1. What Is Neuropsychology?

Gyri are the names of the bumps on the brain cortex. The brain's cortex is the outer layer of the brain that is responsible for higher cognitive functions. It is folded into ridges and valleys, with the ridges being called gyri. These gyri increase the surface area of the cortex, allowing for more neurons and connections, and ultimately enabling more complex cognitive processes.

PET stands for Positron Emission Tomography. It is a medical imaging technique that uses a small amount of radioactive material, known as a radiotracer, to visualize and measure various functions in the body. The radioactive material is injected into the patient's bloodstream, and as it travels through the body, it emits positrons. These positrons collide with electrons in the body, producing gamma rays, which are detected by a PET scanner. By analyzing the data from the scanner, doctors can obtain detailed images of organs and tissues, helping in the diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases.

fMRI, or functional magnetic resonance imaging, is a scan that looks at changes in blood flow and oxygenation in the brain. This technique measures the level of oxygenated blood in different areas of the brain, which indicates brain activity. By detecting these changes, fMRI can provide valuable information about which areas of the brain are involved in specific tasks or cognitive processes. Therefore, fMRI is the correct answer for the question.

MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. It is a medical imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body's internal structures. MRI scans are particularly useful for examining soft tissues and organs, as they provide high-resolution images without the use of ionizing radiation. In the context of the given question, an MRI scan can distort atom behavior and observe the recovery process, making it the correct answer.

Sulci are the names of the creases in the brain cortex. These are the grooves or furrows that separate the different gyri or ridges on the surface of the brain. The sulci play a crucial role in increasing the surface area of the brain, allowing for more neurons and connections. They also help to divide the brain into different lobes and regions, facilitating specific functions and organization.

The question is asking for the term used to refer to the study of diseases or trauma. The correct answer is "clinical." Clinical studies focus on understanding and treating diseases or injuries in human subjects. They involve observing patients, conducting tests, and analyzing data to improve medical knowledge and develop effective treatments.

The name of studying disease/trauma compared against normal is experimental. In an experimental study, researchers intentionally manipulate variables to observe the effects on the disease or trauma compared to a control group or normal condition. This type of study allows for the identification of causal relationships and the evaluation of potential treatments or interventions.

The three parts of an x-ray are listed from least to most dense. Cerebrospinal fluid is the least dense, followed by brain tissue, and then bone. This order is based on the density of these materials, with cerebrospinal fluid being the least dense and bone being the most dense.

PET scans are a widely used medical imaging technique that can detect diseases and abnormalities in the body. However, one major disadvantage of PET scans is their high cost. The equipment and technology required for PET scans are expensive to acquire and maintain, making them less accessible and affordable for many patients. This can limit the availability and usage of PET scans, preventing some individuals from benefiting from this diagnostic tool.

The correct answer is CAT. CAT scan stands for Computerized Axial Tomography, which is a medical imaging technique that uses x-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as injuries, tumors, and infections.

The two types of cognitive tasks mentioned in the question are neuropsychological test batteries and customised neurological assessments. Neuropsychological test batteries refer to a standardized set of tests that assess various cognitive functions and abilities. These batteries are designed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of an individual's cognitive strengths and weaknesses. On the other hand, customised neurological assessments are tailored assessments that are specifically designed to evaluate a particular individual's neurological functioning based on their unique needs and circumstances.

The problem with measuring this flow is the low temporal resolution. This means that the measurement lacks the ability to capture changes or fluctuations in the flow over short periods of time. It may only provide a snapshot or average value, which can be insufficient for understanding the dynamics or variations in the flow.

The given correct answer for this question is "indirect". This suggests that all the approaches mentioned so far are not direct or straightforward in nature. They may involve a certain level of complexity or require additional steps or factors to achieve the desired outcome.

The three problems with lesion approaches are variability, connecting fibers, and operation without region. Variability refers to the fact that lesions can vary in size and location, making it difficult to precisely target and study specific brain regions. Connecting fibers are another challenge, as lesions can disrupt the connections between different brain regions, leading to unintended consequences. Lastly, operating without region means that lesions may affect multiple brain regions simultaneously, making it challenging to isolate the effects of a specific region.

EEG stands for electroencephalography, which is a technique used to measure the electrical activity in the brain. It involves the recording of continuous electrical charges generated by neurons in the brain. Excitatory charges refer to the electrical signals that stimulate or activate neurons, while inhibitory charges refer to the signals that inhibit or suppress neuronal activity. Therefore, the correct answer is "continuous, excitatory, inhibitory" because EEG records the continuous electrical charges of both excitatory and inhibitory nature in the brain.

The term "neural substrate" refers to the specific function of a piece of brain tissue. It focuses on understanding the role and purpose of different areas of the brain and how they contribute to overall brain function. This approach involves studying the neural circuits, connections, and processes within the brain to determine how they relate to specific functions such as memory, perception, or movement. By examining the neural substrate, researchers can gain insights into how different brain regions work together to support various cognitive and behavioral processes.

This approach focuses on studying individuals who exhibit various behavioral symptoms and then determining the location of damage in their cognitive function. By analyzing the behavioral symptoms first, researchers can gain insight into the specific cognitive processes that may be affected. This approach allows for a better understanding of the relationship between cognitive function and behavioral symptoms, ultimately contributing to advancements in diagnosing and treating cognitive impairments.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) offers the advantage of better spatial resolution, allowing for detailed and accurate imaging of internal structures. This high resolution enables the detection of small abnormalities and provides clearer images for diagnosis. However, a disadvantage of MRI is that some individuals cannot undergo the test. This could be due to factors such as claustrophobia, metal implants, or pacemakers, which can interfere with the magnetic field. In such cases, alternative imaging methods may need to be considered.

The direct method that is hardly ever carried out on humans is single cell and multiple unit recordings. This method involves inserting electrodes into the brain to record the electrical activity of individual cells or groups of cells. It is a highly invasive procedure and carries significant risks, making it ethically and practically challenging to perform on humans. Therefore, alternative methods such as non-invasive imaging techniques are often used to study brain activity in humans.

EEG (Electroencephalography) with lots of little electrodes has a high temporal resolution, meaning it can measure brain activity with great precision in terms of timing. This is beneficial for capturing fast and dynamic changes in brain activity. However, it has a low spatial resolution, meaning it cannot accurately pinpoint the exact location of brain activity. This limitation makes it challenging to identify the specific brain regions involved in a particular cognitive process or behavior.

Cognitive theories and clinical assessment of behavior are both needed in cognitive tasks. Cognitive theories provide the framework and understanding of how the mind processes information, while clinical assessment of behavior helps in observing and evaluating an individual's cognitive abilities and behaviors. These two elements work together to provide a comprehensive approach to studying and understanding cognitive processes.