Malaria Test: How Much You Know? Quiz

Explanation
Vivax is the correct answer because it is one of the four species of malaria parasites that commonly infect humans. It is known for causing the most widespread form of malaria outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Vivax malaria is characterized by recurring fevers and chills, and it can relapse even after treatment. This species of malaria parasite is transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes and is found in many parts of the world, including Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East.

Explanation
These are rare in the peripheral blood. More common in other Plasmodium species.

Explanation
Maurer's clefts are structures found in the cytoplasm of infected red blood cells and are characteristic of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. These clefts are involved in the trafficking and modification of proteins that are important for the survival and virulence of the parasite. Therefore, Maurer's clefts occur in P. falciparum.

Explanation
A schizont with 16-32 merozoites is likely to be Falciparum. Falciparum malaria is caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which is known to produce schizonts with a high number of merozoites. This characteristic distinguishes it from other types of malaria such as Malariae, Vivax, and Ovale, which typically produce fewer merozoites in their schizonts. The high number of merozoites in Falciparum schizonts contributes to the severity of the disease and its ability to rapidly multiply within the host's red blood cells.

Explanation
The sporogonic cycle occurs in the mosquito host

Explanation
Oookinetes invade the midgut of the mosquito to become oocysts. This is where the transformation takes place, allowing the oookinetes to develop into oocysts, which are the infective stage of the parasite. The midgut provides the necessary environment and nutrients for this transformation to occur, allowing the parasite to continue its life cycle.

Explanation
Malariae is the correct answer because it is the species of malaria that causes a quartan paroxysm, which is a fever spike that occurs every 72 hours. Ovale, Vivax, and Falciparum are other species of malaria, but they do not cause a quartan paroxysm.

Explanation
No, this can occur in vivax and ovale infection.

Explanation
No, it first noted in South East Asia in the late 1950s.

Explanation
The HRP antigen is specifically used in rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for detecting the presence of Plasmodium falciparum, which is a species of malaria parasite. The HRP antigen is not used for detecting other species such as Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, or Plasmodium malariae. Therefore, the correct answer is Falciparum.

Explanation
Ovale RDTs generally have a 50 - 60% sensitivity, whereas Malariae is generally greater than 80%. Falciparum is the best, followed by vivax, malariae and then Ovale.

Explanation
pLDH is used as a test of cure as it only detects live parasites. It cannot differentiate between non-falciparal malarias, although some newer tests do have specific LDH tests for vivax.

Explanation
Liver disease may also cause this, as can heterophile antibodies.

Explanation
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is indeed a simple and inexpensive method for testing malaria. It is particularly useful in resource-limited settings where access to advanced laboratory facilities may be limited. LAMP allows for the rapid and accurate detection of malaria parasites, making it an effective tool for diagnosing and monitoring the disease. Its simplicity and affordability make it a valuable option for malaria testing, especially in areas where traditional diagnostic methods may not be readily available.

Explanation
A schizont with 8 - 12 merozoites in a rosette is likely P.ovale.

Explanation
This is rare in malariae, common in falciparum and occasional in vivax and ovale.

Explanation
This is the gametocyte of P.falciparum, which is a species of malaria parasite. Gametocytes are the sexual stage of the parasite's life cycle and are responsible for transmission of the disease. P.falciparum is the most deadly species of malaria, causing severe symptoms and complications. Identifying the gametocyte stage is important for understanding the transmission dynamics of the disease and implementing control measures.

Explanation
The anopheles mosquito injects sporozoites into the host. Sporozoites are the infective stage of the malaria parasite. After being injected into the bloodstream, sporozoites travel to the liver where they invade liver cells and multiply. This stage of the parasite is crucial for the establishment of the infection in the host and the subsequent development of malaria symptoms.

Explanation
This must be tested for when giving primaquine, the drug used to treat hypnozoites in vivax and ovale.

Explanation
The correct answer is IV quinine and doxycycline, IV artesunate. IV quinine and doxycycline are suitable treatments for a complicated falciparum infection. Quinine is an antimalarial drug that is effective against the parasite, while doxycycline is an antibiotic that can help treat any secondary bacterial infections. IV artesunate is also a suitable treatment option as it is a highly effective antimalarial drug that rapidly reduces the parasite load in severe cases of falciparum malaria. Chloroquine and primaquine are not suitable for complicated falciparum infections as they may not be effective against the parasite or may not provide rapid relief in severe cases.

Explanation
Nephrotic syndrome is a complication that can occur as a result of infection with the malaria species called malariae. This species is one of the four main types of malaria parasites that can infect humans. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by the presence of protein in the urine, low levels of protein in the blood, high cholesterol levels, and swelling in various parts of the body. While all malaria species can cause various complications, nephrotic syndrome is specifically associated with malariae infection.

Explanation
This is co-artem, and can be used in the treatment of falciparal malaria.

Malarone is atovaquone and proguanil.

Explanation
Thick films are good for sensitivity (diagnosing positives) when undertaken by a trained person.

Explanation
Asexual malaria reproduction occurs in the host blood. Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite, which undergoes a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. During asexual reproduction, the parasite multiplies within the host's red blood cells, leading to the characteristic symptoms of malaria such as fever, chills, and anemia. The parasite can then be transmitted to another host through the bite of an infected mosquito, where it continues its life cycle. Therefore, the correct answer is host blood.