The first step in developing a forecast review or study is to compile pertinent data. This involves gathering all relevant information and data related to the forecast or study being conducted. By compiling this data, researchers can have a comprehensive understanding of the factors that may influence the forecast or study outcomes. This step is crucial as it forms the foundation for the subsequent analysis and evaluation of the forecast or study.

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6. A chronological list of weather events and their potential causes would best define what?

Explanation

A chronological list of weather events and their potential causes would best define an event scenario. This term refers to a sequence of events that occur in a particular order, along with their possible causes. It helps in understanding the progression of weather phenomena and analyzing the factors that contribute to them. A storyboard typically involves visual representations, an event description would focus more on detailing the events, and an observation fact sheet would provide factual information without emphasizing the cause-effect relationship.

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7. What is the best way to get over being uncomfortable speaking in front of people?

Explanation

Rehearsing is the best way to get over being uncomfortable speaking in front of people because it allows individuals to practice and become familiar with their material, reducing anxiety and increasing confidence. Through rehearsing, one can work on their delivery, timing, and body language, which are essential for effective public speaking. It also helps in memorizing the content and being prepared for any unexpected situations that may arise during the presentation. Rehearsing enables individuals to gain control over their nerves and develop a sense of comfort and ease while speaking in front of an audience.

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8. What are the three states of matter?

Explanation

The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gaseous. These states describe the physical properties and behavior of substances based on the arrangement and movement of their particles. In the solid state, particles are tightly packed and have a fixed shape and volume. In the liquid state, particles are close together but can move freely, taking the shape of their container. In the gaseous state, particles are spread out and move rapidly, filling the entire space available to them.

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9. Which general tool for forecasting winds can provide information on surface frictional effects?

Explanation

Topography refers to the physical features of the Earth's surface, such as mountains, valleys, and bodies of water. These features can significantly influence the flow of wind by causing changes in elevation, creating barriers or channels for wind movement, and affecting wind speed and direction. Therefore, studying topography can provide valuable information on how surface frictional effects can impact wind patterns and forecasting.

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10. In forecasting frontal winds, the deepening or filling of a frontal trough:  

Explanation

The deepening or filling of a frontal trough can affect the winds in different ways. When a frontal trough deepens, it means that the pressure difference between the warm and cold air masses is increasing, which can result in stronger winds. On the other hand, when a frontal trough fills, it means that the pressure difference is decreasing, which can lead to weaker winds. Therefore, the deepening or filling of a frontal trough can both increase or decrease the winds, depending on the specific conditions.

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11. What are the two AFWA produced graphic products that forecast icing?

Explanation

High and low-level hazard charts are the two AFWA produced graphic products that forecast icing. These charts provide information about the potential hazards of icing at both high and low levels in the atmosphere. By analyzing these charts, forecasters can identify areas where icing conditions are likely to occur, allowing for better preparation and safety measures to be taken. The inclusion of both high and low-level hazard charts ensures a comprehensive understanding of the potential icing hazards in a given area.

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12. The most dangerous features of mountain wave clouds are the turbulence in the cap and:

Explanation

The correct answer is rotor cloud. Rotor clouds are formed in the lee of mountains and are associated with strong turbulence. They are often found in the lower part of mountain wave clouds and can pose a significant danger to aircraft. Rotor clouds are characterized by a turbulent, swirling motion and can cause severe turbulence and wind shear, making them one of the most dangerous features of mountain wave clouds.

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13. Which type of aircraft icing occurs in cumuliform clouds and is hard, glossy, and heavy?

Explanation

Clear icing occurs in cumuliform clouds and is characterized by being hard, glossy, and heavy. This type of icing forms when supercooled water droplets freeze instantly upon contact with the aircraft surface, creating a clear and smooth ice layer. This type of icing can be particularly dangerous as it can quickly accumulate and affect the aircraft's performance and aerodynamics.

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14. How does in-flight icing on an airplane effect drag and the ability to lift when considering airfoil, respectively?

Explanation

In-flight icing on an airplane causes an increase in drag and a decrease in the ability to lift. When ice forms on the airfoil, it disrupts the smooth flow of air over the surface, leading to an increase in drag. This increased drag requires the airplane to exert more power to maintain its speed and altitude. Additionally, the ice accumulation changes the shape of the airfoil, reducing its ability to generate lift efficiently. This decreases the overall lift produced by the airplane, making it more difficult to maintain altitude or climb.

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15. What icing intensity corresponds to freezing drizzle?

Explanation

Freezing drizzle refers to liquid drizzle that freezes upon contact with the ground or exposed objects, creating a thin layer of ice. Moderate icing intensity is associated with freezing drizzle, indicating that the ice accumulation can be significant enough to cause hazardous conditions for transportation and outdoor activities. Light icing intensity would not produce enough ice to be considered freezing drizzle, while severe and extreme icing intensities are typically associated with more intense forms of precipitation such as freezing rain or sleet.

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16. What non-severe thunderstorm stage is the most violent?

Explanation

The mature stage of a thunderstorm is the most violent. During this stage, the storm is fully developed and reaches its peak intensity. It is characterized by strong updrafts and downdrafts, heavy rain, lightning, and the potential for severe weather such as hail, strong winds, and tornadoes. The mature stage is when the storm is most likely to cause damage and pose a threat to life and property.

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17. What time of day has the greatest frequency of tornado occurrences?

Explanation

The correct answer is between 1200 and 2100 hours local time because this time period covers the afternoon and evening hours when the atmosphere is typically most unstable and conducive to tornado formation. During this time, the sun's heating is at its peak, leading to greater temperature contrasts and the development of thunderstorms, which can produce tornadoes. Additionally, the answer excludes the early morning hours when atmospheric conditions are usually less favorable for tornado occurrence.

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18. What METSAT function allows systems to be put in motion?

Explanation

The correct answer is Animated Looping. Animated Looping is a METSAT function that allows systems to be put in motion. This function enables the display of a series of satellite images in a continuous loop, creating the illusion of movement. By using Animated Looping, users can observe the changes in weather patterns, track storms, and monitor other dynamic atmospheric phenomena. This feature is particularly useful for meteorologists and weather forecasters to analyze and predict weather conditions.

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19. Which is a factor that affects the amount of brightness measured by visible meteorological satellite (METSAT) imagery?

Explanation

The angle of the sun affects the amount of brightness measured by visible meteorological satellite (METSAT) imagery. The angle at which the sun's rays hit the Earth's surface determines the amount of light reflected back to the satellite. A higher sun angle results in more direct and intense sunlight, leading to brighter imagery. Conversely, a lower sun angle means that the sunlight has to pass through a greater distance of the Earth's atmosphere, resulting in scattering and absorption of light, leading to dimmer imagery.

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20. On what climatic classification system did Trewartha base his own classification system?

Explanation

Trewartha based his own classification system on the Köppen climatic classification system.

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21. Which far infrared (FIR) enhancement curve is a good all-purpose curve we most commonly use for identifying convective activity?

Explanation

The MB curve is a good all-purpose curve commonly used for identifying convective activity in far infrared (FIR) enhancement. This suggests that the MB curve is effective in capturing the characteristics and patterns of convective activity in FIR.

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22. Which North Atlantic current is similar to the Kuroshio current in its flow and climatological influence?

Explanation

The Florida Current is the correct answer because it shares similarities with the Kuroshio current in terms of flow and climatological influence. Both currents are warm ocean currents that flow northward along the eastern coasts of their respective continents. They both have significant impacts on the climate of the regions they flow through, influencing weather patterns and supporting diverse marine ecosystems. The other options, Canary Current, Irminger Current, and Antilles Current, do not exhibit the same flow direction or climatological influence as the Kuroshio current.

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23. Name the conveyor belts associated with a comma cloud.

Explanation

The correct answer is The warm conveyor belt (WCB), cold conveyor belt (CCB), and dry-air conveyor belt (DACB). These are the conveyor belts associated with a comma cloud. The warm conveyor belt (WCB) is responsible for transporting warm and moist air from the lower levels of the atmosphere into the comma cloud. The cold conveyor belt (CCB) brings cold air from the upper levels of the atmosphere into the comma cloud. The dry-air conveyor belt (DACB) is responsible for transporting dry air into the comma cloud, which can contribute to the formation and maintenance of the cloud structure.

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24. A synoptic or mesoscale weather pattern that affects the weather at a particular location defines

Explanation

A synoptic or mesoscale weather pattern refers to a large-scale weather system that influences the weather conditions at a specific location. This pattern can persist for several days or even weeks, leading to a consistent weather regime. Therefore, the correct answer is "a weather regime", as it accurately describes the impact of such weather patterns on a particular location.

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25. Suggested times spent on interrogating different atmospheric scales are

Explanation

The suggested times spent on interrogating different atmospheric scales are 10 percent macroscale, 30 percent synoptic, and 60 percent mesoscale and local. This distribution implies that a smaller amount of time is dedicated to analyzing the larger-scale patterns and processes (macroscale) and a larger amount of time is dedicated to analyzing the smaller-scale patterns and processes (mesoscale and local). The synoptic scale falls in between, receiving a moderate amount of attention. This distribution likely reflects the importance of understanding the more localized and detailed atmospheric phenomena in order to make accurate weather predictions and forecasts.

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26. During the initial stage of development of a frontal wave, the baroclinic zone cloud system (frontal cloud band) begins to

Explanation

During the initial stage of development of a frontal wave, the baroclinic zone cloud system (frontal cloud band) begins to widen. This is because as the wave develops, the temperature and moisture gradients along the front become more pronounced, leading to an increase in the width of the cloud band. This widening is a characteristic feature of frontal wave development and is associated with the intensification of the system.

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27. The Atlantic Ocean modifies weather along the east coast of Canada by keeping the east coast

Explanation

The Atlantic Ocean modifies weather along the east coast of Canada by keeping the east coast summers cooler and winters warmer than inland regions. The ocean acts as a temperature regulator, absorbing heat during the summer and releasing it during the winter. This moderating effect helps to prevent extreme temperature fluctuations, resulting in cooler summers and milder winters compared to inland areas.

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28. What is a forecast seminar?

Explanation

A forecast seminar is a presentation developed and performed by weather personnel with the purpose of giving or discussing weather information. This type of seminar is focused on providing updates and insights on weather forecasts, discussing any relevant information or concerns, and facilitating a platform for weather personnel to exchange ideas and discuss their findings. It serves as an important means of communication and collaboration within the weather forecasting community.

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29. When accomplishing a forecast review or study, what type of meteorological model data should you compile?

Explanation

When accomplishing a forecast review or study, it is important to compile all the meteorological models available to the forecaster. This ensures that a comprehensive analysis is conducted, taking into account various model outputs and potential scenarios. By considering multiple models, forecasters can identify common trends and patterns, as well as any discrepancies or uncertainties. This helps in making a more informed and accurate forecast, increasing the reliability of the predictions.

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30. The purpose of reanalyzing the compiled data is to

Explanation

The purpose of reanalyzing the compiled data is to correct mistakes and find features that were originally missed. This process allows for a thorough review of the data to identify any errors or overlooked information. By reanalyzing the data, one can ensure its accuracy and completeness, ultimately leading to more reliable and insightful findings.

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31. When documenting a forecast review, why is it necessary to include your original reasoning?

Explanation

Including your original reasoning in a forecast review is necessary because it can indicate better ways to do the job and define any misinterpretations of existing guidance. By including your original reasoning, you provide insight into your thought process and decision-making, which can help identify areas for improvement and potential errors in the forecast. This information is valuable for future reference and can assist in making more accurate forecasts in the future.

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32. What is the purpose of a forecast review if the causes of the weather are imperfectly known?

Explanation

The purpose of a forecast review is to help build a database that can be used to improve the knowledge and understanding of the event. Even if the causes of the weather are imperfectly known, reviewing forecasts and documenting their accuracy or inaccuracy can provide valuable information for future analysis and improvement. By analyzing the forecasts and comparing them to the actual weather conditions, patterns and trends can be identified, leading to a better understanding of the weather phenomena and potential improvements in forecasting techniques.

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33. What is the most important section of the documented forecast review?

Explanation

The most important section of the documented forecast review is "Lessons learned." This section allows for reflection on the forecast's accuracy and identifies areas for improvement. It provides valuable insights into any mistakes made, the reasons behind them, and how to prevent them in the future. By analyzing lessons learned, forecasters can enhance their forecasting skills and enhance the accuracy and reliability of future forecasts.

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34. What general tool for cloud forecasting is being used when you simply advect clouds from their current location downstream?

Explanation

Extrapolation is the general tool for cloud forecasting that is being used when clouds are advected from their current location downstream. Extrapolation involves extending the current trend or pattern into the future, based on past data or observations. In this case, the tool is used to predict the movement of clouds by projecting their current trajectory downstream.

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35. What is the most common type of fog in the Northern Hemisphere?

Explanation

Radiation fog is the most common type of fog in the Northern Hemisphere. This type of fog forms during calm, clear nights when the ground cools rapidly by radiating heat into the atmosphere. As the ground cools, the air near the surface also cools, causing the moisture in the air to condense and form fog. Radiation fog is typically shallow and can be found in low-lying areas such as valleys and river basins. It often dissipates as the sun rises and the air warms up.

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36. What is the nocturnal wind that flows into valleys?

Explanation

A mountain breeze is a type of wind that occurs at night when cool air from higher elevations flows down into valleys. As the air cools at higher altitudes, it becomes denser and sinks, creating a breeze that flows downhill. This phenomenon is commonly observed in mountainous regions where temperature variations between the mountains and valleys are more pronounced. The flow of the mountain breeze helps to cool down the valleys during the night.

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37. What term is used to define the process where the outer edge of the cloud mixes with air outside of the cloud?

Explanation

Dry-air entrainment is the term used to define the process where the outer edge of the cloud mixes with air outside of the cloud. This occurs when drier air from the surrounding environment is drawn into the cloud, causing the cloud to mix with and incorporate this drier air. This process can affect the overall composition and characteristics of the cloud, including its moisture content and temperature. Moist-air entrainment, on the other hand, refers to the process where moist air from outside the cloud mixes with the cloud's interior. Evaporation and condensation are different processes related to the transformation of water between its gaseous and liquid states.

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38. With a quasistationary front in the southern United States under a broad west or southwest flow aloft and a weak surface low, the snow rain zone becomes

Explanation

The given correct answer states that the snow rain zone becomes elongated in the direction of the upper-level current with precipitation rates stretching over long periods. This means that the area of snow and rain extends in the same direction as the upper-level wind flow, and the precipitation lasts for a long time. This is likely due to the broad west or southwest flow aloft and a weak surface low, which create conditions for the elongation of the snow rain zone and the persistence of precipitation over an extended period.

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39. Which visibility restriction is the most localized?

Explanation

Smoke is the most localized visibility restriction because it tends to stay close to its source and does not disperse easily. Unlike haze, which is a general reduction in visibility over a large area, smoke is typically concentrated in a specific location, making it more localized. Similarly, wind-blown particles and precipitation can affect visibility over a larger area, whereas smoke is usually limited to a smaller radius around the source.

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40. What types of icing can the Military Weather Advisory (MWA) alert you to the possibility of?

Explanation

The Military Weather Advisory (MWA) can alert you to the possibility of moderate or severe icing. This means that the MWA can provide information about weather conditions that may result in icing that ranges from moderate to severe intensity. It is important for individuals in the military to be aware of these icing conditions as they can significantly impact the safety and operations of aircraft.

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41. All turbulence not thermally induced or associated with convective activity is classified as:

Explanation

The correct answer is clear-air. This means that any turbulence that is not caused by thermal factors or associated with convective activity is classified as clear-air turbulence. This type of turbulence typically occurs at high altitudes where there are no visible clouds or weather systems. It can be unpredictable and hazardous for aircraft, making it important for pilots to be aware of its presence and take necessary precautions.

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42. When during a day does maximum instability usually occur?

Explanation

The correct answer is during the hottest part of the day. This is because as the sun heats the Earth's surface, the air near the surface also heats up and rises. This creates instability in the atmosphere, leading to the formation of clouds, thunderstorms, and other weather phenomena. As the day progresses and the temperature rises, the instability reaches its peak, making the hottest part of the day the time when maximum instability usually occurs.

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43. What are the conditions necessary for the development of tornadoes, severe thunderstorms, and their associated destructive phenomena?

Explanation

Tornadoes and severe thunderstorms develop under specific conditions. An unstable atmosphere is necessary, meaning there is a significant difference in temperature and moisture between different layers of the atmosphere. Large quantities of moisture are also needed to provide fuel for the storms. Strong mid-level winds help to create the necessary wind shear, which is the change in wind direction and speed with height. A surface-based lifting mechanism, such as a cold front or a warm front, is required to initiate the storm development. Finally, a favorable wet-bulb-zero (WBZ) refers to the height at which the temperature is at or below freezing, allowing for the formation of hail and other destructive phenomena.

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44. Hail size is dependent on the

Explanation

The size of hail is determined by the strength of the updraft core and the length of fall from the freezing level to the surface. A strong updraft core allows for the formation of larger hailstones, while a longer fall distance allows the hailstones to grow in size before reaching the ground. This means that stronger updrafts and greater fall distances are associated with larger hailstones. The other options, such as the amount of moist-air advection or dry-air entrainment, do not directly impact the size of hail.

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45. What happens when the CAPE goes above 2,500 J/kg?

Explanation

When the CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) goes above 2,500 J/kg, it indicates that there is a significant amount of energy available for the development of thunderstorms. This high CAPE value suggests that the atmosphere is unstable, with warm and moist air near the surface and colder air aloft. These conditions are favorable for the formation of strong updrafts, which can lead to the rapid growth of thunderstorms and an increased likelihood of hail. Therefore, when the CAPE exceeds 2,500 J/kg, the potential for hail to occur increases dramatically.

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46. The season of maximum hail occurrences coincides with

Explanation

During thunderstorms, strong updrafts within the storm clouds can cause hailstones to form and grow. Therefore, the season of maximum hail occurrences coincides with the season of maximum thunderstorms. Thunderstorms are most common during the warmer months when there is an abundance of heat and moisture in the atmosphere, typically in late spring and summer.

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47. What is obtained by dividing each wind observation into components, making a summation for a given period, and then obtaining averages and converting components into a single vector?

Explanation

The process described in the question involves dividing each wind observation into components, summing them for a given period, and then obtaining averages. Finally, the components are converted into a single vector. This process is known as finding the vectorial average.

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48. Where does upwelling normally occur in the Northern Hemisphere?

Explanation

Upwelling normally occurs on the west coast of the Northern Hemisphere. This is because of the prevailing wind patterns and the rotation of the Earth. The winds blow parallel to the coastline, pushing the surface waters away from the coast. This creates a gap that allows the cold, nutrient-rich waters from the deep ocean to rise up and replace the surface waters. This upwelling of cold water brings nutrients to the surface, supporting the growth of phytoplankton and creating a productive marine ecosystem.

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49. What is the effect of the North Atlantic Current on the climate of northwestern Europe?

Explanation

The North Atlantic Current has a significant impact on the climate of northwestern Europe by causing it to be much milder than expected. This is because the current brings warm water from the Gulf Stream to the region, which helps to moderate the temperatures. Without this current, the climate in northwestern Europe would be much colder. The North Atlantic Current also contributes to the high precipitation levels in the area, as it brings moisture from the tropics. Overall, the North Atlantic Current plays a crucial role in creating the relatively mild and wet climate of northwestern Europe.

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50. A theoretically perfect absorber and emitter of radiation is

Explanation

A black body is a theoretical object that absorbs all radiation incident upon it and emits radiation at all frequencies. It is considered a perfect absorber and emitter of radiation because it absorbs all wavelengths of radiation that fall on it, regardless of the intensity or angle of incidence. The radiation emitted by a black body is known as black body radiation and follows a specific distribution called Planck's law. This makes a black body the most efficient and accurate model for studying the behavior of radiation in various systems.

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51. What are the two types of frequency distributions?

Explanation

The two types of frequency distributions are continuous and discrete. Continuous frequency distributions are used when the data can take on any value within a certain range, such as measurements on a scale. Discrete frequency distributions are used when the data can only take on specific values, such as counting the number of occurrences of something. These two types of frequency distributions are used to organize and analyze data in different ways depending on the nature of the data being studied.

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52. What are the cloud features that make up a synoptic-scale comma cloud?

Explanation

The correct answer is Baroclinic zone clouds, vorticity comma clouds, and deformation zone clouds. These cloud features are characteristic of synoptic-scale comma clouds. Baroclinic zone clouds refer to the clouds that form along the boundary between warm and cold air masses. Vorticity comma clouds are shaped like a comma and are associated with areas of low pressure. Deformation zone clouds occur in regions where there is stretching or shearing of the air, often found in the vicinity of a low-pressure system.

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53. What effect do you consider when you interpret lower-level wind flow that you do not consider in upper-level wind flow analysis?

Explanation

When interpreting lower-level wind flow, one must consider the effects of the terrain on clouds. The terrain can significantly impact the movement and behavior of clouds, causing them to form or dissipate in certain areas. The presence of mountains, hills, or other geographical features can cause the wind to flow in different directions or create turbulence, which can affect cloud formation and movement. This is not a factor that needs to be considered in upper-level wind flow analysis, as the terrain's influence is more prominent at lower altitudes.

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54. In the fall, upwelling along the California coast gives way to a countercurrent that flows northward along the coast to about 48° latitude. What is the name of that countercurrent?

Explanation

The Davidson Current is the correct answer because it is the countercurrent that flows northward along the California coast to about 48° latitude. The Aleutian Current is a different current that flows along the Aleutian Islands, while the California Current is the main current that flows southward along the California coast. The California Countercurrent is not a recognized current in this context.

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55. What temperature is used as a constant in the equation for computing cooling degree-days?

Explanation

The temperature used as a constant in the equation for computing cooling degree-days is 65. Cooling degree-days are a measure of how much cooling is needed to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature during the summer months. By using 65 as a constant, it is assumed that any temperature above 65 degrees Fahrenheit requires cooling to maintain comfort.

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56. Sun glint typically occurs under

Explanation

Sun glint is the reflection of sunlight off the surface of water, which can create a bright and shimmering effect. It occurs when the water surface is relatively smooth and calm, allowing for a clear reflection. In a stable condition with light or calm winds, the water surface is undisturbed, providing the ideal conditions for sun glint to occur. Strong winds, on the other hand, create ripples and waves on the water surface, disrupting the reflection and reducing the likelihood of sun glint. Therefore, the correct answer is a stable condition with light or calm winds.

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57. What cloud type is often the first clue to the arrival of a storm system?

Explanation

Cirrus clouds that are becoming denser are often the first clue to the arrival of a storm system. This is because cirrus clouds are high-altitude clouds composed of ice crystals, and their increasing density indicates the presence of moisture and instability in the upper atmosphere. As the storm system approaches, the cirrus clouds thicken and spread, eventually leading to the development of other types of clouds like cumulus and stratus, which are associated with stormy weather conditions. Therefore, the changing density of cirrus clouds serves as an early indication of an approaching storm system.

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58. Where is the jet stream axis located in relation to baroclinic zone cirrus?

Explanation

The jet stream axis is located about 1 latitude on the poleward side of the sharp cloud edge.

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59. Köppen's climate classification is based mainly on temperature, precipitation amount, and season of maximum precipitation. These elements were selected primarily because of their effect on

Explanation

Köppen's climate classification is based on temperature, precipitation amount, and season of maximum precipitation because these factors have a significant impact on plant growth. Different plants have specific temperature and precipitation requirements for optimal growth. By classifying climates based on these factors, Köppen's system provides valuable information for understanding the suitability of different regions for specific types of vegetation. This classification system is widely used in agriculture, forestry, and ecological studies to assess the potential for plant growth and to make informed decisions regarding land use and resource management.

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60. Where is mountainous terrain located in Canada?

Explanation

Mountainous terrain is located in British Columbia in Canada. British Columbia is known for its diverse and rugged landscape, with the Rocky Mountains running through the province. This region is home to numerous mountain ranges, including the Coast Mountains and the Columbia Mountains. The mountainous terrain in British Columbia offers stunning scenery, outdoor recreational activities, and is a popular destination for hiking, skiing, and mountaineering.

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61. Where is the jet stream axis located in relation to the baroclinic zone cirrus?

Explanation

The jet stream axis is located 1 degree latitude on the poleward side of the cloud edge.

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62. What affect does the amplitude of a long wave trough or ridge have on surface systems?

Explanation

A large amplitude long wave trough would cause a low located ahead of it to deepen due to the strong divergence. This means that the air in the low pressure system would spread out and rise, leading to a deepening of the low pressure area. The strong divergence of the air in the trough creates a favorable environment for the low pressure system to intensify.

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63. The type of cloudiness with a stationary front depends on the

Explanation

The type of cloudiness with a stationary front depends on the stability of the warm air. When warm air is stable, it tends to rise slowly and form stratiform clouds along the front. On the other hand, if the warm air is unstable, it will rise rapidly, leading to the formation of cumuliform clouds and potentially severe weather. Therefore, the stability of the warm air plays a crucial role in determining the type of cloudiness associated with a stationary front.

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64. Which statement describes a type A comma cloud pattern?

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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65. What is a forecast evaluation?

Explanation

A forecast evaluation is the process of determining the accuracy of a forecast by comparing it to the observed weather. This involves analyzing how well the forecast predicted the actual weather conditions. It is an objective assessment of the forecast's accuracy based on the actual weather data.

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66. Why is it important to scan forecasts from the surrounding area when accomplishing a forecast review or study?

Explanation

Scanning forecasts from the surrounding area is important when accomplishing a forecast review or study because it allows for the search of accurate forecasts. By finding accurate forecasts, one can establish a line of communication with the responsible forecasters and obtain the information that led to their accurate predictions. This can provide valuable insights and improve the credibility of the original forecast.

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67. What is the underlying purpose of having audio-visual aids in a forecast seminar presentation?

Explanation

The underlying purpose of having audio-visual aids in a forecast seminar presentation is to help relay your message effectively. Audio-visual aids such as slides, videos, and graphics can enhance the presentation by visually illustrating key points and making the information more understandable and memorable for the audience. They can also help to keep the audience's attention and engage them in the presentation. By using audio-visual aids, the speaker can effectively convey their message and ensure that it is understood by the audience.

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68. What is the main difference and added consideration when forecasting cumuliform clouds versus stratiform clouds?

Explanation

When forecasting cumuliform clouds, the main difference and added consideration compared to stratiform clouds is atmospheric stability. Cumuliform clouds are associated with unstable atmospheric conditions, where warm air rises rapidly and forms towering clouds. In contrast, stratiform clouds are associated with stable atmospheric conditions, where warm air rises slowly and forms layered clouds. Therefore, when forecasting cumuliform clouds, meteorologists need to assess the level of atmospheric instability to accurately predict the formation and behavior of these clouds.

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69. This restriction develops in layers in a stable atmosphere usually of fairly large depth. The visibility is usually between three and six miles. To predict this restriction, you must locate a source of pollution and predict the stagnation of an air mass in your area.

Explanation

Haze is the correct answer because the given information states that the restriction develops in layers in a stable atmosphere, usually of fairly large depth. Haze is a type of atmospheric pollution that reduces visibility and occurs when there are fine particles or pollutants suspended in the air. It is often caused by industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, or agricultural activities. Therefore, predicting the stagnation of an air mass and the presence of pollution sources can help in predicting the occurrence of haze.

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70. Which two winds belong to the category of Fall Winds?

Explanation

The Mistral and Bora winds are both fall winds. The Mistral is a strong, cold wind that blows from the northwest in southern France, particularly in the Rhône Valley. It is most common in the fall and winter months. The Bora is a cold and dry wind that blows from the northeast in the Adriatic Sea region, particularly in Italy and Croatia. It is also most common in the fall and winter months. Therefore, the Mistral and Bora winds belong to the category of Fall Winds.

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71. Which forecasting tool provides a summary of monthly and annual climatic data for a station?

Explanation

The correct answer is Operational Climatic Data Summary (OCDS). OCDS is a forecasting tool that provides a summary of monthly and annual climatic data for a specific station. It gives an overview of the climate patterns and trends at that location, allowing users to analyze and predict future weather conditions based on historical data.

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72. From which agencies are centralized turbulence products available?

Explanation

Centralized turbulence products are available from the AFWA (Air Force Weather Agency) and NWS (National Weather Service) Aviation Weather Center. These agencies provide reliable and up-to-date information on turbulence to assist pilots and aviation professionals in making informed decisions and ensuring flight safety.

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73. What source of turbulence reports should you review after checking all forecast products?

Explanation

After checking all forecast products, it is important to review PIREPS (Pilot Reports) as a source of turbulence reports. PIREPS provide real-time information on actual weather conditions encountered by pilots in flight. This information is valuable in assessing the presence and intensity of turbulence, helping to ensure the safety and smooth operation of aircraft. METARs provide current weather observations at specific airports, radar provides information on precipitation and storm activity, and satellites provide imagery of cloud cover and weather patterns, but PIREPS specifically focus on reporting turbulence encountered during flight.

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74. What category of aircraft does a turbulence forecast normally specify?

Explanation

A turbulence forecast normally specifies the category of aircraft as Category II.

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75. As a general rule, the effects of turbulence for a fixed-wing aircraft are increased with decreased:

Explanation

The effects of turbulence for a fixed-wing aircraft are increased with the weight of the aircraft. This means that as the weight of the aircraft increases, the turbulence experienced by the aircraft also increases. This is because a heavier aircraft requires more force to maneuver through turbulent air, making it more susceptible to the effects of turbulence.

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76. What is the intensity for in-flight icing when deicing or anti-icing equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard and immediate diversion is necessary?

Explanation

When deicing or anti-icing equipment fails to reduce or control the hazard and immediate diversion is necessary, the intensity for in-flight icing is considered severe. This means that the icing conditions are extremely hazardous and can pose a significant threat to the aircraft's performance and safety. Pilots should take immediate action to divert to a safer location to avoid the risks associated with severe icing.

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77. Which item is not a guidance tool or product for icing?

Explanation

Meteorological satellite (METSAT) imagery is not a guidance tool or product for icing because it provides visual images of weather patterns and cloud formations, but it does not specifically provide information on icing conditions. The other options, such as the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) centralized charts, Pilot's report (PIREP), and Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET), are all tools or sources that pilots can use to obtain information on icing conditions to aid in their decision-making and flight planning.

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78. What type of thunderstorm is often confused with a frontal passage?

Explanation

Squall line thunderstorms are often confused with a frontal passage because they are frequently associated with cold fronts. A squall line is a long line of thunderstorms that form along or ahead of a cold front, typically producing strong winds, heavy rain, and sometimes tornadoes. This similarity in association with cold fronts can lead to confusion between squall line thunderstorms and frontal passages.

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79. What term refers to the supercell downdraft associated with the gust front?

Explanation

The term that refers to the supercell downdraft associated with the gust front is the forward flank downdraft (FFD). This downdraft occurs on the forward side of the storm and is responsible for bringing cool air from higher altitudes down to the ground. It is an important component of supercell thunderstorms and can contribute to the formation of severe weather phenomena such as tornadoes.

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80. What are the two primary forecast concerns when forecasting a haboob?

Explanation

When forecasting a haboob, the two primary concerns are visibility and wind speed. A haboob is a type of intense dust storm that occurs in arid regions, often associated with thunderstorms or strong winds. Visibility is a major concern because the dust and sand particles in a haboob can reduce visibility to near-zero levels, posing a significant hazard to transportation and outdoor activities. Wind speed is also a concern as haboobs are typically accompanied by strong gusts, which can cause damage to structures and increase the intensity of the dust storm.

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81. What type of temperature advection in the lower levels increases the potential of heavy snow?

Explanation

Warm advection increases the potential for heavy snow because it occurs when warm air is moving into an area of colder air. This causes the warm air to rise over the cold air, leading to instability and the formation of clouds and precipitation. In the case of heavy snow, the warm advection can provide the necessary moisture and instability for significant snowfall to occur.

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82. Evaporation is an important climatic element over which regions?

Explanation

Evaporation is an important climatic element over bodies of water. When water bodies are exposed to sunlight and heat, the water molecules gain enough energy to transform from a liquid state to a gaseous state, resulting in evaporation. This process plays a significant role in the water cycle and influences weather patterns and phenomena over bodies of water. It affects the humidity levels, cloud formation, and precipitation in these regions, making it an essential factor in understanding and predicting weather conditions over water bodies.

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83. Why is the average amount of precipitation not a good way to compare the climate of two stations?

Explanation

The average amount of precipitation is not a good way to compare the climate of two stations because precipitation can occur in different intensities and at different times. For example, one station may receive a large amount of rainfall in a short period of time, while another station may receive the same amount of rainfall spread out over a longer period. This difference in intensity and timing can significantly impact the overall climate and water availability in the area. Therefore, solely comparing the average amount of precipitation would not provide an accurate representation of the climate differences between the two stations.

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84. Which mountains prevent polar air masses from moving southward?

Explanation

The Himalayas and the Alps prevent polar air masses from moving southward. These mountain ranges act as barriers, blocking the cold air from moving further south. The height and location of these mountains create a physical obstruction that forces the air masses to either move around or over them, resulting in a limited southward movement. The Rockies and the Chinese Ing Dun Range mentioned in the other options are not significant barriers for polar air masses in the same way as the Himalayas and the Alps.

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85. What mainly causes ocean currents?

Explanation

Ocean currents are mainly caused by the frictional effects of the wind. As the wind blows over the surface of the ocean, it creates friction, which in turn generates movement in the water. This movement creates currents that can flow for thousands of kilometers and have a significant impact on global climate patterns. The wind's force and direction play a crucial role in determining the direction and strength of ocean currents. Other factors such as temperature, salinity, and the Earth's rotation also influence ocean currents, but the primary driving force is the frictional effects of the wind.

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86. Why is the exact location of the anticyclone's circulation center difficult to place?

Explanation

Anticyclones are large, broad features, which makes it difficult to pinpoint the exact location of their circulation center. Unlike smaller weather systems, such as tornadoes or thunderstorms, anticyclones do not have a well-defined center of circulation. Instead, they are characterized by high pressure systems with descending air, which creates a broad area of calm and clear weather. The lack of a distinct center makes it challenging to determine the exact location of the anticyclone's circulation center.

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87. What North Atlantic current/system is similar to the Kuroshio system?

Explanation

The Gulf Stream system is similar to the Kuroshio system. Both are warm ocean currents that flow in the same direction (from south to north) and have a significant impact on the climate of the regions they pass through. The Gulf Stream system is located in the North Atlantic, just like the Kuroshio system is located in the North Pacific. Both currents play a crucial role in transporting heat from the tropics towards higher latitudes, influencing weather patterns and marine ecosystems along their paths.

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88. Name the branches into which the Kuroshio system divides.

Explanation

The Kuroshio system divides into three branches: the Kuroshio Current, the Kuroshio Extension, and the North Pacific Current.

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89. The most commonly used climatological parameter is the

Explanation

The most commonly used climatological parameter is the mean. The mean represents the average value of a given climatic variable over a specific period of time, such as temperature or precipitation. It provides a measure of central tendency and helps to understand the typical or average conditions of a particular climate. The mean is widely used in climate studies and is essential for comparing and analyzing climatic data across different regions and time periods.

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90. Which clouds form parallel to, and on the equatorward side of the jet stream flow and needs at least 60 knots for formation?

Explanation

Cirrus streaks are formed parallel to and on the equatorward side of the jet stream flow. These clouds require a minimum wind speed of 60 knots for their formation.

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91. The Gulf Stream System is made up of the

Explanation

The correct answer is Florida Current, the Gulf Stream, and the North Atlantic Current. This answer is correct because it includes all three components of the Gulf Stream System. The Florida Current is a warm ocean current that flows from the Straits of Florida into the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream is a powerful, warm ocean current that flows along the eastern coast of the United States and eventually joins with the North Atlantic Current. The North Atlantic Current is a continuation of the Gulf Stream as it flows northeastward into the North Atlantic Ocean.

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92. What phenomena are caused by the wind flow interacting with an ocean island?

Explanation

The wind flow interacting with an ocean island can cause the phenomena of bow waves, plume clouds, and Karman vortices. Bow waves are formed when the wind encounters the island and creates a wave-like pattern in the water. Plume clouds are formed when the wind blows over the island and lifts moisture from the ocean, creating clouds. Karman vortices are swirling patterns of air that form behind the island due to the interaction of the wind with the island's shape. These phenomena are all caused by the wind flow interacting with the island and are characteristic of this type of interaction.

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93. The equivalent chill factor depends on the

Explanation

The equivalent chill factor, also known as the wind chill factor, is a measure of how cold it feels outside when the temperature is combined with the wind speed. Wind increases the rate of heat loss from the body, making it feel colder than the actual temperature. Humidity and cloud cover do not directly affect the wind chill factor, although they can indirectly impact the perceived temperature by affecting the evaporation of moisture from the skin. Therefore, the correct answer is temperature and wind.

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94. Describe a macroscale system.

Explanation

A macroscale system refers to a system that covers a large geographical area. In this case, the correct answer states that these systems cover more than 1,500 nautical miles. This means that the macroscale systems being referred to in the question cover a significant distance, indicating a wide coverage area.

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95. The horizontal axis where air parcels are moving away from the col is called the axis of

Explanation

The term "dilatation" refers to the horizontal axis where air parcels are moving away from the col. This axis represents the expansion or spreading out of the air parcels. It is the opposite of contraction, which would imply the air parcels moving towards the col and getting closer together. Magnification is not a relevant term in this context, and deformation does not accurately describe the concept of air parcels moving away from the col.

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96. How would you classify the Asian climate?

Explanation

The correct answer is predominantly continental. This means that the Asian climate is mainly characterized by the influence of land masses, resulting in extreme temperature variations and low precipitation. Continental climates are typically found in the interior regions of large continents, away from the moderating effects of oceans.

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97. What affect does the amplitude of a long wave trough or ridge have on surface systems?

Explanation

A large amplitude long wave ridge would cause a high located ahead of it to build due to strong convergence. This means that as the ridge moves through an area, the air is forced to sink, leading to the accumulation of air and an increase in pressure. This increase in pressure results in the formation or strengthening of a high pressure system.

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98. Which products are considered standard for detecting the long wave pattern?

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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99. What cloud pattern develops into a comma cloud 75 percent of the time?

Explanation

A baroclinic leaf is a cloud pattern that often develops into a comma cloud 75 percent of the time. This cloud pattern is typically associated with baroclinic zones, which are areas where temperature and/or moisture gradients exist. The comma cloud shape is formed due to the interaction between warm and cold air masses in the baroclinic zone, resulting in the development of a distinct comma-shaped cloud structure. Therefore, the correct answer is baroclinic leaf.

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100. Relatively warm temperatures exist in Alaska during the summer due to the

Explanation

During the summer, Alaska experiences relatively warm temperatures because of increased solar insolation and decreased clouds. Increased solar insolation refers to the higher amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, which leads to warmer temperatures. Decreased clouds mean that there is less cloud cover blocking the sun's rays, allowing more solar radiation to reach the surface and contribute to the warmth. Therefore, the combination of increased solar insolation and decreased clouds results in relatively warm temperatures in Alaska during the summer.

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101. What is the difference between a forecast study and a review?

Explanation

A forecast study and a review both involve analyzing data, but a study requires more work in terms of data analysis and the information is documented in more detail. This suggests that a study is a more comprehensive and in-depth analysis compared to a review. The answer implies that the level of effort and detail put into analyzing data and documenting information is higher in a study than in a review. Therefore, the main difference between a forecast study and a review lies in the extent of data analysis and documentation.

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102. Which general tool for forecasting winds are graphical in nature, based on the WRF model and provide wind forecasts for three hour intervals?

Explanation

Meteograms are graphical tools that are based on the WRF model and provide wind forecasts for three hour intervals. They display information such as wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and precipitation over a specific period of time. Meteograms are commonly used by meteorologists and weather forecasters to analyze and predict weather patterns. They are helpful in understanding the wind conditions at different times throughout the day and can be used for various purposes, such as aviation planning, outdoor activities, and energy production.

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103. What tool provides a summary of monthly and annual climatic data for a station?

Explanation

OCDS stands for the Online Climatic Data System, which is a tool that provides a summary of monthly and annual climatic data for a station. This tool allows users to access and analyze climatic data from various weather stations, providing valuable information for research, planning, and decision-making related to climate and weather patterns.

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104. How do strong winds affect heating?

Explanation

Strong winds can cause greater mixing of the air, which leads to a decrease in heating. When the air is mixed, the warm air near the surface gets dispersed and replaced by cooler air from higher altitudes. This results in a reduction in the overall temperature and less heating. Therefore, the presence of strong winds hinders the accumulation of heat and causes less heating due to the increased mixing of air.

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105. Which term defines a change in state from a solid to a gas?

Explanation

Sublimation is the process in which a substance changes directly from a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid phase. This term accurately describes the change in state from a solid to a gas, making it the correct answer. Deposition refers to the opposite process, where a gas changes directly into a solid. Freezing is the process of a liquid turning into a solid, and fusion is the process of a solid turning into a liquid.

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106. What is the most efficient method of cloud droplet growth?

Explanation

The most efficient method of cloud droplet growth is through collision and coalescence. When cloud droplets collide, they can merge together to form larger droplets. This process is known as coalescence. By continuously colliding and coalescing, the droplets grow in size and eventually become large enough to fall as precipitation. Condensation alone is not as efficient in growing cloud droplets, as it only involves the conversion of water vapor into liquid droplets. Evaporation, on the other hand, reduces the size of the droplets rather than promoting their growth.

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107. Turbulence should not be anticipated in areas of:

Explanation

Inflow in a digging jet refers to the movement of air into a jet stream that is descending rapidly. This type of airflow is associated with sinking air and stable atmospheric conditions, which typically do not support the development of turbulence. Therefore, turbulence should not be anticipated in areas of inflow in a digging jet.

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108. What are the only two agencies authorized to issue warnings on tropical cyclones?

Explanation

The Tropical Prediction Center and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center are the only two agencies authorized to issue warnings on tropical cyclones. These agencies have the expertise and resources to monitor and track tropical cyclones, providing accurate and timely warnings to the public and relevant authorities. They play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and preparedness of communities in areas prone to tropical cyclones.

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109. What wind speed do strong nonconvective winds exceed?

Explanation

Strong nonconvective winds typically exceed a wind speed of 34 knots. Nonconvective winds refer to winds that are not associated with thunderstorms or convective activity. These strong winds can occur in various weather conditions, such as during a strong cold front or in the vicinity of a low-pressure system. A wind speed of 34 knots is equivalent to approximately 39 miles per hour or 63 kilometers per hour, indicating a significant and potentially hazardous wind event.

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110. Convective temperature is the temperature that surface air must reach to initiate convective currents that will

Explanation

The convective temperature is the temperature at which the surface air needs to reach in order to initiate convective currents. These currents will extend high enough for the air to become saturated. This means that the convective temperature is the threshold temperature at which the air becomes saturated and can lead to the formation of clouds and precipitation.

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111. Of what areas do polar orbiting satellites provide coverage?

Explanation

Polar orbiting satellites provide coverage of approximately 472 nautical miles and allow for global coverage every 12 hours. This means that these satellites orbit the Earth in a polar orbit, passing over the North and South poles, and provide coverage within a radius of 472 nautical miles. Due to their orbital path, they are able to provide global coverage every 12 hours as they continuously orbit the Earth.

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112. How fast do the currents of the Gulf Stream system move?

Explanation

The currents of the Gulf Stream system move at a speed of 25–75 miles per day or 1–3 knots.

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113. Straight-line winds of a constant wind speed would characterize a wind field where the only type of pure motion occurring is

Explanation

Straight-line winds of a constant wind speed indicate that the wind is moving in a straight line without any rotation or divergence. The term "translation" refers to the motion of an object or a fluid in a straight line without any change in shape or deformation. Therefore, the correct answer is translation, as it describes the pure motion occurring in a wind field with straight-line winds of constant speed.

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114. Thunderstorm occurrences are an example of

Explanation

Thunderstorm occurrences can be counted and measured as separate events. Each thunderstorm is distinct and separate from others, making it an example of discrete data. It is not continuous data because it does not exist as a continuous, uninterrupted flow. It is also not absolute data because it is not a fixed, unchanging value.

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115. The type of deviation used most often in meteorological studies is the

Explanation

Standard deviation is the most commonly used type of deviation in meteorological studies. It is a statistical measure that quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of data. In meteorology, standard deviation is used to analyze and interpret the variability of weather parameters such as temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure. It provides valuable insights into the average conditions and the range of fluctuations around the mean value, helping meteorologists understand and predict weather patterns more accurately.

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116. Rome, Italy and New York City are at approximately the same latitude, yet Rome has a much milder winter climate. What factor is mostly responsible for this?

Explanation

The east-west orientation of the Alps is mostly responsible for Rome, Italy having a much milder winter climate compared to New York City. The Alps act as a barrier, blocking cold air masses from moving eastward into Italy. This results in warmer temperatures in Rome during the winter months.

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117. A secondary cause of the surface ocean currents is the

Explanation

The correct answer is density differences due to salinity and temperature variations. Surface ocean currents are primarily driven by the wind, but density differences also play a role. When water becomes denser due to higher salinity or lower temperature, it sinks and creates a vertical movement known as upwelling. This movement can then generate horizontal currents as water flows from areas of higher density to lower density. Salinity and temperature variations create these density differences, which contribute to the formation of surface ocean currents.

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118. Cloud streets are very similar to cloud lines except the

Explanation

Cloud streets are long, narrow bands of cumulus clouds that form parallel to the wind direction. These clouds are created by the convergence of moist air near the surface and drier air aloft. In cloud streets, the individual cloud elements are not connected to each other. Instead, they appear as separate, distinct clouds that align in a linear pattern. This is different from cloud lines, where the pixels or elements are connected to form a continuous line.

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119. Trewartha's climatic classification states that mountainous (highland H) climates are difficult to group climatologically on a small scale map due to the added

Explanation

Trewartha's climatic classification states that mountainous (highland H) climates are difficult to group climatologically on a small scale map due to the added vertical dimension and the markedly change in atmospheric conditions. This means that the climate in mountainous regions can vary significantly due to changes in altitude, resulting in different atmospheric conditions. Unlike in flat regions where atmospheric conditions change gradually over the horizontal dimension, in mountainous areas the changes can be more pronounced and abrupt. Therefore, it is challenging to classify and represent mountainous climates accurately on small scale maps.

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120. Describe a mesoscale system.

Explanation

A mesoscale system refers to a system that varies in size from 1 to 500 nm and is considered a "local effect." This means that the system is on a scale between the microscopic and macroscopic level, with dimensions ranging from 1 to 500 nanometers. These systems are characterized by their local impact or influence, suggesting that they have a limited range or scope of effect.

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121. Which of the following is a synoptic system?

Explanation

A synoptic system refers to large-scale weather patterns that cover a wide area and are typically associated with changes in atmospheric pressure. A warm front is a type of synoptic system that occurs when warm air replaces a mass of cooler air. It is characterized by a gradual increase in temperature and the formation of clouds and precipitation. Mesohigh, mesocyclone, and radar thin line are not synoptic systems as they refer to smaller-scale weather phenomena such as localized areas of high pressure, rotating updrafts in severe thunderstorms, and a narrow band of intense radar echoes, respectively.

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122. How can the process of determining the root causes of a weather episode differ for a review versus a study?

Explanation

In a review, the process of determining the root causes of a weather episode involves identifying the causes that were missed in the initial reasoning. This implies that the review aims to uncover any overlooked factors that may have contributed to the weather episode. On the other hand, in a study, the process involves presenting all the causes in the documentation. This suggests that a study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of all the factors that contributed to the weather episode, without necessarily focusing on any missed causes.

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123. What is the three-part arrangement that most communication follows?

Explanation

Most communication follows a three-part arrangement consisting of an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction sets the stage by providing background information or context for the topic. The body contains the main content and supporting details, where the message is conveyed in a clear and organized manner. Finally, the conclusion wraps up the communication by summarizing the main points and leaving a lasting impression on the audience. This three-part structure helps ensure effective communication and enhances understanding and retention of the information being conveyed.

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124. What is density altitude?

Explanation

Density altitude is the altitude at which a given density is found in the standard atmosphere. It is a measure of the density of the air, which is affected by factors such as temperature and pressure. As altitude increases, the density of the air decreases. Therefore, density altitude is used to determine aircraft performance, as it affects engine power, lift, and drag. Pilots need to take density altitude into account when planning flights to ensure safe and efficient operations.

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125. What changes of state absorb heat from the surrounding environment?

Explanation

Vaporization, fusion, and sublimation are changes of state that absorb heat from the surrounding environment. Vaporization occurs when a liquid turns into a gas, fusion is the process of a solid turning into a liquid, and sublimation is when a solid directly turns into a gas without passing through the liquid state. In all these processes, heat is absorbed from the surroundings, causing a decrease in temperature.

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126. Which condition increases the probability of fog formation?

Explanation

When a warm, moist air mass is advected (moved) over a cold surface, the temperature difference between the air mass and the surface increases. This causes the air to cool rapidly, leading to condensation and the formation of fog. The cold surface chills the air, causing it to reach its dew point temperature and saturate, resulting in the formation of fog.

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127. What type icing, if any, will an aircraft encounter if icing conditions are favorable and flying above 12,000 feet in a stratiform cloud?

Explanation

If an aircraft is flying above 12,000 feet in a stratiform cloud and icing conditions are favorable, it will encounter rime icing. Rime icing occurs when supercooled water droplets freeze upon impact with the aircraft surface, forming a rough and opaque ice layer. This type of icing is common in stratiform clouds where temperatures are below freezing and the cloud droplets are small. Rime icing can quickly accumulate on the aircraft, leading to reduced performance and increased risk of accidents.

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128. The combination of cold air aloft and warm surface air can produce a

Explanation

When there is a combination of cold air aloft and warm surface air, it creates a sharp lapse rate. A lapse rate refers to the rate at which temperature decreases with increasing altitude. In this case, the sharp lapse rate indicates a rapid decrease in temperature with height. This combination also leads to an unstable atmosphere. An unstable atmosphere means that air parcels will continue to rise on their own, resulting in the formation of clouds, precipitation, and potentially severe weather conditions such as thunderstorms.

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129. Where would you forecast heavy snow in relation to the path of the surface low?

Explanation

Based on the given information, heavy snow would be forecasted 5 degrees downstream and 2.5 degrees to the left of the path of the surface low.

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130. The northern extension of the Gulf Stream system is called the

Explanation

The northern extension of the Gulf Stream system is called the North Atlantic Current. This current flows from the Gulf of Mexico along the eastern coast of the United States and then moves northeastward across the Atlantic Ocean towards Europe. It is a warm ocean current that plays a significant role in the transportation of heat from the tropics to the higher latitudes, influencing the climate of both North America and Europe. The North Atlantic Current also affects the distribution of marine life and helps to regulate the global climate system.

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131. What two fog types can we best discern on meteorological satellite (METSAT) imagery?

Explanation

On meteorological satellite imagery, two types of fog that can be best discerned are sea fog and radiation fog. Sea fog occurs when warm, moist air moves over a colder ocean surface, causing the moisture to condense into fog. Radiation fog, on the other hand, forms when the ground cools down at night, causing the air near the surface to cool and condense into fog. Therefore, sea and radiation fog are the most distinguishable fog types on METSAT imagery.

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132. An area has a stationary air mass over its coastline and the land surface is warmer than the sea surface because of radiational heating. In what direction do local winds blow?

Explanation

During the day, the land surface is warmer than the sea surface due to radiational heating. This causes the air above the land to heat up and rise, creating a low-pressure area. Meanwhile, the air above the sea remains cooler and denser, creating a high-pressure area. As a result, the air moves from the sea to the land, causing local winds to blow from water to land. At night, the land cools down faster than the sea, causing the air above the land to become cooler and denser. This creates a high-pressure area over the land and a low-pressure area over the sea. Consequently, the air moves from the land to the sea, causing local winds to blow from land to water.

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133. The size and shape of a cumulonimbus cloud's anvil cirrus are determined by the

Explanation

The size and shape of a cumulonimbus cloud's anvil cirrus are determined by the strength of the upper-level winds. This is because the upper-level winds play a crucial role in shaping the anvil cirrus by pushing the cloud's upper portion horizontally, causing it to spread out and form the characteristic anvil shape. The stronger the upper-level winds, the larger and more pronounced the anvil cirrus will be. Therefore, the strength of the upper-level winds is the determining factor for the size and shape of a cumulonimbus cloud's anvil cirrus.

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134. What is a general tool for forecasting clouds that is derived from decades of observational data and is a time-proven method?

Explanation

Climatology is a general tool for forecasting clouds that is derived from decades of observational data and is a time-proven method. It involves studying long-term weather patterns and historical data to make predictions about future weather conditions, including cloud formation. By analyzing past weather patterns and trends, climatology can provide valuable insights into cloud forecasting, making it a reliable and effective tool for meteorologists.

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135. What is the primary concern when forecasting shamals?

Explanation

When forecasting shamals, the primary concern is the source region. Shamals are strong northwesterly winds that occur in the Persian Gulf region, particularly in the United Arab Emirates. The source region refers to the area from which these winds originate. Understanding the characteristics of the source region, such as temperature, pressure, and moisture content, is crucial in predicting the intensity and duration of shamals. Therefore, the source region is the main focus when forecasting shamals.

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136. What is  upwelling?

Explanation

Upwelling refers to the process in which colder subsurface waters are brought to the top of the ocean. This process is important as it brings nutrient-rich waters from the deep ocean to the surface, supporting the growth of phytoplankton and subsequently leading to increased productivity in marine ecosystems. The upwelling of colder waters also has a significant impact on the temperature and climate of coastal regions.

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137. If the boundaries of the hot belt are determined by given isotherms, the width of the zone

Explanation

The correct answer is "increases over the continents." This means that the width of the hot belt, which is determined by given isotherms (lines connecting points of equal temperature), becomes wider over the continents. This suggests that the temperature in the hot belt is higher over the continents compared to the oceans.

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138. What is taking place in the atmosphere when enhanced cumulus starts to take on a comma-cloud shape?

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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139. What often determines the name of a synoptic weather regime?

Explanation

The name of a synoptic weather regime is often determined by the development region and system type. The development region refers to the area where the weather system forms and evolves, while the system type refers to the specific characteristics and behavior of the weather system. By considering both the development region and system type, meteorologists can categorize and name different synoptic weather regimes, which helps in understanding and communicating their characteristics and impacts.

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140. Which of the following information is not available via the meteorological technical information program (MetTIPs)?

Explanation

The meteorological technical information program (MetTIPs) provides information on surface and upper-level features, regime frequency, duration, and season when it most occurs, and general weather conditions associated with the regime and potential forecast problems. However, it does not provide specific regime forecasting checklists for every weather unit in the CONUS.

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141. Except for possible convection along the cold front, which conveyor has the coldest (highest) cloud tops associated with it?

Explanation

The warm conveyor belt (WCB) is the conveyor belt that has the coldest (highest) cloud tops associated with it, except for possible convection along the cold front. This means that the WCB is responsible for producing the highest clouds in the system, indicating the presence of strong upward motion and potential for severe weather. The other conveyors, such as the cold conveyor belt (CCB), dry-air conveyor belt (DACB), and moist air conveyor belt (MACB), do not have as cold cloud tops as the WCB.

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142. When you estimate sea-level pressures using meteorological satellite (METSAT) imagery, where must you locate the baroclinic lows associated with comma clouds?

Explanation

When estimating sea-level pressures using meteorological satellite (METSAT) imagery, the baroclinic lows associated with comma clouds should be located from 40°N and poleward. This means that the lows are typically found in areas north of the 40th parallel of latitude. The term "poleward" indicates the direction towards the poles, so the correct answer suggests that the baroclinic lows are more likely to be found in higher latitudes rather than lower latitudes.

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143. What is the most important climatic element in Africa?

Explanation

Precipitation is the correct answer because it refers to the amount of rainfall or snowfall in a particular region. In Africa, where many areas experience arid or semi-arid climates, precipitation is crucial for the survival of ecosystems, agriculture, and human populations. It determines the availability of water resources, influences vegetation patterns, and affects the overall climate of the continent. While humidity, temperature, and prevailing winds are also important climatic elements, precipitation plays a particularly vital role in shaping Africa's environment and supporting its diverse ecosystems.

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144. Forecast reviews will generally fall under the following four categories:

Explanation

The correct answer includes the categories of forecast evaluation, failed to follow forecast procedures, outstanding forecast, and a significant weather event. These categories cover a range of factors that can affect the accuracy and quality of a forecast. Forecast evaluation involves assessing the accuracy and effectiveness of the forecast. Failed to follow forecast procedures refers to situations where the forecast was not conducted according to established protocols. An outstanding forecast indicates a particularly accurate or noteworthy prediction. Finally, a significant weather event refers to a weather event that has a significant impact on the area.

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145. The type and intensity of precipitation observed at the earth's surface is related to the thickness of the cloud aloft, and particularly to the

Explanation

The type and intensity of precipitation observed at the earth's surface is related to the temperatures in the upper part of the cloud. This is because the temperature in the upper part of the cloud determines the phase of the precipitation. If the temperature is below freezing, the precipitation will be in the form of snow or ice. If the temperature is above freezing, the precipitation will be in the form of rain. The intensity of the precipitation is also influenced by the temperature, as warmer temperatures can lead to more evaporation and therefore heavier rainfall.

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146. A heat wave over the Midwestern and eastern part of the United States develops when a

Explanation

A heat wave over the Midwestern and eastern part of the United States develops when a long-wave trough stagnates over the Rockies and a long-wave ridge lays over the east coast. This configuration leads to a blocking high located over the central United States. The long-wave trough over the Rockies allows hot air to build up and stagnate, while the long-wave ridge over the east coast prevents cooler air from moving into the region. The blocking high further enhances the stability of the hot air mass, resulting in prolonged hot and dry conditions that characterize a heat wave.

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147. How long can surface winds keep a vortex of turbulence over a runway?

Explanation

Surface winds can keep a vortex of turbulence over a runway indefinitely because the vortex is continuously replenished by the wind. As long as the wind continues to blow, the vortex will persist. This can be a concern for aircraft taking off or landing as the turbulence caused by the vortex can affect their stability and control. Therefore, it is important for pilots to be aware of the presence of vortex turbulence and take appropriate measures to mitigate its effects.

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148. What is the average 500mb wind flow angle for an NWF event?

Explanation

The correct answer is 280. This suggests that the average wind flow angle for an NWF event is 280 degrees.

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149. What kind of thunderstorm is the closest to a three-stage, non-severe thunderstorm?

Explanation

An air-mass thunderstorm is the closest to a three-stage, non-severe thunderstorm. Air-mass thunderstorms are formed when warm, moist air rises due to convective heating and forms cumulus clouds. These storms typically occur in the afternoon or early evening and are short-lived, lasting only a few hours. They are not associated with any significant weather fronts or systems, making them less severe compared to other types of thunderstorms.

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150. What indicates a temperature increase with an increase in height indicating a negative lapse rate in a layer of the atmosphere?

Explanation

Inversion indicates a temperature increase with an increase in height, which is opposite to the normal lapse rate in the atmosphere. In an inversion layer, warm air is trapped above cooler air, preventing vertical mixing and causing temperature to increase with height. This can lead to the formation of fog, smog, or pollutants being trapped near the surface.

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151. Which element of precipitation includes such deposits as dew, frost, and rime ice?

Explanation

Condensation refers to the process of water vapor in the atmosphere turning into liquid water. Dew, frost, and rime ice are all forms of water that result from condensation. Dew forms when the temperature of surfaces, such as grass or leaves, cools below the dew point causing water vapor in the air to condense. Frost is formed when water vapor directly freezes onto a surface, usually when the temperature is below freezing. Rime ice is formed when supercooled water droplets freeze upon contact with a surface. Therefore, condensation is the correct answer as it encompasses all these forms of precipitation.

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152. Climatologists are mostly interested in which elements of wind?

Explanation

Climatologists are interested in studying the direction, speed, and gustiness of wind. These elements provide important information about the movement and behavior of wind patterns, which in turn have a significant impact on weather and climate. By understanding the direction, speed, and gustiness of wind, climatologists can analyze and predict weather patterns, study atmospheric circulation, and assess the potential impact of wind on various ecosystems and human activities.

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153. Under Wien's Law, on what is the wavelength of the maximum irradiance of a black body dependent?

Explanation

Wien's Law states that the wavelength of the maximum irradiance of a black body is dependent on its temperature. As the temperature of the black body increases, the wavelength of the maximum irradiance decreases. This means that hotter objects emit radiation at shorter wavelengths, while cooler objects emit radiation at longer wavelengths. Therefore, temperature is the determining factor for the wavelength of the maximum irradiance of a black body.

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154. What is the effect of land and water distribution on air circulation in the Northern Hemisphere?

Explanation

The correct answer is that land and water distribution in the Northern Hemisphere creates high and low centers. This is because the differential heating of land and water causes variations in air temperature, which in turn leads to the formation of areas of high pressure and areas of low pressure. These pressure systems then drive the movement of air, resulting in the circulation patterns that we observe in the atmosphere.

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155. Geosynchronous satellites orbit the earth at the same angular velocity as what?

Explanation

Geosynchronous satellites orbit the Earth at the same angular velocity as the Earth itself. This means that they complete one orbit around the Earth in the same amount of time it takes for the Earth to rotate once on its axis. This synchronization allows the satellites to remain fixed in a specific position relative to the Earth's surface, making them ideal for applications such as communication and weather monitoring.

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156. What causes the ocean currents in the northern Indian Ocean to reverse directions between the February/March and August/September time frames?

Explanation

The ocean currents in the northern Indian Ocean reverse directions between the February/March and August/September time frames due to monsoonal flow. Monsoonal flow refers to the seasonal wind patterns that occur in the region. During the winter months, the northeast monsoon blows from land to sea, causing the ocean currents to flow in a certain direction. However, during the summer months, the southwest monsoon blows from sea to land, causing the ocean currents to reverse their direction. This change in wind patterns and the resulting monsoonal flow is responsible for the reversal of ocean currents in the northern Indian Ocean.

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157. What is the effect of a forest on local temperatures?

Explanation

Forests have a moderating effect on local temperatures. During the day, the trees provide shade and evaporative cooling, which leads to lower maximum temperatures. At night, the dense tree cover traps heat and prevents it from escaping, resulting in higher minimum temperatures. This combination of lower maximums and higher minimums is the effect of a forest on local temperatures.

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158. Name the five basic climatic zones.

Explanation

The correct answer is The Torrid (or Tropical) Zone, the two Temperate Zones, and the two Polar Zones (or Frigid Zones). This answer accurately identifies the five basic climatic zones. The Torrid Zone, also known as the Tropical Zone, is characterized by high temperatures and abundant rainfall. The two Temperate Zones have moderate temperatures and distinct seasons. The two Polar Zones, also known as the Frigid Zones, are located near the North and South Poles and have extremely cold temperatures.

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159. What are the climatic elements upon which Köppen's classifications are based?

Explanation

Köppen's classifications are based on temperature, precipitation amounts, and season of maximum precipitation. This means that when categorizing climates, Köppen considers the average temperature, the amount of precipitation throughout the year, and the specific season in which precipitation is highest. These three factors help determine the different climate types and subtypes in Köppen's classification system.

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160. What are the two temperature indexes that forecasters calculate?

Explanation

Forecasters calculate two temperature indexes: equivalent chill temperature and heat index. The equivalent chill temperature takes into account both the air temperature and wind speed to determine how cold it feels outside. The heat index, on the other hand, factors in both the air temperature and relative humidity to calculate how hot it feels. These indexes provide valuable information for individuals to understand the potential effects of weather conditions on their comfort and well-being.

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161. The average or collective state of the earth's atmosphere at any given location or area within a specified period is known as

Explanation

Climate refers to the long-term average weather conditions in a specific area or location. It takes into account various factors such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind patterns, and atmospheric conditions. Unlike weather, which can change from day to day, climate represents the overall patterns and trends over a longer period of time. Therefore, the correct answer is climate.

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162. How many channels are sensed by special sensor microwave/imagery (SSM/I)?

Explanation

The special sensor microwave/imagery (SSM/I) is capable of sensing a total of 7 channels. These channels include both microwave and imagery channels, allowing the sensor to capture and analyze various types of data. The multiple channels provide valuable information for weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and other scientific research purposes.

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163. What is the scan width of the special sensor microwave/imagery (SSM/I) at the earth's surface?

Explanation

The scan width of the special sensor microwave/imagery (SSM/I) at the earth's surface is 1,400 kilometers.

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164. What special sensor microwave/imagery (SSM/I) product form is derived from SDRs and contains environmental parameters directly usable by oceanographers?

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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165. The climate of a region is impacted most by

Explanation

The climate of a region is impacted most by latitude because it determines the amount of solar radiation received. As latitude increases, the angle at which the sunlight hits the Earth's surface becomes more oblique, resulting in less concentrated heat. This leads to cooler temperatures in higher latitudes and warmer temperatures in lower latitudes. Additionally, latitude affects the length of daylight hours, which influences the amount of heat absorbed and the duration of seasons.

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166. Which pressure centers are the major climatic controls affecting climate?

Explanation

Semipermanent pressure centers are the major climatic controls affecting climate. Unlike migratory pressure centers which move and change, semipermanent pressure centers are more stable and have a significant influence on weather patterns and climate. These centers, such as the subtropical high-pressure systems and the subpolar low-pressure systems, play a crucial role in determining wind patterns, precipitation, and temperature distribution in different regions. They can result in the formation of specific climate zones, such as deserts or rainforests, and have a long-lasting impact on the overall climate of an area.

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167. Where would the jet axis be located with lee-of-the-mountain cirrus?

Explanation

The jet axis would be located about 1 degree of latitude on the poleward side of the cirrus cloud.

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168. What are the two best clues for locating the North Pacific Current?

Explanation

The North Pacific Current can be best located by observing the temperature and salinity of the water. Temperature can provide valuable information about the movement and direction of the current, as warmer water tends to flow towards colder water. Salinity, on the other hand, can indicate the density of the water, which can affect the flow and direction of the current. By analyzing both temperature and salinity, scientists can accurately locate the North Pacific Current.

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169. What central pressure would a low have if the maximum winds are found in the northern semicircle of the low center?

Explanation

A low pressure system is characterized by the rotation of air around a center of low pressure. The strongest winds in a low pressure system are typically found in the northern semicircle of the center. Therefore, if the maximum winds are found in the northern semicircle, it suggests that the low pressure center is relatively strong. The central pressure of a low pressure system is inversely related to its strength, meaning that a lower central pressure indicates a stronger system. Therefore, if the maximum winds are in the northern semicircle, it suggests that the central pressure of the low would be relatively high, falling within the range of 980 to 989 mb.

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170. The heat index depends on the

Explanation

The heat index is a measure of how hot it feels when relative humidity is factored in with the actual air temperature. It takes into account the body's ability to cool itself through sweating and evaporation, and higher humidity makes it harder for sweat to evaporate, making it feel hotter. Wind and cloud cover can affect the heat index indirectly by influencing the rate of evaporation and cooling, but they are not direct factors in calculating the heat index. Therefore, the correct answer is temperature and relative humidity.

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171. With a warm front, the amount and type of cloudiness depends on the amount of

Explanation

The correct answer is "available moisture and the stability of the warm air." When a warm front moves in, it brings warmer air into an area, which can hold more moisture. The amount of cloudiness will depend on the availability of moisture in the warm air. Additionally, the stability of the warm air will also play a role in determining the type and amount of cloudiness. If the warm air is stable, it is less likely to form clouds, while if it is unstable, it can lead to the development of convective clouds and storms.

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172. If no inversion is present, forecast the maximum surface wind gusts to be

Explanation

In the absence of inversion, the surface wind gusts are expected to be 80 percent of the 5,000-foot wind speed. This is because as we move closer to the surface, the friction between the air and the ground slows down the wind speed. Therefore, the surface wind speed is typically lower than the wind speed at higher altitudes. The 5,000-foot wind speed is chosen as the reference because it represents a higher altitude and is less affected by surface friction compared to the 2,000-foot wind speed.

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173. Which ice protection system is activated before the aircraft enters the icing condition?

Explanation

The correct answer is Anti-icing equipment. Anti-icing equipment is activated before the aircraft enters the icing condition in order to prevent ice from forming on the aircraft surfaces. It typically involves the use of heated surfaces or fluids to keep the critical parts of the aircraft free from ice. Deicing equipment, on the other hand, is used to remove ice that has already formed on the aircraft surfaces. Ionization equipment and ice removal blowers are not typically used as part of the ice protection system.

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174. With a frontal system, the greatest icing occurs when updrafts exist. The only exception to this rule is when icing is associated with

Explanation

The correct answer is freezing precipitation. In a frontal system, the greatest icing occurs when updrafts exist, but the only exception to this rule is when icing is associated with freezing precipitation. This means that even without updrafts, icing can still occur if there is freezing precipitation present.

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175. What are the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rates in C?

Explanation

The correct answer states that the moist adiabatic lapse rate is 6 per 1,000 meters, while the dry adiabatic lapse rate is 10 C per 1,000 meters. This means that for every 1,000 meters of vertical ascent, the temperature decreases by 6 C in a moist adiabatic lapse rate and by 10 C in a dry adiabatic lapse rate.

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176. Which is a vectorial average?

Explanation

The vectorial average refers to the resultant wind, which is the combination of both the wind speed and direction. It takes into account the magnitude and direction of the wind to determine the overall effect. The maximum wind gusts, average wind speed, and prevailing wind direction are all important factors in understanding the wind patterns, but they do not represent the vectorial average as they only provide partial information about the wind.

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177. What are the two fastest ocean currents in the Northern Hemisphere?

Explanation

The Kuroshio System and the Gulf Stream are the two fastest ocean currents in the Northern Hemisphere. The Kuroshio System, also known as the Japan Current, is a warm current that flows along the eastern coast of Japan at a speed of about 3-4 knots. The Gulf Stream is a powerful warm current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows along the eastern coast of the United States at a speed of about 4-5 knots. These currents play a significant role in redistributing heat and influencing climate patterns in their respective regions.

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178. Leeside clearing along the eastern slopes of the Rockies and the Appalachian Mountains indicates the winds

Explanation

The leeside clearing along the eastern slopes of the Rockies and the Appalachian Mountains indicates that the winds on the leeside cross the mountain ridge line at an angle of greater than 45 degrees. This is because the leeside clearing is a result of the wind being forced to rise over the mountain ridge, causing it to change direction and flow down the other side at an angle. If the angle of the wind crossing the ridge line was less than 45 degrees, it would not create a clearing on the leeside.

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179. What happens to cumulus clouds that develop upwind of a lake and over warm land in the summer as they move over the comparatively cooler lake?

Explanation

As cumulus clouds move over a cooler lake, they experience a decrease in temperature from below. This cooling effect causes the clouds to dissipate, meaning they gradually break apart and disappear. This is because the cooler air over the lake hinders the upward movement of warm air that sustains the clouds, leading to their dissipation.

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180. With a flat, fast westerly flow aloft, in which direction does the snow or rain zone spread?

Explanation

With a flat, fast westerly flow aloft, the snow or rain zone spreads eastward. This is because the westerly flow pushes the precipitation system from west to east. As the system moves, it spreads the snow or rain zone in the same eastward direction.

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181. What region of the CONUS has the most thunderstorm activity?

Explanation

The Southeast United States has the most thunderstorm activity. This region is known for its humid subtropical climate, which provides the necessary conditions for the formation of thunderstorms. The warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean collides with cooler air masses, creating instability and triggering thunderstorm development. Additionally, the Southeast is prone to severe weather events, including tornadoes and hurricanes, which further contribute to the high thunderstorm activity in this region.

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182. How long can a post-frontal dust storm last?

Explanation

A post-frontal dust storm can last up to five days. This is because these storms are caused by the strong winds that occur after a cold front passes through an area. These winds can pick up dust and debris, creating a dust storm that can persist for several days. The duration of the storm depends on various factors such as wind speed, atmospheric conditions, and the amount of dust available to be lifted. Therefore, it is possible for a post-frontal dust storm to last up to five days.

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183. Why does the isobar spacing on a Skew-T chart increase from the bottom to the top of the chart?

Explanation

As altitude increases, the density of the atmosphere decreases. This means that there are fewer air molecules in a given volume of space at higher altitudes compared to lower altitudes. The isobar spacing on a Skew-T chart represents lines of constant pressure, and since pressure decreases with height, the isobar spacing increases from the bottom to the top of the chart. This accounts for the decrease in density of the atmosphere with height.

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184. Typically how much sunlight does a station near the equator receive?

Explanation

A station near the equator typically receives 12 hours of sunlight. This is because the equator is located at 0 degrees latitude, where the sun is directly overhead at noon. As the Earth rotates on its axis, each point on the equator experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. This is in contrast to locations farther from the equator, where the length of daylight varies throughout the year.

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185. Which sides of mountains  receive the greatest amount of precipitation?

Explanation

The windward sides of mountains receive the greatest amount of precipitation. When air is forced to rise over a mountain, it cools and condenses, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation. As the air descends on the leeward side, it becomes drier and loses much of its moisture, resulting in less precipitation. Thus, the windward side, where the air is forced to rise, experiences more rainfall compared to the leeward side.

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186. What frequencies have two channels to include both horizontal and vertical polarizations?

Explanation

The frequencies 19.3, 37, and 85.5GHz have two channels to include both horizontal and vertical polarizations.

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187. What is the basic cause for deflection of ocean currents and air?

Explanation

The Coriolis force is the basic cause for the deflection of ocean currents and air. It is a result of the rotation of the Earth, causing moving objects to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This force influences the direction of winds and ocean currents, leading to their deflection from their original path.

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188. Which is not a use for water vapor imagery?

Explanation

Water vapor imagery is a useful tool for meteorologists to identify potential thunderstorm areas, determine the polar front and subtropical jets, and identify circulation centers, troughs, ridges, and wind maximums. However, it is not typically used to determine the thickness of mid and upper-level clouds. Other methods, such as cloud thickness measurements from satellite data or vertical profiling using weather balloons, are more commonly used for this purpose.

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189. The highest and lowest value for any given meteorological element that has occurred over a particular period is known as the

Explanation

The highest and lowest value for any given meteorological element that has occurred over a particular period refers to the extreme values. These extreme values represent the upper and lower limits of the element's measurements during that specific time frame. The mean refers to the average value, while normal refers to the typical or expected value. Absolute does not accurately describe the concept of highest and lowest values.

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190. What two general topographical features have the greatest affect on the climate of an area?

Explanation

Altitude and mountain barriers have the greatest affect on the climate of an area. Altitude refers to the height above sea level, and as altitude increases, the temperature decreases. This is because the air becomes thinner and cannot hold as much heat. Mountain barriers can block the movement of air masses, causing them to rise and cool, leading to the formation of clouds and precipitation on the windward side of the mountains. Additionally, mountains can create rain shadows, where the leeward side of the mountains experiences drier conditions. Therefore, altitude and mountain barriers play a significant role in shaping the climate of an area.

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191. What causes winds generally to flow up the mountain?

Explanation

Differential heating causes winds to generally flow up the mountain. As the sun heats different parts of the mountain at different rates, the air near the warmer areas becomes less dense and rises, creating an area of low pressure. The cooler air from higher altitudes then flows towards this area of low pressure, resulting in an upward movement of air along the mountain slopes. This differential heating process is responsible for the upward flow of winds up the mountain.

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192. Which is false concerning the classification of systems?

Explanation

This statement is false because mesoscale systems can indeed influence local winds, temperatures, and clouds. Mesoscale systems refer to weather systems that are smaller in scale than synoptic systems but larger than microscale systems. They can include phenomena such as thunderstorms, sea breezes, and land breezes, all of which can have a direct impact on local weather conditions.

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193. Which of the following is a mesoscale system?

Explanation

A mesoscale system refers to weather phenomena that occur on a regional scale, typically spanning tens to hundreds of kilometers. The term "mesolow" refers to a mesoscale low-pressure system, which is a weather system characterized by a low-pressure center and associated weather patterns. This option is the only one that directly mentions a mesoscale system, making it the correct answer. "Long wave trough" and "short wave trough" refer to different types of atmospheric troughs, while "semi-permanent cyclone" refers to a large-scale cyclonic system that persists for an extended period, rather than a mesoscale system.

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194. When interpreting clouds in the lower troposphere, what can you use to help determine the low-level windflow?

Explanation

Terrain effects can be used to help determine the low-level windflow when interpreting clouds in the lower troposphere. The topography of the land can influence the movement and direction of the wind, causing variations in wind speed and direction at different altitudes. By observing the effects of the terrain on the clouds, such as the shape and movement of the clouds over mountains or valleys, one can infer the low-level windflow.

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195. Where would you expect predominantly wet, cloudy, and relatively warm winter weather in Canada?

Explanation

The west coast region of Canada is known for predominantly wet, cloudy, and relatively warm winter weather. This is due to the influence of the Pacific Ocean, which brings moisture and mild temperatures to the area. The ocean currents and prevailing winds from the west contribute to the wet and cloudy conditions, while the proximity to the coast helps to moderate the temperatures, keeping them relatively warm compared to other parts of Canada.

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196. Which would be useful for testing and developing new forecast techniques?

Explanation

A forecast study would be useful for testing and developing new forecast techniques because it involves a systematic analysis of past and present data to identify patterns and trends. By studying previous forecasts and their accuracy, researchers can gain insights into the effectiveness of different techniques and make improvements. This helps in refining and developing new forecast techniques that can provide more accurate predictions for future events.

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197. After reanalyzing the data for a forecast review or study, what analysis approach should be used to construct a logical three-dimensional description of the atmosphere?

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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198. Generally, what front is connected with the snow or rain zone?

Explanation

The correct answer is Polar. The Polar front is the boundary between cold polar air and warmer air from the mid-latitudes. This front is associated with the formation of low-pressure systems and is often responsible for bringing snow or rain to an area. The Polar front is most commonly found in the polar regions, hence the name.

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199. Cap, rotor, and lenticular clouds are characteristic of which forced-circulation wind?

Explanation

Cap, rotor, and lenticular clouds are characteristic of Foehn Winds. Foehn winds are warm, dry winds that occur when moist air is forced up and over a mountain range. As the air rises, it cools and condenses, forming clouds. However, as the air descends on the leeward side of the mountain, it warms and dries out, causing the clouds to dissipate. The cap, rotor, and lenticular clouds are specific types of clouds that form in the stable, moist air on the windward side of the mountain and indicate the presence of Foehn winds.

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200. What values do you need to compute the pressure altitude?

Explanation

To compute the pressure altitude, you need to know the field elevation, which is the altitude of the airport above sea level, and the altimeter setting, which is the current atmospheric pressure at that location. The pressure altitude is then calculated by adjusting the field elevation based on the altimeter setting. This is necessary because the altimeter measures pressure, not actual altitude, and the altimeter setting allows for accurate altitude readings by adjusting for variations in atmospheric pressure.

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What type of thunderstorm is often confused with a frontal passage?
What term refers to the supercell downdraft associated with the gust...
What are the two primary forecast concerns when forecasting a haboob?
What type of temperature advection in the lower levels increases the...
Evaporation is an important climatic element over which regions?
Why is the average amount of precipitation not a good way to compare...
Which mountains prevent polar air masses from moving southward?
What mainly causes ocean currents?
Why is the exact location of the anticyclone's circulation center...
What North Atlantic current/system is similar to the Kuroshio system?
Name the branches into which the Kuroshio system divides.
The most commonly used climatological parameter is the
Which clouds form parallel to, and on the equatorward side of the jet...
The Gulf Stream System is made up of the
What phenomena are caused by the wind flow interacting with an ocean...
The equivalent chill factor depends on the
Describe a macroscale system.
The horizontal axis where air parcels are moving away from the col is...
How would you classify the Asian climate?
What affect does the amplitude of a long wave trough or ridge have on...
Which products are considered standard for detecting the long wave...
What cloud pattern develops into a comma cloud 75 percent of the time?
Relatively warm temperatures exist in Alaska during the summer due to...
What is the difference between a forecast study and a review?
Which general tool for forecasting winds are graphical in nature,...
What tool provides a summary of monthly and annual climatic data for a...
How do strong winds affect heating?
Which term defines a change in state from a solid to a gas?
What is the most efficient method of cloud droplet growth?
Turbulence should not be anticipated in areas of:
What are the only two agencies authorized to issue warnings on...
What wind speed do strong nonconvective winds exceed?
Convective temperature is the temperature that surface air must reach...
Of what areas do polar orbiting satellites provide coverage?
How fast do the currents of the Gulf Stream system move?
Straight-line winds of a constant wind speed would characterize a wind...
Thunderstorm occurrences are an example of
The type of deviation used most often in meteorological studies is the
Rome, Italy and New York City are at approximately the same latitude,...
A secondary cause of the surface ocean currents is the
Cloud streets are very similar to cloud lines except the
Trewartha's climatic classification states that mountainous (highland...
Describe a mesoscale system.
Which of the following is a synoptic system?
How can the process of determining the root causes of a weather...
What is the three-part arrangement that most communication follows?
What is density altitude?
What changes of state absorb heat from the surrounding environment?
Which condition increases the probability of fog formation?
What type icing, if any, will an aircraft encounter if icing...
The combination of cold air aloft and warm surface air can produce a
Where would you forecast heavy snow in relation to the path of the...
The northern extension of the Gulf Stream system is called the
What two fog types can we best discern on meteorological satellite...
An area has a stationary air mass over its coastline and the land...
The size and shape of a cumulonimbus cloud's anvil cirrus are...
What is a general tool for forecasting clouds that is derived from...
What is the primary concern when forecasting shamals?
What is  upwelling?
If the boundaries of the hot belt are determined by given isotherms,...
What is taking place in the atmosphere when enhanced cumulus starts to...
What often determines the name of a synoptic weather regime?
Which of the following information is not available via the...
Except for possible convection along the cold front, which conveyor...
When you estimate sea-level pressures using meteorological satellite...
What is the most important climatic element in Africa?
Forecast reviews will generally fall under the following four...
The type and intensity of precipitation observed at the earth's...
A heat wave over the Midwestern and eastern part of the United States...
How long can surface winds keep a vortex of turbulence over a runway?
What is the average 500mb wind flow angle for an NWF event?
What kind of thunderstorm is the closest to a three-stage, non-severe...
What indicates a temperature increase with an increase in height...
Which element of precipitation includes such deposits as dew, frost,...
Climatologists are mostly interested in which elements of wind?
Under Wien's Law, on what is the wavelength of the maximum irradiance...
What is the effect of land and water distribution on air circulation...
Geosynchronous satellites orbit the earth at the same angular velocity...
What causes the ocean currents in the northern Indian Ocean to reverse...
What is the effect of a forest on local temperatures?
Name the five basic climatic zones.
What are the climatic elements upon which Köppen's...
What are the two temperature indexes that forecasters calculate?
The average or collective state of the earth's atmosphere at any given...
How many channels are sensed by special sensor microwave/imagery...
What is the scan width of the special sensor microwave/imagery (SSM/I)...
What special sensor microwave/imagery (SSM/I) product form is derived...
The climate of a region is impacted most by
Which pressure centers are the major climatic controls affecting...
Where would the jet axis be located with lee-of-the-mountain cirrus?
What are the two best clues for locating the North Pacific Current?
What central pressure would a low have if the maximum winds are found...
The heat index depends on the
With a warm front, the amount and type of cloudiness depends on the...
If no inversion is present, forecast the maximum surface wind gusts to...
Which ice protection system is activated before the aircraft enters...
With a frontal system, the greatest icing occurs when updrafts exist....
What are the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rates in C?
Which is a vectorial average?
What are the two fastest ocean currents in the Northern Hemisphere?
Leeside clearing along the eastern slopes of the Rockies and the...
What happens to cumulus clouds that develop upwind of a lake and over...
With a flat, fast westerly flow aloft, in which direction does the...
What region of the CONUS has the most thunderstorm activity?
How long can a post-frontal dust storm last?
Why does the isobar spacing on a Skew-T chart increase from the bottom...
Typically how much sunlight does a station near the equator receive?
Which sides of mountains  receive the greatest amount of...
What frequencies have two channels to include both horizontal and...
What is the basic cause for deflection of ocean currents and air?
Which is not a use for water vapor imagery?
The highest and lowest value for any given meteorological element that...
What two general topographical features have the greatest affect on...
What causes winds generally to flow up the mountain?
Which is false concerning the classification of systems?
Which of the following is a mesoscale system?
When interpreting clouds in the lower troposphere, what can you use to...
Where would you expect predominantly wet, cloudy, and relatively warm...
Which would be useful for testing and developing new forecast...
After reanalyzing the data for a forecast review or study, what...
Generally, what front is connected with the snow or rain zone?
Cap, rotor, and lenticular clouds are characteristic of which...
What values do you need to compute the pressure altitude?
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