Ear 111 Practice Final

57 Questions | By Hsimon6 | Updated: Mar 21, 2022 | Attempts: 113

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1.

_________best describes the process of understanding climate change
- A.
  
  Observations interpretation prediction
- B.
  
  Prediction observations interpretation
- C.
  
  Prediction interpretation observations
- D.
  
  Interpretation prediction observations
2.

Warmer climate -> more evaporation -> more water vapor -> greenhouse effect; this process is a ___ feedback leading to ___ climate
- A.
  
  Positive and warmer
- B.
  
  Positive and cooler
- C.
  
  Negative and warmer
- D.
  
  Negative and cooler
3.

Over 100 Myr time scale, the most important source of atmospheric C02 is _____
- A.
  
  Surface ocean
- B.
  
  Soil
- C.
  
  Vegetation
- D.
  
  Mantle
4.

For deriving the temperature of the geologic past, there are four basic steps: i. Establish modern calibration ii. Calculate paleo-T iii. Collect fossil data iv. Cross checking between proxies What is the correct order for them _______
- A.
  
  Iv, i, ii, iii
- B.
  
  I, iv, ii, iii
- C.
  
  I, iii, ii, iv
- D.
  
  Iv, ii, i ,iii
5.

Temperature has been ____ in the last 50 Myr
- A.
  
  Steadily dropping
- B.
  
  Steadily rising
- C.
  
  Constant
- D.
  
  Fluctuating
6.

______is not one of the main orbital cycles that affect glacial cycles.
- A.
  
  Precession
- B.
  
  Tilt
- C.
  
  Eccentricity
- D.
  
  Solstice
7.

Based on the 180 record, the transition between 41 kyr cycle and 100 kyr cycle happened roughly at ______ million years ago
- A.
  
  0-.1
- B.
  
  .7-1.2
- C.
  
  1.5-2
- D.
  
  Earlier than 2.5
8.

Oxygen minimum zone refers to the water depth where organic matters are ____ and nutrients are _____
- A.
  
  Produced; taken up
- B.
  
  Decomposed; taken up
- C.
  
  Produced; released
- D.
  
  Decomposed; released
9.

____is the correct order of deep water oxygen level from high to low
- A.
  
  Atlantic Indian Pacific
- B.
  
  Indian Pacific Atlantic
- C.
  
  Pacific Atlantic Indian
- D.
  
  Pacific Indian Atlantic
10.

During glacial periods, part of atmospheric carbon was stored in____
- A.
  
  Soil
- B.
  
  Ocean
- C.
  
  Riverbeds
- D.
  
  Wetland
11.

LGM refers to a period of ____
- A.
  
  Most recent strong glaciation
- B.
  
  Most recent strong deglaciation
- C.
  
  Longest glaciation
- D.
  
  Longest deglaciation
12.

LGM was approximately _____ kyr ago
- A.
  
  20
- B.
  
  40
- C.
  
  60
- D.
  
  100
13.

Summer insolation during LGM is ____ today’s
- A.
  
  Much higher than
- B.
  
  Much lower than
- C.
  
  Similar to
14.

According to CLIMAP reconstruction, global sea surface temperature (SST) during LGM was generally ____ than today’s SST in most ocean basins, except for large areas
- A.
  
  Higher; Atlantic
- B.
  
  Higher; Indian
- C.
  
  Lower; Arctic
- D.
  
  Lower; Pacific
15.

Canada was covered by _____ ice sheet during LGM
- A.
  
  Cordilleran
- B.
  
  Laurentide
- C.
  
  Greenland
- D.
  
  Scandinavian
16.

In the figure on the left, darker color shows the temperature and precipitation range for higher spruce population. The figure on right indicates that this core likely recorded _____ conditions from 13 to 10 kyr.
- A.
  
  Warmer and dryer
- B.
  
  Warmer and wetter
- C.
  
  Colder and dryer
- D.
  
  Colder and wetter
17.

Figure on the right shows that recent alkenone-based tropical sea surface temperature for LGM are lower than the CLIMAP estimates. It somewhat explains the debate of warm tropics by indicating that______
- A.
  
  CLIMAP data could be wrong
- B.
  
  CLIMAP data might not be sufficient
- C.
  
  Temperature fluctuation is bigger in tropics
18.

The history of N. American ice sheet retreat was revealed by radiocarbon dating of _
- A.
  
  Ice
- B.
  
  Lake sediments
- C.
  
  Moraine
- D.
  
  Seawater
19.

Sea level curve on the right shows that the speed of glacial melting was highest at ___ years ago among
- A.
  
  3k
- B.
  
  5k
- C.
  
  10k
- D.
  
  16k
20.

Summer insolation was highest around 10ka (since LGM) but rapid sea level rise started before that time because ____
- A.
  
  Ice-sheet response can pre-date insolation
- B.
  
  Ice-sheet was bigger before 10ka
- C.
  
  Ocean volume was smaller before 10ka
- D.
  
  Melting was not controlled by insolation
21.

Two pulses were found for global-average ice-sheet melting rate based on____
- A.
  
  C14 dated sea level curve
- B.
  
  U-Th dated sea level curve
- C.
  
  13C of Coral
- D.
  
  13C of Forams
22.

_____value in foram is a convincing evidence of local meltwater event.
- A.
  
  Heavier 018
- B.
  
  Lighter 018
- C.
  
  Heavier C13
- D.
  
  Lighter C13
23.

Paleoceanographer Wally Brocker proposed that meltwater from the N.American ice sheet drained into N. Atlantic and stopped the thermohaline circulation during ____
- A.
  
  Younger Dryas
- B.
  
  Little Ice Age
- C.
  
  Medieval warm period
- D.
  
  LGM
24.

The leading hypothesis to explain millennial oscillations in high resolution ice-core records is ____
- A.
  
  Thermal bipolar seesaw
- B.
  
  Insolation oscillation
- C.
  
  Ice-sheet melting oscillation
- D.
  
  Greenhouse gas oscillation
25.

____hypothesis states that long-term drying of Africa turned rain forests into grass lands, influencing early human evolution. The evidence comes from C13 changes that were related to the shift from ____ vegetation.
- A.
  
  Savanna; C3 to C4
- B.
  
  Sahara; C3 to C4
- C.
  
  Savanna; C13 to C14
- D.
  
  Sahara; C13 to C14