This is a petersens CLEP assistance for my to study for my Natural Sciences test.
Questions and Answers
1.
Echinoderms include
A.
Millipedes and centipedes
B.
Grasshoppers and butterflies.
C.
Garden spiders and black-widow spiders.
D.
Sea urchins and brittle stars.
E.
Clams and mussels.
Correct Answer D. Sea urchins and brittle stars.
Explanation Grasshoppers and butterflies are insects, spiders are arachnids, while clams and mussels are mollusks. Sea urchins and brittle stars are echinoderms (characterized by plates or spines in their body wall), as is the common sea star (starfish).
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2.
Following experiments involving the bread mold Neurospora, George Beadle and Edward Tatum:
A.
Proposed the double-helix model of DNA.
B.
Proved that DNA replication was semi-conservative.
C.
Proposed the lac operon model.
D.
Stated the one-gene, one-polypeptide hypothesis.
E.
Stated the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis.
Correct Answer E. Stated the one-gene, one-enzyme hypothesis.
Explanation Watson and Crick proposed the DNA model, semi-conservative replication of DNA was proven by Meselson and Stahl, and the operon model is properly associated with Jacob and Monod. The one-gene, one-polypeptide hypothesis was suggested by Pauling and Itano.
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3.
Which of these pairings of animals and phyla is incorrect?
A.
Sponges: Porifera
B.
Roundworms: Platyhelminthes
C.
Jellyfish: Cnidaria
D.
Segmented worms: Annelida
E.
Squid: Mollusca
Correct Answer B. Roundworms: Platyhelminthes
Explanation Roundworms (pinworms, hookworms) belong to phylum Nematoda. Flatworms (flukes, tapeworms) are members of phylum Platyhelminthes.
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4.
The oldest recognized bird fossil is that of:
A.
Archaebacteria
B.
Arachnida
C.
Passer domesticus
D.
Archaeopteryx
E.
Obelia
Correct Answer D. Archaeopteryx
Explanation Archaeopteryx existed about 150 million years ago during the late Jurassic, and showed a mix of birdlike (feathers on wings and tail) and reptilelike (teeth) characteristics.
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5.
Relaxation of smooth muscles in the wall of arterioles results in ___________ ; contraction of the muscles decreases the diameter of the vessel, which is termed _____________.
A.
Bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction
B.
High blood pressure, low blood pressure
C.
Vasodilation, vasoconstriction
D.
Vasoconstriction, vasodilation
E.
Low blood pressure, high blood pressure
Correct Answer C. Vasodilation, vasoconstriction
Explanation Vaso- refers to the vessels, and constriction or dilation describes whether they are getting smaller or larger. Broncho- refers to the lungs, specifically the bronchi or bronchioles.
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6.
About 200 million years ago, the continents had drifted together, forming one large land mass called:
A.
Gaia
B.
Pangaea
C.
Gondowanaland
D.
Somaliland
E.
Atlantis
Correct Answer B. Pangaea
Explanation Gaia refers to a controversial ecological hypothesis about how the Earth functions. Gondwanaland (or Gondwana) was a supercontinent formed by the breakup of Pangaea about 150 million years ago. It consisted of southern bodies of land including what are today South America, Australia, and Antarctica.
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7.
Vertebrates are members of the phylum:
A.
Chordata
B.
Hemichordata
C.
Urochordata
D.
Cephalochordata
E.
Protochordata
Correct Answer A. Chordata
Explanation Hemichordata, Urochordata, and Cephalochordata are all invertebrate subphyla in phylum Chordata.
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8.
During what type of exercise is an oxygen debt incurred?
A.
Aerobic
B.
Anaerobic
C.
Exercise at high altitude
D.
Exercise in hot weather
E.
Scuba diving
Correct Answer B. Anaerobic
Explanation During anaerobic work, lactic acid is accumulated in muscles, and additional oxygen is required during recovery to metabolize this acid.
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9.
One of the oldest bacteria is:
A.
Cyanobacteria
B.
Actinomycetes
C.
Rhizobium
D.
Myxobacteria
E.
Eubacteria (omnibacteria)
Correct Answer B. Actinomycetes
Explanation Cyanobacteria, formerly called blue-green algae (and still regarded as algae by some botanists), are monerans known to exist as early as Precambrian times. These were probably the earliest oxygen-producers to evolve. Eubacteria (omnibacteria) are the true bacteria. The bacteria known as Rhizobium are able to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere.
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10.
A motor unit consists of:
A.
All the muscle fibers in a muscle that contract as a unit.
B.
Muscle fibers controlled by a single sensory neuron.
C.
Muscle fibers bound together by a single sheet of fascia.
D.
A pair of nerves originating in the CNS and leading to and from a single skeletal muscle.
E.
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers under its control.
Correct Answer E. A motor neuron and the muscle fibers under its control.
Explanation All fibers within this unit are stimulated to contract simultaneously.
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11.
Self-replicating systems consisting of ____ and enzymes have been successfully assembled in the laboratory as part of investigations into the origin of life.
A.
DNA
B.
RNA
C.
Amino acids
D.
Protein
E.
ATP
Correct Answer B. RNA
Explanation How and when DNA came to play its role is not yet understood.
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12.
If a species' DNA contains 23% adenine, what percentage of guanine would it contain?
A.
23%
B.
46%
C.
25%
D.
44%
E.
27%
Correct Answer E. 27%
Explanation The DNA contains equal amounts of A (23%) and T (23%). The remaining amount of (100% - 46% = 54%) must contain equal amounts of C and G (27% of each).
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13.
Active transport:
A.
Requires a protein carrier.
B.
Moves a molecule against its concentration gradient.
C.
Requires a supply of energy.
D.
Is used to move sodium ions across cell membranes.
E.
All of the above
Correct Answer E. All of the above
Explanation As the name might suggest, active transport requires energy from the cell. It uses this, for example, to power a protein carrier when sodium ions must be moved across a membrane and against a concentration gradient, as is done in the sodium-potassium pump.
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14.
The small size of cells is best correlated with:
A.
The fact that they are self-reproducing
B.
Their prokaryotic, versus eukaryotic, nature.
C.
An adequate surface area for exchange of materials.
D.
Chance
E.
All of the above
Correct Answer C. An adequate surface area for exchange of materials.
Explanation As cell size increases, volume increases faster than surface area, yet all materials must enter or leave the cell through the surface. The diminishing amount of surface area per-unit-volume makes a large cell impossible.
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15.
These chemicals are found both in photosynthesis and the electron transport system of mitochondria:
A.
NADPH
B.
NADP+.
C.
Chlorophyll A
D.
Cytochromes
E.
Rhodopsin
Correct Answer D. Cytochromes
Explanation Cytochromes are proteins that transfer electrons, and are found in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum.
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16.
The levels of classification in proper order are, beginning with species:
Correct Answer E. Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom
Explanation Human classification is as follows: Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia, Order Primates, Family Hominidae, and finally Genus and species: Homo sapiens. Larger groups embrace the smaller. A phylum will usually consist of several to many classes, and each class may contain many orders.
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17.
All of these animals are Old World primates EXCEPT:
A.
Gorillas
B.
Humans
C.
Platyrrhine monkeys
D.
Catarrhine monkeys
E.
Orangutans
Correct Answer C. Platyrrhine monkeys
Explanation All the other primates listed, including humans, originated in the Old World. Platyrrhine monkeys are found in the New World. Their name refers to their broad, flat noses. New World monkeys are the only ones with prehensile tails.
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18.
The actual process of cell division—where the cell splits into two—is called:
A.
Cytokinesis
B.
Prophase
C.
Anaphase
D.
Telophase
E.
Metaphase
Correct Answer A. Cytokinesis
Explanation Cytokinesis is not part of mitosis proper. Some cells (such as muscle cells) may undergo nuclear division—mitosis—without subsequent cell division. An example is muscle cells, which are frequently multinucleate.
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19.
During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA duplicated?
A.
G1
B.
G2
C.
S
D.
M
E.
During prophase of mitosis
Correct Answer C. S
Explanation S stands for synthesis. During this stage of interphase, DNA is synthesized and chromosomes replicated.
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20.
With the exception of certain organisms living near geothermal vents deep in the oceans, all energy in biological systems is ultimately derived from:
A.
The sun
B.
Nuclear decay
C.
Green plants
D.
Bacteria
E.
Green plants and fungi
Correct Answer A. The sun
Explanation Directly or indirectly, the vast bulk of organisms derive their energy from the sun. Green plants and algae are the primary producers of the ecosystem, channeling solar energy into the biosphere, and all other organisms depend on them.
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21.
A container has two compartments filled with pure water and is separated by a membrane that is permeable to dye molecules and water. If the dye is added to one compartment, dynamic equilibrium will have been achieved when:
A.
There is no movement of dye molecules
B.
All dye molecules are in one compartment.
C.
All dye molecules are moving in the same direction.
D.
There is an equal number of dye molecules moving in both directions.
E.
All the dye is on one side again.
Correct Answer D. There is an equal number of dye molecules moving in both directions.
Explanation At first, all dye molecules will move in one direction, from the first to the second side. As time passes, the dye particles will build in numbers on the second side, and some will begin to move back to side one. When this movement is equal in both directions, a point of dynamic balance (dynamic equilibrium or a steady-state) and constancy will be achieved.
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22.
The overall function of cellular respiration is to:
A.
Make ATP.
B.
Make NADH.
C.
Get rid of glucose
D.
Get rid of carbon dioxide
E.
Make ADP
Correct Answer A. Make ATP.
Explanation Cellular respiration is the process of freeing up the energy of organic compounds so it can be used by the cell. This process involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport system of the mitochondria.
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23.
Spherical bacteria that occur singly, in chains, or clumps, are called:
A.
Bacilli
B.
Cocci
C.
Spores
D.
Spirilla
E.
Spirochetes
Correct Answer B. Cocci
Explanation Cocci (coccus) are spheres, bacilli (bacillus) are rod-shaped, and spirilla (spirillum) are twisted or coiled.
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24.
The term "anaerobic" means
A.
With glucose
B.
With free oxygen
C.
Without glucose
D.
Without free oxygen
E.
Without exercise
Correct Answer D. Without free oxygen
Explanation Anaerobic literally means without air. Biologically, this term is used to indicate no free oxygen present, that is, all oxygen atoms are tied up in chemical compounds. Free oxygen would be in the form of a gas, or dissolved in a liquid. For example, glycolysis is an anaerobic process because it does not require free oxygen, while the Krebs cycle is aerobic because it does.
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25.
Each chemical reaction in cellular respiration requires a:
A.
Molecule of ATP
B.
Molecule of FAD
C.
Molecule of NADH
D.
Specific enzyme
E.
Membrane
Correct Answer D. Specific enzyme
Explanation If a chemical reaction happens in an organism, it is safe to assume at least one enzyme was involved. This is true in cellular respiration and other metabolic activities of the cell. By lowering the energy of activation for reactions, enzymes make it easier for the reactions to occur.
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26.
The end of the bronchiole passage in the lungs, a small enclosed space where gas exchange occurs, is known as the:
A.
Allotype
B.
Bronchus
C.
Alveolus
D.
Air bladder
E.
Cul-de-sac
Correct Answer C. Alveolus
Explanation Tiny, air-filled sacs that terminate the airways within the lungs, the alveoli are where gas exchange happens in the lungs. The sacs are surrounded by a rich network of capillaries.
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27.
A recessive allele is never expressed in:
A.
The homozygotic state
B.
The heterozygotic state
C.
The F₁ generation when the parents are both heterozygotes
D.
Choices A. and C.
E.
Choices B. and
Correct Answer B. The heterozygotic state
Explanation A recessive allele is expressed in the homozygous state if the organism is homozygous-recessive. In the F1 offspring of a crossing of heterozygotes, one-quarter, on average, will show the recessive trait, as can be proved with a Punnett square.
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28.
Populations of different species that together inhabit a locality are termed a(n):
A.
Biome
B.
Biosphere
C.
Ecosystem
D.
Community
E.
Deme
Correct Answer D. Community
Explanation Community is one step above population and one step below ecosystem in the hierarchy of the complexity of life. The ecosystem also includes the physical, non-living parts of the environment.
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29.
How many alleles of one gene may there be in a population of organisms?
A.
Only two alleles if the organisms are diploid
B.
Only two alleles
C.
Only three alleles
D.
Many alleles
E.
Less than ten
Correct Answer D. Many alleles
Explanation Choice A. may appear correct at first, but it is misleading. While an individual diploid organism can have only two alleles, a population of diploid organisms may contain many alleles.
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30.
The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis is called:
A.
Synapse
B.
Synapsis
C.
Crossing over
D.
Meiosis II
E.
The mitotic spindle
Correct Answer B. Synapsis
Explanation Synapsis occurs early in meiosis I, and is the pairing of homologous chromosomes.
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31.
Mendel's first law (of segregation) states that:
A.
During meiosis, alleles of a gene will separate
B.
During mitosis, alleles of a gene will separate.
C.
During meiosis, genes separate.
D.
During mitosis, genes separate.
E.
During meiosis, homologous chromosomes will become non-randomly assorted in the gametes.
Correct Answer A. During meiosis, alleles of a gene will separate
Explanation If the non- is dropped, choice E. is a statement of the closely related Mendel's second law (law of independent assortment).
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32.
The process by which a non-virulent strain of Pneumococcus bacteria is changed to a virulent one, through the influence of DNA from another virulent strain, is called:
A.
Translation
B.
Transcription
C.
Transformation
D.
Transduction
E.
Transmigration
Correct Answer C. Transformation
Explanation The term transformation originated with the original work done by Griffith in the 1920s.
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33.
Which one of the following plants is NOT a seed-producer?
A.
Angiosperms
B.
Gymnosperms
C.
Ginkos
D.
Horsetails
E.
Cycads
Correct Answer D. Horsetails
Explanation Ginkos and cycads are often grouped with several other plants as gymnosperms.
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34.
In this diagram, the glomerulus is indicated by letter:
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
E.
E
Correct Answer A. A
Explanation The glomerulus is a knot of capillaries surrounded by Bowmans capsule.
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35.
Within the loop of Henle, at which point is the most concentrated liquid found?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
E.
E
Correct Answer C. C
Explanation The most-concentrated filtrate within the loop of Henle is found at the lowest point of the curve in the diagram. This represents the point where the loop lies most deeply within the medulla.
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36.
Antidiuretic hormone affects the permeability of the ______________ to water.
A.
Bowman's capsule
B.
Descending portion of the loop of Henle
C.
Proximal convoluted tubule
D.
Ascending portion of the loop of Henle
E.
Collecting
Correct Answer E. Collecting
Explanation Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes the production of a hypertonic urine to conserve water.
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37.
The collecting duct is indicated by letter:
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
E.
E
Correct Answer E. E
Explanation The collecting duct funnels the filtrate from the rest of the nephron toward the pelvis of the kidney, where it is conducted by the ureter to the urinary bladder.
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38.
The first plants to have airborne pollen were:
A.
Mosses
B.
Ferns
C.
Bryophytes
D.
Gymnosperms
E.
Angiosperms
Correct Answer D. Gymnosperms
Explanation The evolution of airborne (as opposed to water-borne) pollen was a major evolutionary step in the history of plants, as it allowed colonization of drier habitats.
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39.
The adrenal medulla, when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, secretes:
A.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
B.
Adrenaline and aldosterone
C.
Epinephrine and phenylephrine
D.
Norepinephrine and insulin.
E.
Adrenaline and acetylcholine
Correct Answer A. Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Explanation Adrenaline is a (mainly British) synonym for epinephrine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, and phenylephrine is a medication used as a decongestant. Insulin is produced in the pancreas, and aldosterone in the adrenal cortex.
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40.
Molting, growth, and the transformation of insects into adult forms are all promoted by:
A.
Juvenile hormone
B.
Gonadotrophic hormones
C.
ACTH
D.
Ecdysone
E.
Estrogen
Correct Answer D. Ecdysone
Explanation Juvenile hormone promotes larval characteristics. ACTH is adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and is secreted by the vertebrate anterior pituitary gland.
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41.
In plants, the three primary meristems are:
A.
Protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem
B.
Protoderm, epidermis, and cambium.
C.
Protoderm, pericycle, and procambium
D.
Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
E.
Protoderm, parenchyma, and collenchym A
Correct Answer A. Protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem
Explanation The primary meristems (embryonic tissues) and their mature products are: (1) protoderm (makes epidermis); (2) procambium (produces primary vascular tissues); and (3) ground meristem (which makes ground tissue).
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42.
At the stage of animal development near the end of cleavage, the embryo frequently occurs in the form of a hollow ball, called a:
A.
Gastrula
B.
Blastula
C.
Morula
D.
Blastocoel
E.
Trophoblast
Correct Answer B. Blastula
Explanation The morula (a solid ball of cells) precedes the formation of the blastula; gastrulation is the next phase of development.
Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosomes, and similar structures in the cell are all part of:
A.
A typical prokaryotic cell
B.
The energy-producing organelles of the cell
C.
The endomembrane system
D.
Cell apparatus for protein and carbohydrate synthesis
E.
The cytoskeleton
Correct Answer C. The endomembrane system
Explanation One of the characteristic and telling features of the eukaryotic cell is the great amount of membrane found within the cell: characteristic, because no prokaryote possesses such a complex system of channels; telling, since it is a major clue to the organization of the eukaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, and use membranes to sequester chemical activities, and as places to put activities such as those involving the transport of electrons.
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45.
Flowers and pollinators are good examples of:
A.
Coevolution
B.
Symbiosis
C.
Mutualism
D.
Parasitism
E.
Mimicry
Correct Answer A. Coevolution
Explanation In this instance, coevolution is a result of the selective pressures exerted by flowering plants and pollinators on each other. The other terms do not accurately express the unique relationship between these two groups of organisms.
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46.
Carrying capacity is:
A.
The number of different species an environment can sustain
B.
The number of predators of one species that a particular prey population can support.
C.
The innate capacity of a population or group to increase in size.
D.
The number of organisms, of all types taken together, that can be supported by an environment.
E.
The point at which population size stabilizes in a particular environment.
Correct Answer E. The point at which population size stabilizes in a particular environment.
Explanation It is the point at which the environment limits growth of a population. Of the remaining choices, choice D. comes closest to being a correct answer, but it fails, since carrying capacity is specific for each of the different populations in an environment. Choice C. is a basic description of the idea of biotic potential.
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47.
All of the following statements are true about T-cells EXCEPT:
A.
The full name for T-cells is T-lymphocytes.
B.
T-cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
C.
Helper T-cells enhance the immune response
D.
T-cells differentiate into plasma cells
E.
T-cells mature in the thymus; hence, their name
Correct Answer D. T-cells differentiate into plasma cells
Explanation B-cells, which are part of the humoral immune system, differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies.
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48.
All of the following are associated with r-strategists (as opposed to K-strategists) EXCEPT:
A.
Rapid increases in numbers
B.
Intensive parental care
C.
Fast maturation
D.
Organisms are small in size
E.
Usually found in an unstable environment
Correct Answer B. Intensive parental care
Explanation Little or no parental care is typical of r-strategies. The point is to be quickly productive of a bulk of young, letting sheer numbers ensure the survival of some to reproduce. By contrast, K-strategists invest more, including parental care, in each of fewer young.
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49.
The sperm-producing, male structure in bryophytes (and other, non-seed plants) is the:
A.
Archegonium
B.
Antheridium
C.
Stamen
D.
Microgametophyte
E.
Megagametophyte
Correct Answer B. Antheridium
Explanation Archegonium refers to the female sex organ of plants, such as mosses, liverworts, ferns, and many gymnosperms.
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50.
Which of the following elemental cycles has its principal reservoir in mineral (rock) form and is not present in any form in the atmosphere?
A.
Carbon cycle
B.
Phosphorus cycle
C.
Sulfur cycle
D.
Nitrogen cycle
E.
Oxygen cycle
Correct Answer B. Phosphorus cycle
Explanation While much sulfur is stored in soils and sediments, sulfur in the form of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are present as gases in the atmosphere. The major repositories for phosphorus are rock and deposits, from which phosphorus is released by the actions of water and weather.
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