Vaccines and Cold Chain

BCG should be given immediately after birth. This is because BCG is a vaccine that protects against tuberculosis (TB), a disease that can be life-threatening for infants. By administering the vaccine soon after birth, it helps to provide early protection against TB. Delaying the administration of BCG increases the risk of infants contracting TB before they receive the vaccine. Therefore, it is important to give BCG immediately after birth to ensure maximum effectiveness in preventing TB.

MMR stands for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella. These are viral diseases that can be prevented by vaccination. Live attenuated vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus that are unable to cause disease but can still stimulate an immune response. This type of vaccine provides long-lasting immunity and is usually given as a single dose. Therefore, the correct answer is a. Live attenuated vaccine.

Rabies does not show herd immunity because it is primarily transmitted through animal bites and not through human-to-human contact. Herd immunity occurs when a large portion of the population becomes immune to a disease, which helps protect those who are not immune. Measles, poliomyelitis, and rubella can all show herd immunity because they are highly contagious diseases that can spread easily among humans.

The cellular fragments of rabies vaccine are administered in the deltoid muscle. This is because the deltoid muscle is a common site for intramuscular injections and provides good absorption of the vaccine into the bloodstream. Administering the vaccine in the deltoid muscle helps to ensure that it is effectively delivered and can provide protection against rabies.

Vitamin A should be given at the age of 6-9 months because this is the period when infants start to transition from exclusive breastfeeding to solid foods. Vitamin A is an essential nutrient for growth and development, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining good vision, immune function, and overall health. Introducing vitamin A supplementation during this stage ensures that infants receive adequate levels of this nutrient to support their growth and development.

The correct answer is b. 0, 1, 6 months. This is the recommended schedule for administering the Hepatitis B vaccine. The vaccine is typically given in three doses, with the first dose given at birth, the second dose at 1 month, and the third dose at 6 months. This schedule ensures optimal protection against Hepatitis B and is supported by scientific research and recommendations from healthcare organizations.

The BCG vaccine is indicated in an HIV-positive baby of an HIV-positive mother because it helps protect against tuberculosis (TB). HIV-positive individuals are at a higher risk of developing TB, and babies born to HIV-positive mothers are also at risk. The BCG vaccine helps reduce the risk of severe forms of TB in infants and is therefore recommended in this situation.

Rubella vaccine is contraindicated during pregnancy because it is a live attenuated vaccine, meaning it contains weakened live virus. Live vaccines are generally not recommended during pregnancy because there is a theoretical risk that the virus in the vaccine could harm the developing fetus. Rubella infection during pregnancy can cause severe birth defects and complications, so it is important for women to receive the vaccine before becoming pregnant.

The MMR vaccine, which stands for Measles, Mumps, and Rubella, is contraindicated during pregnancy. This is because it is a live attenuated vaccine, meaning it contains weakened forms of the viruses. While the vaccine is generally safe for non-pregnant individuals, it is not recommended for pregnant women due to the theoretical risk of the live viruses causing harm to the developing fetus. It is important for pregnant women to avoid getting the MMR vaccine and to wait until after giving birth to receive it.

Injectable tetanus toxoid (TT) is an example of active immunity because it stimulates the body's immune system to produce its own antibodies against tetanus. This type of immunity is acquired through vaccination or exposure to the antigen, which triggers the production of antibodies by the body's immune system. In active immunity, the individual's immune system is actively involved in the response to the antigen, providing long-lasting protection against future infections.

The Salk vaccine is a killed vaccine. Killed vaccines are made from inactivated or dead forms of the pathogen. In the case of the Salk vaccine, it is made from inactivated poliovirus. This type of vaccine cannot cause the disease it is designed to protect against, but it still stimulates the immune system to produce an immune response. Killed vaccines are generally considered safe for most people, including those with weakened immune systems.

The correct answer is c. 3 days of exposure. This means that if a person is exposed to measles, the measles vaccine can still be effective if given within 3 days of exposure. This is because the vaccine can help the body develop immunity against the virus, even after exposure has occurred. It is important to administer the vaccine as soon as possible after exposure to increase the chances of it being effective.

BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) is a vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis. It is typically diluted with normal saline, which is a sterile solution of sodium chloride in water. Normal saline is commonly used as a diluent for medications and vaccines because it is isotonic to the body's cells and does not cause any harm or adverse reactions when injected. It helps to maintain the stability and effectiveness of the BCG vaccine when administered to patients. Distilled water, ammonia solution, and none of the above are not suitable diluents for BCG.

OPV stands for Oral Polio Vaccine. This vaccine should be kept in a freezer because it contains live attenuated poliovirus, which needs to be stored at a low temperature to maintain its potency. Freezing helps to preserve the vaccine and prevent any degradation or loss of effectiveness. Therefore, the correct answer is c. OPV.

Polio is the most heat sensitive vaccine because it is a live attenuated vaccine, meaning it contains a weakened form of the virus. This weakened virus is more susceptible to damage from heat, which can reduce its effectiveness. Therefore, special care must be taken to ensure that the polio vaccine is stored and transported at the correct temperature to maintain its potency.

The DPT vaccine is most commonly associated with allergic (hypersensitivity) reactions. This vaccine contains three components: diphtheria toxoid, pertussis vaccine, and tetanus toxoid. Allergic reactions can occur due to an individual's sensitivity to any of these components. It is important to note that allergic reactions to vaccines are rare, and the benefits of vaccination generally outweigh the risks.

The statement "Egg dried" is not true about measles vaccine. Measles vaccine is not made by drying eggs. It is typically made using live attenuated measles virus that is grown in cultures of chick embryo cells, not by drying eggs.

Yellow fever is not a killed vaccine. It is a live attenuated vaccine, meaning that it contains a weakened form of the virus. Killed vaccines, on the other hand, contain inactivated or dead forms of the virus. Salk polio, Japanese encephalitis, and rabies vaccines are all examples of killed vaccines.

The correct answer is 1 because an adult person typically only requires one dose of the MMR vaccine. The MMR vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, and most adults have already received the recommended two doses during childhood. However, if an adult has not been vaccinated or only received one dose, they may need to receive a second dose to ensure full protection.

The correct answer is d. 9 lac IU. This indicates that the total dose of vitamin-A given under the national immunization schedule in India is 9 lac international units.

The correct answer is d. Day 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, 90. This is the correct schedule for post-exposure prophylaxis in rabies. Rabies is a viral infection that affects the nervous system and is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. Post-exposure prophylaxis involves a series of vaccinations given over a specific time period to prevent the virus from spreading and causing disease. The vaccinations are given on specific days to ensure that the immune system is adequately stimulated to produce a protective response against the virus.

The correct answer is b. Single intramascular dose of 0.5 ml. This is because the measles vaccine is not administered intramascularly, but rather subcutaneously. The recommended dose for the measles vaccine is 0.5 ml given subcutaneously.

The BCG vaccine, used to prevent tuberculosis, commonly uses the ‘Danish’ 1331 strain. Other strains listed are used for different vaccines: Edmonston Zagreb and Oka for measles and varicella vaccines respectively, RA 27/3 for rubella.

The correct answer is c. Measles vaccine. Measles vaccine has been associated with a rare but serious side effect called vaccine-associated measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE), which can cause shock. This condition occurs in individuals with compromised immune systems who receive the measles vaccine. It is important to note that the risk of developing MIBE is extremely low, and the benefits of vaccination far outweigh the potential risks.

A synthetic "cocktail" vaccine refers to a vaccine that combines multiple components or antigens to provide protection against a specific disease. In this case, the SPf66 vaccine is a synthetic cocktail vaccine that has shown potential for protecting against Falciparum malaria. Falciparum malaria is caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite and is the most severe form of malaria. The SPf66 vaccine contains multiple antigens from the parasite and aims to stimulate an immune response to prevent infection or reduce the severity of the disease.

The cholera vaccine typically provides protection for about 2 years after vaccination. This duration can vary slightly depending on the vaccine type and the individual’s health.

Active and passive immunity are both types of immune responses that provide protection against diseases. Active immunity is acquired through exposure to a pathogen or through vaccination, while passive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies from another individual or through injection of antibodies. In the case of measles, active immunity can be achieved through vaccination, so passive immunity is not necessary. However, for tetanus, rabies, and hepatitis B, both active and passive immunity are typically given together to provide immediate protection and long-term immunity.

The correct answer is 25. This is the dose of Diphtheria Toxoid in Loeffler units that is incorporated in each dose of the DPT vaccine.