Chapter 2, Pathology For The Physical Therapist Assistant (Lescher)

1. Signs and symptoms of Down syndrome include...

Atlantoaxial subluxation

Congenital heart disorders

Hypotonia

Varying degrees of mental retardation

All of the above

pages 55, 56

Explanation

pages 55, 56

2. Which of the following are possible or probable in children with muscular dystrophy?

Trendelenburg gait

Severe muscle atrophy

Balance and ambulation difficulties

Scoliosis due to lack of muscular support

All of the above

page 68

Explanation

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3. Symptoms of cerebral palsy include...

Ataxia

Hyper- or hypotonicity

Varying levels of paralysis

Vision, speech, or hearing deficits

All of the above

page 60

Explanation

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4. The normal human cell consists of ____ chromosomes (____ pairs).

50; 25

46; 23

48; 24

36; 18

page 51

Explanation

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5. Even a small injury in a person with hemophilia can cause...

Bleeding into a joint (hemiarthrosis)

Bleeding into the brain

Intestinal bleeding

Bleeding into a muscle

All of the above

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Explanation

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6. Factors leading to a sickle cell disease crisis include

Overexertion or fatigue

Stress or emotional factors

Heat or cold

Infection

Pregnancy

All of the above

page 69

Explanation

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7. Children with Down syndrome tend to have

Developmental dysplasia of the hip; atlantoaxial instability

Muscular hypotonia

Incredibly good balance

A and B

B and C

page 56

Explanation

page 56

8. Individuals with Down syndrome...

Often live into their 50s

Tend to age prematurely

Are prone to dementia

Can often hold jobs and get married

All of the above

page 56

Explanation

page 56

9. Causes of cerebral palsy include

Hypoxia of the fetus

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Meningitis

All of the above

page 59

Explanation

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10. Risk factors for spina bifida include

Paternal exposure to Agent Orange

Maternal use of anti-seizure medication

Family history of the condition

Maternal obesity or insulin-dependent diabetes

All of the above

None of the above

page 64

Explanation

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11. __________intake in women may help prevent birth defects.

Beta carotene

Folic acid

Vitamin K

Acetic acid

page 56

Explanation

page 56

12. Physical therapy interventions for children with muscular dystrophy include

Balance training

Aquatherapy

Breathing exercises

Lifting and transfer techniques

All of the above

page 68

Explanation

page 68

13. Medications that may be prescribed to relieve cerebral palsy symptoms include...

Muscle relaxants

Analgesics

Botulinium toxin (Botox)

Anti-seizure medications

All of the above

page 60

Explanation

page 60

14. Chromosome ___ is affected in Down syndrome.

21

12

22

11

page 55

Explanation

page 55

15. Sickle cell disease is especially prevalent in

European and Scandinavian populations

Hispanic and African-American populations

Asian-American populations

Native peoples

None of the above; all ethnicities are affected equally

page 68

Explanation

page 68

16. Symptoms of a sickle cell crisis include

Abdominal or joint pain

Fever

Hives

A and B

B and C

page 69

Explanation

page 69

17. Which statement is TRUE regarding physical therapy for cerebral palsy?

It is only effective if treatment sessions are scheduled weekly

It can include aquatherapy, ambulation training, or the use of assistive devices

It must be started before the child is one year old

It is rarely employed unless the child has undergone surgery for his/her condition

page 60

Explanation

page 60

18. Life expectancy for patients with Duchenne's is __________ and Becker's is _________

Late teens to early adulthood; midlife

Early teens; late twenties

Midlife; late eighties

Early thirties; late teens

page 68

Explanation

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19. Other risk factors for cerebral palsy include

A baby with a very high birth weight

Seizures in mother or child

Maternal exposures to toxic substances

Both A and B

Both B and C

page 59

Explanation

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20. Besides the musculoskeletal system, which of the following systems is most likely to be affected by severe scoliosis?

Gastrointestinal

Lymphatic

Respiratory

Integumentary

page 63

Explanation

page 63

21. Which of the following is TRUE about hemophilia?

Hemophilia affects females and males in equal numbers

Hemophilia is rarely hereditary.

Hemophilia is caused by deficient amounts of Factor VIII.

Hemophilia is almost always fatal.

page 67

Explanation

page 67

22. Sickle cell disease is autosomal recessive, which means that

It is transmitted via female family members

It only occurs once per generation

Both parents must pass the traits to their offspring

Only males can receive the genetic trait

Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. It is autosomal recessive, which means that both copies of the gene must be mutated for an individual to have the disease. This means that both parents must pass on the mutated gene to their offspring in order for them to inherit the disease. If only one parent passes on the mutated gene, the offspring will be a carrier of the disease but will not have symptoms.

Explanation

Sickle cell disease is caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene. It is autosomal recessive, which means that both copies of the gene must be mutated for an individual to have the disease. This means that both parents must pass on the mutated gene to their offspring in order for them to inherit the disease. If only one parent passes on the mutated gene, the offspring will be a carrier of the disease but will not have symptoms.

23. In the US, approximately _____________ to ____________ people are living with sickle cell disease.

70,000;80,000

1,000;1,500

20,000; 40,000

100,000; 1,000,000

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Explanation

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24. The three types of spina bifida are

Spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele

Spina bifida gravida, meningocele, myelomeningocele

Spina bifida occulta, myelocele, neuromyelocele

Spina bifida gravida, melanocele, myeloneurocele

page 64

Explanation

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25. The two types of muscular dystrophy are ___________ and_____________.

Fontaine's; Backstrom's

Duchenne's ;Becker's

Duchenne's; Lescher's

Dupeytren's; Becker's

page 67

Explanation

page 67

26. Some people with hemophilia may also suffer from HIV because

Both conditions are autoimmune and having one predisposes one to having the other

They generally spend a great deal of time hospitalized and are exposed to others with HIV

They likely received blood transfusions in the early 80s, before the blood supply was screened for HIV

HIV and hemophilia are both caused by the same gene

page 67

Explanation

page 67

27. Which statement is TRUE regarding autosomal dominant genes?

The factor is inherited from one parent only

Each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the trait

It tends to have a total-body effect

All of the above are true

None of the above are true

page 52

Explanation

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28. Which statement is FALSE regarding autosomal recessive conditions?

Autosomal recessive conditions are more common than autosomal dominant conditions

Both parents must transmit the gene to cause a manifestation in the child

Autosomal recessive conditions are more likely to occur in areas of intermarriage

Autosomal recessive conditions only occur in males

page 52

Explanation

page 52

29. Which of the following is a characteristic of X chromosome-linked disorders?

X chromosome-linked disorders only occur in males

Females can be carriers of X chromosome-linked traits

Muscular dystrophy and hemophilia (A/B) are types of X chromosome-linked disorders

All of the above are characteristics of X chromosome-linked disorders

None of the above are characteristics of X chromosome-linked disorders

X chromosome-linked disorders only occur in males because these disorders are caused by mutations in genes located on the X chromosome. Females can be carriers of X chromosome-linked traits because they have two X chromosomes, so even if one X chromosome carries the mutated gene, the other X chromosome can compensate for it. Muscular dystrophy and hemophilia (A/B) are types of X chromosome-linked disorders, as they are caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome. Therefore, all of the above statements are characteristics of X chromosome-linked disorders.

Explanation

X chromosome-linked disorders only occur in males because these disorders are caused by mutations in genes located on the X chromosome. Females can be carriers of X chromosome-linked traits because they have two X chromosomes, so even if one X chromosome carries the mutated gene, the other X chromosome can compensate for it. Muscular dystrophy and hemophilia (A/B) are types of X chromosome-linked disorders, as they are caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome. Therefore, all of the above statements are characteristics of X chromosome-linked disorders.

30. In spina bifida, the spinal column fails to close during the _________ month of pregnancy.

First

Third

Fifth

Eighth

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Explanation

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31. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding muscular dystrophy?

It affects the ability of the muscles to utilize acetylcholine

Patients suffering from muscular dystrophy commonly undergo total joint arthroplasties

It is far more prevalent in females than males

It is an X-linked recessive chromosomal trait generally carried by the mother

page 67

Explanation

page 67

32. Sickle cell disease causes acute periods of hypoxia/ischemia to vital organs. The term for one of these periods is a(n) __________.

Flare-up

Crisis

Attack

Emergency

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Explanation

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33. The rate of occurrence of Down syndrome is roughly 1 in every ________ to _______ births.

100, 150

660, 800

1000, 1250

2, 10

page 55

Explanation

page 55

34. Which of the following statements regarding spina bifida is FALSE?

Children with spina bifida occulta may not exhibit any signs or symptoms

Spina bifida almost always results in death within a child's first year of life

Most children with spina bifida have bowel and bladder incontinenence

Children with spina bifida are at a risk for pressure ulcers due to lack of sensation in the lower body

page 66

Explanation

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35. A scoliosis curvature above ____ degrees is likely to need a brace, and a curvature above _____ degrees is likely to require surgery.

10; 20-25

15; 20-25

30; 50-60

20; 40-45

page 63

Explanation

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36. Which statement regarding scoliosis is FALSE?

Scoliosis affects girls more often than boys

Many cases of scoliosis are mild and do not cause any problems

All surgeries to treat scoliosis are very invasive

Most cases of scoliosis are of unknown cause

page 63

Explanation

page 63

37. Approximately _____ US babies are born with hemophilia yearly.

1,000

50

Less than 100

400

page 67

Explanation

page 67

38. Surgical closure of the spinal defect in a child with spina bifida is generally done

In utero

Within 72 hours of birth

Any time within the child's first four months

A and B

B and C

page 66

Explanation

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39. According to an estimate by the NIH, there are approximately ______ US children and adults living with cerebral palsy.

800,000

80,000

120,000

90,000

page 59

Explanation

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40. Approximately ____% of the US population has scoliosis.

0.5

10

2

5

page 63

Explanation

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