1.
_________best describes the process of understanding climate change
A. 
Observations interpretation prediction
B. 
Prediction observations interpretation
C. 
Prediction interpretation observations
D. 
Interpretation prediction observations
2.
Warmer climate -> more evaporation -> more water vapor -> greenhouse effect; this process is a ___ feedback leading to ___ climate
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
3.
Over 100 Myr time scale, the most important source of atmospheric C02 is _____
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
4.
For deriving the temperature of the geologic past, there are four basic steps:
i. Establish modern calibration
ii. Calculate paleo-T
iii. Collect fossil data
iv. Cross checking between proxies
What is the correct order for them _______
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
5.
Temperature has been ____ in the last 50 Myr
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
6.
______is not one of the main orbital cycles that affect glacial cycles.
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
7.
Based on the 180 record, the transition between 41 kyr cycle and 100 kyr cycle happened roughly at ______ million years ago
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
8.
Oxygen minimum zone refers to the water depth where organic matters are ____ and nutrients are _____
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
9.
____is the correct order of deep water oxygen level from high to low
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
10.
During glacial periods, part of atmospheric carbon was stored in____
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
11.
LGM refers to a period of ____
A. 
Most recent strong glaciation
B. 
Most recent strong deglaciation
C. 
D. 
12.
LGM was approximately _____ kyr ago
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
13.
Summer insolation during LGM is ____ today’s
14.
According to CLIMAP reconstruction, global sea surface temperature (SST) during LGM was generally ____ than today’s SST in most ocean basins, except for large areas
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
15.
Canada was covered by _____ ice sheet during LGM
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
16.
In the figure on the left, darker color shows the temperature and precipitation range for higher spruce population. The figure on right indicates that this core likely recorded _____ conditions from 13 to 10 kyr.
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
17.
Figure on the right shows that recent alkenone-based tropical sea surface temperature for LGM are lower than the CLIMAP estimates. It somewhat explains the debate of warm tropics by indicating that______
A. 
CLIMAP data could be wrong
B. 
CLIMAP data might not be sufficient
C. 
Temperature fluctuation is bigger in tropics
18.
The history of N. American ice sheet retreat was revealed by radiocarbon dating of _
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
19.
Sea level curve on the right shows that the speed of glacial melting was highest at ___ years ago among
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
20.
Summer insolation was highest around 10ka (since LGM) but rapid sea level rise started before that time because ____
A. 
Ice-sheet response can pre-date insolation
B. 
Ice-sheet was bigger before 10ka
C. 
Ocean volume was smaller before 10ka
D. 
Melting was not controlled by insolation
21.
Two pulses were found for global-average ice-sheet melting rate based on____
A. 
C14 dated sea level curve
B. 
U-Th dated sea level curve
C. 
D. 
22.
_____value in foram is a convincing evidence of local meltwater event.
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
23.
Paleoceanographer Wally Brocker proposed that meltwater from the N.American ice sheet drained into N. Atlantic and stopped the thermohaline circulation during ____
A. 
B. 
C. 
D. 
24.
The leading hypothesis to explain millennial oscillations in high resolution ice-core records is ____
A. 
B. 
C. 
Ice-sheet melting oscillation
D. 
Greenhouse gas oscillation
25.
____hypothesis states that long-term drying of Africa turned rain forests into grass lands, influencing early human evolution. The evidence comes from C13 changes that were related to the shift from ____ vegetation.
A. 
B. 
C. 
D.