Nervous System Exam Quiz - 1

The correct answer is 1 because a dendrite is a branch-like structure that extends from the cell body of a neuron and receives signals from other neurons. Option 1 is the only option that represents a dendrite structure. Option 3 represents an axon, option 5 represents a cell body, and option 6 represents a synapse.

The symptoms of memory loss, short attention span, disorientation, and language loss are most consistent with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's. These symptoms are commonly associated with the early stages of the disease and are often the first signs noticed by individuals and their loved ones. Memory loss and short attention span are hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer's, while disorientation and language loss can also occur as the disease progresses. Other symptoms mentioned in the other options, such as moodiness, depression, muscle deterioration, split personalities, paralysis, headaches, anger, violence, irritability, and tremors, are not typically associated with Alzheimer's and may be indicative of other conditions.

The components of the central nervous system (CNS) are the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is responsible for processing and coordinating information received from the sensory organs and sending signals to the muscles and glands. The brain controls higher functions such as thinking, memory, and emotions, while the spinal cord relays messages between the brain and the rest of the body. Sensory and motor nerve receptors, cranial and spinal nerves, and ganglia are not part of the CNS, but rather peripheral nervous system components. Therefore, the correct answer is brain and spinal cord.

The cerebellum is the correct answer because it is a large, cauliflower-like brain region that is responsible for coordinating muscle activity and maintaining body balance. It receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain to fine-tune motor movements and ensure smooth coordination. It plays a crucial role in activities such as walking, maintaining posture, and performing precise movements. The cerebellum does not control conscious thought or higher cognitive functions, which are primarily associated with the cerebrum. The diencephalon is a region that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, while the brain stem is responsible for basic functions like breathing and heart rate.

The brain region that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata is called the brain stem. The brain stem is responsible for controlling basic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a pathway for information to travel between the brain and the rest of the body. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for higher-level functions such as thinking, memory, and voluntary movement. The diencephalon is a part of the brain that includes the thalamus and hypothalamus, which are involved in sensory processing and regulation of body temperature, respectively. The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movement and balance.

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for various functions such as logical reasoning, moral conduct, emotional responses, sensory interpretation, and initiation of voluntary muscle activity. It is divided into two hemispheres and is involved in higher cognitive functions, including language, memory, and problem-solving. The cerebrum plays a crucial role in our overall behavior and consciousness.

The structure that represents an axon is option 5. This is because an axon is a long, slender projection of a neuron that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons, muscles, or glands. Option 5 is the only one that resembles a long, slender projection, making it the correct answer.

The correct answer is "Cerebri mater." This is not one of the three meningeal layers that cover and protect the central nervous system structures. The three meningeal layers are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura mater is the outermost layer, the arachnoid mater is the middle layer, and the pia mater is the innermost layer. The cerebri mater is not a recognized meningeal layer.

The correct answer states that there is no cure for Alzheimer's, which implies that none of the other options are true. The statement also mentions that much attention is focused on Alzheimer's research, indicating that efforts are being made to find a cure or better treatments for the disease.

Motor nerves that stimulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands are part of the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system. The autonomic division is responsible for involuntary control of bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and glandular secretion. This division works independently of conscious control and regulates the internal environment of the body.

The neuron structure that represents a cell body is the soma, also known as the perikaryon. It contains the nucleus and other organelles necessary for the cell's metabolic functions. The cell body receives signals from dendrites and integrates them to generate an electrical impulse that is transmitted along the axon to other neurons or effector cells. The cell body plays a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and functioning of the neuron.

The motor division of the nervous system is responsible for carrying impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. This function is referred to as the efferent function.

The brain and spinal cord are protected by the skull and vertebral column, which provide a physical barrier against external forces. The meninges, a set of three membranes, further protect the central nervous system by surrounding and cushioning it. Additionally, the cerebrospinal fluid acts as a shock absorber and provides nutrients to the brain and spinal cord. However, the myelin sheath is not a protective structure but rather a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers, allowing for faster transmission of nerve impulses.

The nervous system is responsible for transmitting signals between different parts of the body, allowing for sensation, higher mental functioning, and generating emotional responses. However, the endocrine system, not the nervous system, is responsible for releasing hormones to maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions.

The correct answer is diencephalon. The diencephalon is a region of the brain that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. These structures play important roles in relaying sensory information, regulating hormone production and release, and controlling various bodily functions. The cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions, the brain stem is involved in basic involuntary functions, and the cerebellum is primarily responsible for coordinating movement and balance.

Neurotransmitters transmit electrical impulses in nerves by diffusing across the synapse to bind to receptors on the membrane of the next neuron. This process allows for the transmission of signals from one neuron to another, as the neurotransmitters bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, triggering a response. This binding can either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron, depending on the specific neurotransmitter and receptor involved. Overall, this mechanism plays a crucial role in the communication between neurons and the functioning of the nervous system.

Inside the cell, the major positive ions are K+. This is because the concentration of potassium ions is higher inside the cell compared to outside. On the other hand, outside the cell, the major positive ions are Na+. This is due to the higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell compared to inside.

The correct answer is Action potential. A nerve impulse, also known as an action potential, refers to the long-distance signal carried in neurons. This electrical signal allows for communication between different parts of the nervous system and is crucial for transmitting information and coordinating various bodily functions. The action potential is generated when there is a change in the electrical charge across the neuron's membrane, resulting in a rapid depolarization and repolarization process.

Plaques and tangles are believed to develop in the brain of an Alzheimer's patient and may be the cause of the disease. These plaques are formed by the accumulation of a protein called beta-amyloid, which disrupts the communication between brain cells. Tangles, on the other hand, are twisted fibers of a protein called tau, which disrupt the transport system within brain cells. The presence of these plaques and tangles is associated with the death of brain cells and the progressive cognitive decline seen in Alzheimer's disease.

When the plasma membrane of a neuron is resting, and there are fewer positive ions on the inner face of the membrane compared to the outer face, it is said to be polarized. This means that there is an electrical potential difference across the membrane, with the inner face being negatively charged relative to the outer face. This polarization is essential for the proper functioning of neurons and allows for the transmission of electrical signals.

Activating muscles or glands is an example of the response function of the nervous system because it involves the transmission of signals from the nervous system to the muscles or glands in order to initiate a specific action or release a particular substance. This response is essential for the body to react and adapt to various stimuli and maintain homeostasis. It is a direct and immediate action that occurs in response to sensory input and allows for movement, secretion, or other physiological changes in the body.

The decision to run into the house to get money to buy ice cream is an example of integration by the nervous system because it involves multiple sensory inputs and motor outputs. In this situation, the nervous system processes the perception of the sound of an ice cream truck coming down the street, integrates this information with the desire to have ice cream, and makes the decision to run into the house to get money. This decision involves coordination between different parts of the nervous system and demonstrates the integration of sensory information and motor responses.

The correct answer is 5-15%. This range represents the percentage of adults above the age of 65 who are likely to develop Alzheimer's disease. It suggests that a significant portion of the elderly population is at risk of developing this neurodegenerative disorder, but it is not as high as the percentages given in the other options.

Hearing an audience clap for you at the end of a show is an example of the monitoring function of the nervous system because it involves the sensory perception of sound. The nervous system receives information from the environment through sensory organs like the ears, and this information is then processed and interpreted by the brain. In this case, the sound of the audience clapping is detected by the ears, transmitted as electrical signals to the brain, and interpreted as a positive response to the performance. This monitoring function allows individuals to be aware of their surroundings and the reactions of others.

The dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It is a tough and durable membrane that is composed of two layers: the periosteal layer, which is attached to the inner surface of the skull, and the meningeal layer, which lies closer to the brain and spinal cord. This layer provides a strong protective barrier.