Ear 111 Practice Final

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pH of normal seawater is around_____
- 2
- 5
- 8
- 10

About This Quiz

The EAR 111 Practice Final assesses understanding of climate change, feedback mechanisms, sources of atmospheric CO2, and historical climate trends. It is designed for learners to evaluate key processes in Earth's climate system and interpret geologic data.

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2.

A comparison of temperature patterns within the atmosphere between the observation and the model calculations clearly indicate that ____ is the cause of most recent
- Human
- Nature
Correct Answer

A. Human

Explanation

The comparison of temperature patterns within the atmosphere between the observation and the model calculations indicates that the cause of the most recent changes is human activity. This is because the term "human" is the only option provided that can be linked to human-induced changes in the atmosphere. The other option, "nature," is more general and does not specifically attribute the changes to human influence. Therefore, the correct answer is "human."

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3.

The disappearing of Mayan was suggested to be related to ____ by climatologist
- Freezing
- Drought
- Earthquake
- Riots
Correct Answer

A. Drought

Explanation

The correct answer is drought. The disappearance of the Mayan civilization is believed to be linked to a prolonged period of drought. Climatologists have found evidence of a severe and extended dry spell during the time when the Mayan civilization collapsed. This drought would have caused crop failures, water shortages, and ultimately led to societal collapse. The lack of rainfall would have had a devastating impact on agriculture, which was the main source of sustenance for the Mayans. As a result, the Mayans were forced to abandon their cities and disperse in search of more favorable conditions.

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4.

Secretary of Energy Steven Chu proposed to use ____ for reflecting solar heat.
- White roof
- White siding
- White lawn
- White car
Correct Answer

A. White roof

Explanation

Secretary of Energy Steven Chu proposed to use white roofs for reflecting solar heat. This is because white roofs have a higher albedo, meaning they reflect more sunlight back into space rather than absorbing it. This helps to reduce the amount of heat that is transferred into buildings, thus decreasing the need for air conditioning and ultimately reducing energy consumption. Additionally, white roofs can help mitigate the urban heat island effect by lowering surface temperatures in cities.

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5.

Canada was covered by _____ ice sheet during LGM
- Cordilleran
- Laurentide
- Greenland
- Scandinavian
Correct Answer

A. Laurentide

Explanation

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Canada was covered by the Laurentide ice sheet. The Laurentide ice sheet was the largest ice mass during the LGM and extended across much of North America, including most of Canada and parts of the northern United States. It was formed by the accumulation of snow over thousands of years, which gradually compressed into ice. The Laurentide ice sheet played a significant role in shaping the landscape of Canada, leaving behind glacial landforms such as moraines, eskers, and drumlins.

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6.

Recent ocean acidification is caused by ____
- Vinegar
- Fossil fuel burning
- Industrial waste water
- Acid rain
Correct Answer

A. Fossil fuel burning

Explanation

Ocean acidification refers to the decrease in pH levels of the Earth's oceans, making them more acidic. This process is primarily caused by the increased concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, which is a result of human activities such as burning fossil fuels. When fossil fuels are burned, they release CO2 into the atmosphere, which then gets absorbed by the oceans. This leads to a chemical reaction that increases the acidity of the water, posing a threat to marine life and ecosystems. Therefore, fossil fuel burning is the correct answer for the cause of recent ocean acidification.

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7.

Lichens on Canadian Baffin island were killed during Little Ice Age due to the lack of
- Heat
- Water
- Sunlight
- Nutrient
Correct Answer

A. Sunlight

Explanation

During the Little Ice Age, lichens on Canadian Baffin Island were killed due to the lack of sunlight. Lichens are symbiotic organisms that require sunlight for photosynthesis, which is their primary source of energy. The reduced sunlight during the Little Ice Age would have limited the ability of lichens to produce food, leading to their death. This lack of sunlight would have had a significant impact on the survival and growth of lichens in the region.

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8.

CO2 forms ____ at high pressure and low temperature conditions at seafloor, which can be used to store C.
- Graphite
- Diamond
- Dry ice
- Hydrate
Correct Answer

A. Hydrate

Explanation

CO2 forms hydrate at high pressure and low temperature conditions at seafloor, which can be used to store C.

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9.

Nobel prize winner Pau Crutzen proposed that creating sulfate aerosol in ____ may cool down the earth to some extent.
- Lower tropopsphere
- Upper tropopsphere
- Mesophere
- Stratosphere
Correct Answer

A. Stratosphere

Explanation

Pau Crutzen, a Nobel prize winner, suggested that by creating sulfate aerosol in the stratosphere, it could potentially cool down the earth. The stratosphere is the second layer of the Earth's atmosphere, located above the troposphere. This proposal is based on the idea that the sulfate aerosols would reflect sunlight back into space, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface and thus lowering temperatures.

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10.

Warmer climate -> more evaporation -> more water vapor -> greenhouse effect; this process is a ___ feedback leading to ___ climate
- Positive and warmer
- Positive and cooler
- Negative and warmer
- Negative and cooler
Correct Answer

A. Positive and warmer

Explanation

As the climate becomes warmer, it leads to increased evaporation of water. This increased evaporation results in more water vapor in the atmosphere, which enhances the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect then traps more heat in the atmosphere, further contributing to a warmer climate. This feedback loop is known as a positive feedback, as each step reinforces and amplifies the initial warming trend. Therefore, the correct answer is positive and warmer.

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11.

Among the following minerals, ____ is not the product of carbon sequestration
- CaCO3
- MgCO3
- FeCO2
- AI(OH)3
Correct Answer

A. AI(OH)3

Explanation

AI(OH)3 is not the product of carbon sequestration because it does not contain carbon. Carbon sequestration refers to the process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide (CO2) to prevent it from being released into the atmosphere. CaCO3, MgCO3, and FeCO2 all contain carbon and are formed through the sequestration of carbon. However, AI(OH)3 is aluminum hydroxide and does not contain carbon, so it is not a product of carbon sequestration.

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12.

For deriving the temperature of the geologic past, there are four basic steps: i. Establish modern calibration ii. Calculate paleo-T iii. Collect fossil data iv. Cross checking between proxies What is the correct order for them _______
- Iv, i, ii, iii
- I, iv, ii, iii
- I, iii, ii, iv
- Iv, ii, i ,iii
Correct Answer

A. I, iii, ii, iv

Explanation

The first step in deriving the temperature of the geologic past is to establish a modern calibration. This involves gathering data on current temperature patterns and using it as a reference point. The next step is to collect fossil data, which provides information about past climates. Once the fossil data is collected, the paleo-T (paleo-temperature) can be calculated using various methods and techniques. Finally, cross-checking between proxies is done to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the temperature reconstruction. Therefore, the correct order is i, iii, ii, iv.

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13.

Paleoceanographer Wally Brocker proposed that meltwater from the N.American ice sheet drained into N. Atlantic and stopped the thermohaline circulation during ____
- Younger Dryas
- Little Ice Age
- Medieval warm period
- LGM
Correct Answer

A. Younger Dryas

Explanation

During the Younger Dryas period, there was a sudden and significant cooling of the Earth's climate. Wally Broecker proposed that this cooling was caused by the influx of meltwater from the North American ice sheet into the North Atlantic. This influx of freshwater disrupted the thermohaline circulation, which is the global oceanic circulation system driven by differences in temperature and salinity. The disruption of this circulation system resulted in a decrease in the transport of heat from the equator to the poles, leading to the cooling of the climate during the Younger Dryas.

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14.

_________best describes the process of understanding climate change
- Observations interpretation prediction
- Prediction observations interpretation
- Prediction interpretation observations
- Interpretation prediction observations
Correct Answer

A. Observations interpretation prediction

Explanation

Understanding climate change involves a three-step process. First, observations are made to gather data on various aspects of the climate system, such as temperature, precipitation, and greenhouse gas concentrations. These observations provide a foundation of empirical evidence. Second, interpretation is necessary to analyze and make sense of the observed data. This involves identifying patterns, trends, and relationships within the data and determining their significance. Finally, prediction involves using the observed data and interpreted patterns to make projections about future climate conditions and potential impacts. Therefore, the correct order for the process of understanding climate change is observations, interpretation, and prediction.

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15.

The collapse of Tang Dynasty and Mongol empire in China coincided with ____
- Strong monsoon
- Weak monsoon
- Extreme cooling
- Extreme warming
Correct Answer

A. Weak monsoon

Explanation

The collapse of the Tang Dynasty and Mongol empire in China coincided with weak monsoon. Weak monsoon refers to a decrease in the intensity or duration of the monsoon season, which can lead to reduced rainfall and drought conditions. This could have had a significant impact on agriculture, causing crop failures and food shortages, ultimately contributing to the downfall of these empires.

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16.

During glacial periods, part of atmospheric carbon was stored in____
- Soil
- Ocean
- Riverbeds
- Wetland
Correct Answer

A. Ocean

Explanation

During glacial periods, part of atmospheric carbon was stored in the ocean. This is because colder temperatures during glacial periods caused the oceans to absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The increased solubility of carbon dioxide in cold water allowed the ocean to act as a carbon sink, effectively storing carbon and reducing its concentration in the atmosphere. This process helped to regulate the Earth's climate by removing carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, from the atmosphere and reducing its warming effect.

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17.

El nino was more frequent at ______, among the following time periods
- 1500-1600
- 1600-1700
- 1700-1800
- 1800-1900
Correct Answer

A. 1800-1900

Explanation

During the time period of 1800-1900, El Nino events were more frequent compared to the other time periods listed.

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18.

In a higher CO2 world, biological calcification becomes ____ and carbonate dissolution becomes _____
- Easier, harder
- Harder, harder
- Harder, easier
- Easier, easier
Correct Answer

A. Harder, easier

Explanation

In a higher CO2 world, biological calcification becomes harder because increased CO2 levels lead to ocean acidification, making it more difficult for organisms to form calcium carbonate structures. On the other hand, carbonate dissolution becomes easier as higher CO2 levels increase the acidity of the ocean, causing the dissolution of carbonate minerals.

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19.

Temperature has been ____ in the last 50 Myr
- Steadily dropping
- Steadily rising
- Constant
- Fluctuating
Correct Answer

A. Steadily rising

Explanation

The correct answer is "steadily rising." This means that the temperature has been consistently increasing over the last 50 million years.

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20.

Glacial-interglacial CO2 fluctuations are roughly between 200 and 280 ppm. The current atmospheric CO2 level is about ___ ppm above the interglacial maximum value.
- 10
- 20
- 100
- 200
Correct Answer

A. 100

Explanation

The given information states that glacial-interglacial CO2 fluctuations range from 200 to 280 ppm. The question asks for the current atmospheric CO2 level above the interglacial maximum value. Since the interglacial maximum value is 280 ppm, the current atmospheric CO2 level is 100 ppm above that value.

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21.

____is the correct order of deep water oxygen level from high to low
- Atlantic Indian Pacific
- Indian Pacific Atlantic
- Pacific Atlantic Indian
- Pacific Indian Atlantic
Correct Answer

A. Pacific Indian Atlantic

Explanation

The correct order of deep water oxygen level from high to low is Pacific, Indian, Atlantic.

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22.

Strong ocean deoxygenation events in the past left ___ in geological deposits
- Limestone
- Organic rich shale
- Organic lean shale
- Granite
Correct Answer

A. Organic rich shale

Explanation

Strong ocean deoxygenation events in the past caused an increase in the deposition of organic matter in marine sediments. This organic matter eventually became buried and preserved in geological deposits, specifically in organic rich shale. Shale is a type of sedimentary rock that forms from the compaction of fine-grained sediments, and when it contains a high amount of organic material, it is referred to as organic rich shale. Therefore, it is likely that strong ocean deoxygenation events in the past left organic rich shale in geological deposits.

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23.

LGM refers to a period of ____
- Most recent strong glaciation
- Most recent strong deglaciation
- Longest glaciation
- Longest deglaciation
Correct Answer

A. Most recent strong glaciation

Explanation

The term LGM refers to the Last Glacial Maximum, which was the most recent period of strong glaciation. During this time, large parts of the Earth were covered in ice sheets and glaciers, resulting in a significant drop in global temperatures. The LGM occurred approximately 20,000 years ago and marked the peak of the last ice age.

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24.

LGM was approximately _____ kyr ago
- 20
- 40
- 60
- 100
Correct Answer

A. 20

Explanation

LGM refers to the Last Glacial Maximum, which was a period of maximum extent of ice sheets and glaciers during the last ice age. The question is asking for the approximate time in thousands of years ago when the LGM occurred. The correct answer is 20, indicating that the Last Glacial Maximum was approximately 20,000 years ago.

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25.

Figure on the right shows that recent alkenone-based tropical sea surface temperature for LGM are lower than the CLIMAP estimates. It somewhat explains the debate of warm tropics by indicating that______
- CLIMAP data could be wrong
- CLIMAP data might not be sufficient
- Temperature fluctuation is bigger in tropics
Correct Answer

A. Temperature fluctuation is bigger in tropics

Explanation

The figure on the right shows that the recent alkenone-based tropical sea surface temperature for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is lower than the estimates provided by CLIMAP. This suggests that there is a larger temperature fluctuation in the tropics, which could explain the debate about warm tropics. The fact that the alkenone-based data shows lower temperatures than the CLIMAP estimates implies that there may be significant variations in temperature in the tropical regions, leading to the debate about the warmth of the tropics.

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26.

The history of N. American ice sheet retreat was revealed by radiocarbon dating of _
- Ice
- Lake sediments
- Moraine
- Seawater
Correct Answer

A. Lake sediments

Explanation

Lake sediments can provide valuable information about the history of N. American ice sheet retreat because they contain organic material that can be radiocarbon dated. By analyzing the age of the organic material in the sediments, scientists can determine when the ice sheet retreated and the lake formed. This information helps to reconstruct the timeline of ice sheet retreat and understand the patterns and processes involved in the changing climate of North America.

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27.

The reversal in CO2 and CH4 trends around 8-5 ka is related to _____
- Monsoon
- Agriculture
- Ice sheet
- Younger Dryas
Correct Answer

A. Agriculture

Explanation

The reversal in CO2 and CH4 trends around 8-5 ka is related to agriculture. This is because the development of agriculture during this time period led to an increase in human population and the expansion of farming practices. These practices, such as deforestation and the use of fire for land clearance, resulted in the release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere. Therefore, the increase in greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural activities caused the reversal in the trends of CO2 and CH4 during this period.

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28.

____is not one of the effects of warming since 1800.
- Melting of mountain glaciers and sea-ice
- Frequent El Nino
- Frequent draught and stronger tropicals
- Stopping of thermohaline circulation
Correct Answer

A. Stopping of thermohaline circulation

Explanation

The melting of mountain glaciers and sea-ice, frequent El Nino events, and frequent droughts and stronger tropical storms are all known effects of warming since 1800. However, the stopping of thermohaline circulation is not one of these effects. Thermohaline circulation refers to the global ocean currents driven by temperature and salinity differences. While climate change can affect ocean circulation patterns, there is currently no evidence to suggest that it has caused a complete stoppage of thermohaline circulation.

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29.

An example of severe ocean acidification due to rapid C release in geological history is____
- Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
- LIttle Ice Age
- Younger Dryas
- Extinction of dinosaur
Correct Answer

A. Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

Explanation

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum is an example of severe ocean acidification due to rapid carbon release in geological history. During this event, which occurred approximately 55 million years ago, there was a significant increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. This led to a rapid increase in ocean temperatures and a subsequent acidification of the oceans. The acidification had detrimental effects on marine life, causing mass extinctions of various species. Therefore, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum is a well-documented example of how rapid carbon release can result in severe ocean acidification.

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30.

Tolerance of low oxygen condition in marine animal is _____
- Very high
- Very low
- Low
- Highly variable
Correct Answer

A. Highly variable

Explanation

Marine animals have varying abilities to tolerate low oxygen conditions. Some species have evolved adaptations that allow them to survive in environments with low oxygen levels, while others are more sensitive and cannot tolerate such conditions. Therefore, the tolerance of low oxygen condition in marine animals is highly variable.

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31.

Shallow hypoxic depth of N Pacific is largely due to ____
- Oxidation of organic matter
- Poor ventilation
- Dissolution of co2
- Photosynthesis
Correct Answer

A. Poor ventilation

Explanation

The shallow hypoxic depth of the North Pacific is largely due to poor ventilation. Poor ventilation refers to the limited exchange of oxygen between the surface and deeper waters. This can occur due to factors such as weak winds, stable water column, and low mixing of surface and deep waters. As a result, oxygen levels decrease with depth, leading to hypoxic conditions. Other factors like oxidation of organic matter, dissolution of CO2, and photosynthesis may also contribute to hypoxia, but poor ventilation is the primary reason in the North Pacific.

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32.

______is not one of the major control of O2 level beneath the surface ocean
- Atmospheric co2
- Ventilation
- Temperature
- Oxygen utilization
Correct Answer

A. Atmospheric co2

Explanation

The major controls of O2 level beneath the surface ocean are ventilation, temperature, and oxygen utilization. Atmospheric CO2 does not directly control the O2 levels in the ocean, so it is not considered one of the major controls.

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33.

Figure below shows human footprint correlate with recent hypoxic events because of ______pollution
- Nutrient
- Co2
- Toxic chemicals
- Heavy metal
Correct Answer

A. Co2

Explanation

The figure shows that human footprint correlates with recent hypoxic events, meaning that there is a connection between human activities and the occurrence of these events. The question asks for the cause of this correlation, and the correct answer is CO2 pollution. CO2 pollution refers to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through various human activities, such as burning fossil fuels. This excess CO2 in the atmosphere contributes to global warming and ocean acidification, which in turn can lead to hypoxic events in marine ecosystems.

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34.

Afforestation and decrease of deforestation rate can lower CO2 level. ____ would be the most ideal place for that such actions.
- Boreal
- Polar Region
- Temperate areas
- The tropics
Correct Answer

A. Temperate areas

Explanation

Temperate areas would be the most ideal place for afforestation and decrease of deforestation rate to lower CO2 levels. This is because temperate areas have a moderate climate and abundant rainfall, which are conducive to the growth of trees and other vegetation. Additionally, temperate areas often have a higher population density and more developed infrastructure, making it easier to implement and manage afforestation projects. By increasing the forest cover in temperate areas, the absorption of CO2 through photosynthesis can be maximized, helping to reduce the overall CO2 levels in the atmosphere.

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35.

Over 100 Myr time scale, the most important source of atmospheric C02 is _____
- Surface ocean
- Soil
- Vegetation
- Mantle
Correct Answer

A. Mantle

Explanation

Over a time scale of over 100 million years, the most significant source of atmospheric CO2 is the mantle. The mantle is the layer of the Earth between the crust and the core, and it contains a large amount of carbon in the form of carbonates and other minerals. Through processes like volcanic activity and tectonic plate movement, carbon from the mantle can be released into the atmosphere as CO2. This long-term release of CO2 from the mantle contributes to the overall levels of atmospheric CO2 over millions of years.

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36.

This record of Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age was obtained____
- At high latitude S. hemisphere
- Near the tropics
- At high latitude N. hemisphere
- At mid-latitude N. hemisphere
Correct Answer

A. At high latitude N. hemisphere

Explanation

The correct answer is at high latitude N. hemisphere. The Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age were two distinct climatic periods that occurred during the Middle Ages. This record was obtained at high latitude in the Northern Hemisphere, which means it refers to the regions closer to the North Pole. This is significant because it suggests that the climate changes during these periods were more pronounced in the northern parts of the world.

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37.

____does not describe typical El Nino conditions in tropical Pacific ocean
- Unusual air circulation pattern
- Less rainfall in eastern Pacific
- Warming of surface water
- Weakened upwelling in eastern pacific
Correct Answer

A. Unusual air circulation pattern

Explanation

The unusual air circulation pattern is the correct answer because it does not describe typical El Nino conditions in the tropical Pacific ocean. During El Nino, there is a reversal in the trade winds, resulting in a weakening or even a reversal of the normal east-to-west winds. This leads to changes in the atmospheric pressure patterns and a disruption of the typical air circulation in the region. The other options, such as less rainfall in eastern Pacific, warming of surface water, and weakened upwelling in eastern Pacific, are all characteristic of El Nino conditions.

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38.

Geological sequestration of CO2 is relatively ____ approach, however ____ of CO2 needs to be controlled and monitored over long-term.
- Unsafe and cost-effective; leakage
- Safe and cost-effective; leakage
- Unsafe and costly; acidification effect
- Safe and cost-effective; acidification effect
Correct Answer

A. Safe and cost-effective; leakage

Explanation

Geological sequestration of CO2 is a safe and cost-effective approach, as it involves storing CO2 underground in geological formations. However, the potential issue of leakage needs to be controlled and monitored over the long-term to ensure that the stored CO2 does not escape back into the atmosphere.

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39.

Based on the 180 record, the transition between 41 kyr cycle and 100 kyr cycle happened roughly at ______ million years ago
- 0-.1
- .7-1.2
- 1.5-2
- Earlier than 2.5
Correct Answer

A. .7-1.2

Explanation

The transition between the 41 kyr cycle and 100 kyr cycle happened roughly between .7 and 1.2 million years ago.

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40.

Summer insolation during LGM is ____ today’s
- Much higher than
- Much lower than
- Similar to
Correct Answer

A. Similar to

Explanation

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which occurred around 20,000 years ago, the Earth experienced a significant cooling period with extensive ice sheets covering large parts of the planet. Despite the overall colder climate, the distribution of solar radiation or insolation during the summer season was found to be similar to today's levels. This suggests that while the average temperature was lower during LGM, the amount of solar radiation received during the summer months was comparable to present-day conditions.

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41.

Summer insolation was highest around 10ka (since LGM) but rapid sea level rise started before that time because ____
- Ice-sheet response can pre-date insolation
- Ice-sheet was bigger before 10ka
- Ocean volume was smaller before 10ka
- Melting was not controlled by insolation
Correct Answer

A. Ice-sheet response can pre-date insolation

Explanation

The correct answer is "ice-sheet response can pre-date insolation." This means that the melting of the ice sheet can begin before the increase in summer insolation around 10ka. This suggests that other factors, such as changes in ocean circulation or atmospheric conditions, could have influenced the melting of the ice sheet before the peak in insolation.

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42.

The leading hypothesis to explain millennial oscillations in high resolution ice-core records is ____
- Thermal bipolar seesaw
- Insolation oscillation
- Ice-sheet melting oscillation
- Greenhouse gas oscillation
Correct Answer

A. Greenhouse gas oscillation

Explanation

The leading hypothesis to explain millennial oscillations in high resolution ice-core records is greenhouse gas oscillation. This suggests that changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, such as carbon dioxide and methane, play a significant role in driving these oscillations. As greenhouse gases increase, they trap more heat in the atmosphere, leading to warming. This warming can then cause ice sheets to melt, which can further impact climate patterns. The oscillations observed in ice-core records are believed to be a result of these complex interactions between greenhouse gases, ice-sheet melting, and climate.

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43.

______is not one of the main orbital cycles that affect glacial cycles.
- Precession
- Tilt
- Eccentricity
- Solstice
Correct Answer

A. Eccentricity

Explanation

The main orbital cycles that affect glacial cycles are precession, tilt, and eccentricity. The solstice, on the other hand, is not an orbital cycle, but rather a point in the Earth's orbit where the tilt of the Earth's axis is at its maximum or minimum. Therefore, the solstice is not one of the main orbital cycles that affect glacial cycles.

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44.

Tree rings are very useful climate records for many reasons but ___ is not one of them
- Precise age control
- Widely available
- Easy to sample
- Length of record
Correct Answer

A. Widely available

Explanation

Tree rings are very useful climate records for many reasons because they provide precise age control, are easy to sample, and have a long record. However, their availability is not one of the reasons why tree rings are useful as climate records.

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45.

____ocean has the largest volume of suboxic water
- N Atlantic
- S Atlantic
- S Pacific
- N Pacific
Correct Answer

A. N Pacific

Explanation

The North Pacific Ocean has the largest volume of suboxic water. Suboxic water refers to areas in the ocean where oxygen levels are extremely low, creating conditions that are unfavorable for most marine life. The North Pacific Ocean has a larger volume of suboxic water compared to the other options listed.

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46.

Oxygen utilization in seawater is mostly due to ____
- Oxidation of organic matter
- Dissolution of co2
- Dissolution of CaCO3
- Photosynthesis
Correct Answer

A. Oxidation of organic matter

Explanation

Oxygen utilization in seawater is mostly due to the oxidation of organic matter. Organic matter in the form of dead plants, animals, and other organic substances undergoes a process called oxidation, where oxygen is consumed. This process is carried out by bacteria and other microorganisms present in the water. They break down the organic matter, releasing energy and consuming oxygen in the process. This is a vital process in marine ecosystems as it helps in the decomposition of organic material and recycling of nutrients.

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47.

Oxygen minimum zone refers to the water depth where organic matters are ____ and nutrients are _____
- Produced; taken up
- Decomposed; taken up
- Produced; released
- Decomposed; released
Correct Answer

A. Decomposed; taken up

Explanation

The correct answer is "decomposed; taken up". The oxygen minimum zone is a water depth where organic matters are decomposed, meaning they break down into simpler substances. This decomposition process consumes oxygen, resulting in low oxygen levels in this zone. At the same time, nutrients are taken up by organisms present in the zone.

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48.

According to CLIMAP reconstruction, global sea surface temperature (SST) during LGM was generally ____ than today’s SST in most ocean basins, except for large areas
- Higher; Atlantic
- Higher; Indian
- Lower; Arctic
- Lower; Pacific
Correct Answer

A. Higher; Atlantic

Explanation

According to the CLIMAP reconstruction, the global sea surface temperature (SST) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was generally higher than today's SST in most ocean basins, except for the Atlantic.

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49.

____hypothesis states that long-term drying of Africa turned rain forests into grass lands, influencing early human evolution. The evidence comes from C13 changes that were related to the shift from ____ vegetation.
- Savanna; C3 to C4
- Sahara; C3 to C4
- Savanna; C13 to C14
- Sahara; C13 to C14
Correct Answer

A. Savanna; C3 to C4

Explanation

The correct answer is Savanna; C3 to C4. This is because the hypothesis suggests that long-term drying of Africa transformed rainforests into grasslands, which influenced early human evolution. The evidence for this hypothesis comes from C13 changes, which are related to the shift from C3 vegetation (typical of rainforests) to C4 vegetation (typical of grasslands).

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Ear 111 Practice Final

pH of normal seawater is around_____

Quiz Preview

A comparison of temperature patterns within the atmosphere between the observation and the model calculations clearly indicate that ____ is the cause of most recent

The disappearing of Mayan was suggested to be related to ____ by climatologist

Secretary of Energy Steven Chu proposed to use ____ for reflecting solar heat.

Canada was covered by _____ ice sheet during LGM

Recent ocean acidification is caused by ____

Lichens on Canadian Baffin island were killed during Little Ice Age due to the lack of

CO2 forms ____ at high pressure and low temperature conditions at seafloor, which can be used to store C.

Nobel prize winner Pau Crutzen proposed that creating sulfate aerosol in ____ may cool down the earth to some extent.

Warmer climate -> more evaporation -> more water vapor -> greenhouse effect; this process is a ___ feedback leading to ___ climate

Among the following minerals, ____ is not the product of carbon sequestration

For deriving the temperature of the geologic past, there are four basic steps: i. Establish modern calibration ii. Calculate paleo-T iii. Collect fossil data iv. Cross checking between proxies What is the correct order for them _______

Paleoceanographer Wally Brocker proposed that meltwater from the N.American ice sheet drained into N. Atlantic and stopped the thermohaline circulation during ____

­­_________best describes the process of understanding climate change

The collapse of Tang Dynasty and Mongol empire in China coincided with ____

During glacial periods, part of atmospheric carbon was stored in____

El nino was more frequent at ______, among the following time periods

In a higher CO2 world, biological calcification becomes ____ and carbonate dissolution becomes _____

Temperature has been ____ in the last 50 Myr

Glacial-interglacial CO2 fluctuations are roughly between 200 and 280 ppm. The current atmospheric CO2 level is about ___ ppm above the interglacial maximum value.

____is the correct order of deep water oxygen level from high to low

Strong ocean deoxygenation events in the past left ___ in geological deposits

LGM refers to a period of ____

LGM was approximately _____ kyr ago

Figure on the right shows that recent alkenone-based tropical sea surface temperature for LGM are lower than the CLIMAP estimates. It somewhat explains the debate of warm tropics by indicating that______

The history of N. American ice sheet retreat was revealed by radiocarbon dating of _

The reversal in CO2 and CH4 trends around 8-5 ka is related to _____

____is not one of the effects of warming since 1800.

An example of severe ocean acidification due to rapid C release in geological history is____

Tolerance of low oxygen condition in marine animal is _____

Shallow hypoxic depth of N Pacific is largely due to ____

______is not one of the major control of O2 level beneath the surface ocean

Figure below shows human footprint correlate with recent hypoxic events because of ______pollution

Afforestation and decrease of deforestation rate can lower CO2 level. ____ would be the most ideal place for that such actions.

Over 100 Myr time scale, the most important source of atmospheric C02 is _____

This record of Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age was obtained____

____does not describe typical El Nino conditions in tropical Pacific ocean

Geological sequestration of CO2 is relatively ____ approach, however ____ of CO2 needs to be controlled and monitored over long-term.

Based on the 180 record, the transition between 41 kyr cycle and 100 kyr cycle happened roughly at ______ million years ago

Summer insolation during LGM is ____ today’s

Summer insolation was highest around 10ka (since LGM) but rapid sea level rise started before that time because ____

The leading hypothesis to explain millennial oscillations in high resolution ice-core records is ____

______is not one of the main orbital cycles that affect glacial cycles.

Tree rings are very useful climate records for many reasons but ___ is not one of them

____ocean has the largest volume of suboxic water

Oxygen utilization in seawater is mostly due to ____

Oxygen minimum zone refers to the water depth where organic matters are ____ and nutrients are _____

According to CLIMAP reconstruction, global sea surface temperature (SST) during LGM was generally ____ than today’s SST in most ocean basins, except for large areas

____hypothesis states that long-term drying of Africa turned rain forests into grass lands, influencing early human evolution. The evidence comes from C13 changes that were related to the shift from ____ vegetation.

Warmer climate -> more evaporation -> more water vapor -> greenhouse effect; this process is a _ feedback leading to _ climate

_________best describes the process of understanding climate change

In a higher CO2 world, biological calcification becomes and carbonate dissolution becomes _

Geological sequestration of CO2 is relatively approach, however of CO2 needs to be controlled and monitored over long-term.

Oxygen minimum zone refers to the water depth where organic matters are and nutrients are _

hypothesis states that long-term drying of Africa turned rain forests into grass lands, influencing early human evolution. The evidence comes from C13 changes that were related to the shift from vegetation.