Wireless Standards And Protocols Test For Beginners!

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1. What term correctly completes the following sentence?   802.11a/b/g used a mandatory 800ns guard interval. 802.11n introduced an optional short 400ns guard interval. Guard intervals (GI) are necessary in OFDM to reduce the likelihood of interference between two consecutive ____________. 

Explanation

Guard intervals (GI) are necessary in OFDM to reduce the likelihood of interference between two consecutive symbols. In this context, symbols refer to the individual units of data that are transmitted in an OFDM system. The guard interval is a period of time inserted between symbols to minimize the effects of multipath interference and ensure accurate data transmission. By using a guard interval, the receiver can distinguish between different symbols and reduce the likelihood of errors caused by interference.

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About This Quiz
Network Quizzes & Trivia

This beginner-level test on Wireless Standards and Protocols assesses knowledge of WLAN troubleshooting, power save behaviors, and IEEE 802.11 standards. It is designed to enhance understanding of beacon... see moreframe behaviors, power management in wireless networks, and key elements of wireless communication protocols. see less

2. As an RF wave propagates through space, the wave front experiences natural expansion that reduces its signal strength in an area. What term describes the rate at which this expansion happens? 

Explanation

The term that describes the rate at which the expansion of an RF wave front happens is the inverse square law. According to this law, the intensity of the wave decreases as the square of the distance from the source increases. This means that as the wave propagates through space, its signal strength diminishes rapidly with distance. This phenomenon is commonly observed in various fields, including physics and telecommunications.

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3. As XYZ Company's wireless specialist, you have been asked to troubleshoot some unexpected frame patterns in a wireless protocol capture. Your peers explain that the network's beacon frames are inconsistent. That is, the BSSID is the same for all beacons, but the source address varies between three different addresses.   What network configuration would cause this beacon frame behavior? 

Explanation

The inconsistent beacon frames with the same BSSID but different source addresses indicate that the beacons are from an Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS) instead of a Basic Service Set (BSS). In an IBSS, also known as an ad hoc network, devices communicate directly with each other without the need for an access point. Each device acts as a peer and can take turns transmitting beacons with its own source address. This behavior is different from a BSS, where the access point is responsible for transmitting the beacons with a consistent source address.

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4. When using an RF splitter to connect one transceiver to sector antennas loss is incurred. What is this loss called? 

Explanation

When using an RF splitter to connect one transceiver to sector antennas, some signal loss occurs. This loss is known as "through loss."

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5. XYZ Corporation is experiencing connectivity problems with their existing building-to-building bridge link. A concrete wall on the roof of one building is partially blocking the Fresnel Zone, and the connection is dropping many frames. The administrator moves the antenna to an area not obstructed by the concrete wall and then realizes the RF cable cannot reach the new location. If an extension cable is added to move the antenna, what are the likely results? 

Explanation

If an extension cable is added to move the antenna, the Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) will decrease. This is because the extension cable will introduce additional loss and attenuation, reducing the overall power output of the antenna. As a result, the signal strength and coverage area will be reduced, impacting the connectivity and data throughput rate. The other options mentioned in the question, such as the size of the Fresnel zone, antenna's azimuth beamwidth, data throughput rate, and likelihood of a direct lightning strike, are not directly affected by adding an extension cable.

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6. In a long-distance RF link, what statement about Fade Margin is true? 

Explanation

The Fade Margin is an additional pad of signal strength designed into the RF system to compensate for unpredictable signal fading. This means that it provides a buffer of extra signal strength to account for any fluctuations or variations in the signal due to factors such as interference or atmospheric conditions. It is not dependent on the frequency and distance of the RF link, and it is not necessarily equivalent to the receiver's antenna gain. The statement about the first Fresnel zone and obstructions is unrelated to the concept of Fade Margin.

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7. XYZ Corporation is experiencing connectivity problems with their existing building-to-building bridge link. A concrete wall on the roof of one building is partially blocking the Fresnel Zone, and the connection is dropping many frames. The administrator moves the antenna to an area not obstructed by the concrete wall and then realizes the RF cable cannot reach the new location. If an extension cable is added to move the antenna, what are the likely results? 

Explanation

Adding an extension cable to move the antenna will result in a decrease in the Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP). EIRP is the amount of power that an antenna radiates in a specific direction. When an extension cable is added, it introduces additional resistance and loss in the signal, leading to a decrease in the overall power radiated by the antenna. This can result in a weakened signal and reduced connectivity.

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8. Prior to association, what parameter can 802.11 client devices measure and use to select the optimal access point for association?

Explanation

802.11 client devices can measure and use the signal strength of access point beacons received to select the optimal access point for association. This parameter allows the client device to determine the strength of the signal being transmitted by different access points in its vicinity. By selecting the access point with the strongest signal, the client device can ensure a more stable and reliable connection.

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9. What can cause an excessively high VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) in a WLAN RF transmission line? 

Explanation

An impedance mismatch in the RF cables and connectors can cause an excessively high VSWR in a WLAN RF transmission line. When there is an impedance mismatch, the RF signal is not properly transferred between the cables and connectors, leading to a higher amount of reflected power. This causes standing waves to form, resulting in a higher VSWR. Attenuation of the RF signal, crosstalk between adjacent RF conductors, and reflected DC voltage on the main RF signal line are not directly related to causing an excessively high VSWR.

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10. In an 802.11n WLAN with a heterogeneous set of associated client devices including 802.11b, 11g, and 11n, what HT protection mode will the BSS use? 

Explanation

In an 802.11n WLAN with a heterogeneous set of associated client devices including 802.11b, 11g, and 11n, the BSS will use Mode 3: Non-HT mixed mode. This mode is used to support both legacy non-HT devices (802.11b and 11g) and HT devices (802.11n) in the network. It allows the BSS to transmit frames using both HT and non-HT formats, ensuring compatibility with all devices in the network.

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11. In a Wi-Fi client configuration utility, what feature is most likely to be user configurable? 

Explanation

In a Wi-Fi client configuration utility, the feature that is most likely to be user configurable is the EAP Authentication Type. This is because the EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is used to provide secure authentication for Wi-Fi networks, and different authentication methods can be supported, such as EAP-TLS, EAP-PEAP, or EAP-TTLS. The user may need to select the appropriate authentication type based on the network's requirements or their own security preferences.

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12. What answers correctly complete the following sentence? ____________ and ____________ carrier sense functions are used to determine if the wireless medium is busy. (Choose 2) 

Explanation

Virtual and Physical carrier sense functions are used to determine if the wireless medium is busy. Virtual carrier sense involves monitoring the virtual channel to check if it is currently being used by another device. Physical carrier sense involves listening to the physical channel to detect any ongoing transmissions. Both of these functions are necessary to accurately determine the status of the wireless medium and avoid collisions.

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13. The center frequency of channel 1 in the 2.4 GHz band is 2.412 GHz (2412 MHz).  What is the center frequency of channel 4

Explanation

The center frequency of channel 4 can be determined by adding 5 to the center frequency of channel 1. Since the center frequency of channel 1 is 2.412 GHz, adding 5 to it gives us 2.417 GHz. However, none of the given options match this value. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.427 GHz, which is the closest option to 2.417 GHz.

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14. What type of device often causes interference across 50% or more of the 2.4 GHz frequency band? 

Explanation

Microwave ovens often cause interference across 50% or more of the 2.4 GHz frequency band. This is because microwave ovens operate on the same frequency band as Wi-Fi devices, which is 2.4 GHz. When a microwave oven is turned on, it emits electromagnetic waves that can disrupt and interfere with the Wi-Fi signal, causing a decrease in signal strength and slower internet speeds. This interference is especially noticeable when the microwave oven is in close proximity to the Wi-Fi router or access point.

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15. In an 802.11 2.4 GHz system, what 22 MHz channels are considered non-overlapping?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

In an 802.11 2.4 GHz system, the 22 MHz channels that are considered non-overlapping are Channels 2 and 8, and Channels 5 and 10. These channels do not overlap with each other and can be used simultaneously without causing interference.

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16. For what likely reasons might an organization choose to purchase an AP designed for outdoor deployment to use as an indoor WLAN AP at an industrial facility? (Choose 2) 

Explanation

An organization might choose to purchase an AP designed for outdoor deployment to use as an indoor WLAN AP at an industrial facility for physical security and theft prevention. By using an outdoor AP indoors, the organization can ensure that the AP is securely mounted and protected from unauthorized access or tampering. Additionally, the organization might choose this option to protect the AP from environmental conditions such as dust, moisture, or extreme temperatures that are common in industrial facilities.

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17. What type of device often causes interference across 50% or more of the 2.4 GHz frequency band? 

Explanation

Microwave ovens often cause interference across 50% or more of the 2.4 GHz frequency band. This is because microwave ovens operate on the same frequency band as Wi-Fi devices, which is the 2.4 GHz band. When a microwave oven is in use, it emits electromagnetic waves that can interfere with Wi-Fi signals, causing disruptions and slowdowns in wireless networks. This interference occurs because microwave ovens generate high levels of electromagnetic radiation, which can interfere with the signals being transmitted by Wi-Fi devices.

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18. What HT technology requires MIMO support on both the transmitter and receiver? 

Explanation

Spatial multiplexing is a technology that requires MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) support on both the transmitter and receiver. MIMO technology uses multiple antennas to transmit and receive multiple data streams simultaneously, increasing the capacity and reliability of wireless communication. Spatial multiplexing specifically utilizes the multiple antennas to transmit different parts of the data simultaneously, allowing for higher data rates. Therefore, spatial multiplexing requires MIMO support on both ends to effectively transmit and receive multiple data streams.

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19. What phrase defines Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)?   

Explanation

EIRP, or Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power, refers to the maximum RF signal strength that is transmitted from a given antenna. It takes into account the power output from the radio, any losses in the RF cable, and the power supplied from the transmission line to the antenna input. EIRP is a measure of the effective radiated power of an antenna, considering both the power transmitted and the antenna's radiation pattern.

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20. What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers)? 

Explanation

To establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles, it is always required to have a Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions. The Fresnel Zone is an elliptical area around the direct line of sight between the transmitting and receiving antennas. It needs to be clear of obstructions such as buildings, trees, or other objects to ensure minimal signal degradation and interference. Having a clear Fresnel Zone helps maintain a strong and reliable RF link over the specified distance.

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21. An 802.11 WLAN transmitter that emits a 50 mW signal is connected to a cable with 3 dB of loss. The cable is connected to an antenna with 16 dBi of gain.  What is the EIRP power output?

Explanation

The EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) is the measure of the power that an antenna radiates in a specific direction. To calculate the EIRP, we need to consider the transmitter power, cable loss, and antenna gain. In this case, the transmitter emits a 50 mW signal, and the cable has a 3 dB loss, which means it reduces the power by half (50% loss). However, the antenna has a 16 dBi gain, which amplifies the power by 16 times. Therefore, the EIRP power output is calculated as follows: 50 mW * 0.5 * 16 = 400 mW. So, the correct answer is 1000 mW, which is equivalent to 1 watt.

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22. In a long-distance RF link, what statement about Fade Margin is true? 

Explanation

The Fade Margin is an additional pad of signal strength designed into the RF system to compensate for unpredictable signal fading. This means that it provides a buffer of extra signal strength to ensure that even if there are fluctuations or fading in the signal, it will still be strong enough for reliable communication. It is not dependent on the frequency, distance, or clearance of obstructions in the first Fresnel zone. The statement about the receiver's antenna gain being equivalent to the Fade Margin is not true.

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23. A WLAN transmitter that emits a 200 mW signal is connected to a cable with 3 dB loss.  If the cable is connected to an antenna with 10 dBi gain, what is the EIRP at the antenna element? 

Explanation

The EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) is calculated by adding the transmitter power, cable loss, and antenna gain. In this case, the transmitter emits a 200 mW (23 dBm) signal, which is then subjected to a 3 dB loss due to the cable. The antenna has a gain of 10 dBi. Adding these values together, we get 23 dBm - 3 dB + 10 dBi = 30 dBm. Therefore, the EIRP at the antenna element is 30 dBm.

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24. Return Loss is the decrease of forward energy in a system when some of the power is being reflected back toward the transmitter.   What will cause high return loss in an RF transmission system, including the radio, cables, connectors and antenna?

Explanation

An impedance mismatch between components in the RF system can cause high return loss in an RF transmission system. When there is an impedance mismatch, some of the power from the transmitter is reflected back towards the transmitter instead of being transmitted forward. This results in a decrease in forward energy and an increase in return loss. The other options, such as cross-polarization, VSWR of 1:1, the use of long cables, and high output power with a low-gain antenna, may have other effects on the RF system but are not directly related to causing high return loss.

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25. What can cause an excessively high VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) in a WLAN RF transmission line? 

Explanation

An impedance mismatch in the RF cables and connectors can cause an excessively high VSWR in a WLAN RF transmission line. When there is an impedance mismatch, the RF signal is not properly transferred between the cables and connectors, resulting in a portion of the signal being reflected back towards the source. This reflected signal interferes with the original signal, causing standing waves and an increased VSWR.

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26. What word describes the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium of a varying density from that of free space?   

Explanation

Refraction is the correct answer because it refers to the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium with a varying density from that of free space. This bending occurs due to the change in speed of the signal as it enters the medium, causing it to change direction. Diffraction, reflection, diffusion, and scattering are not the appropriate terms to describe this phenomenon.

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27. Prior to association, what parameter can 802.11 client devices measure and use to select the optimal access point for association?

Explanation

802.11 client devices can measure and use the signal strength of access point beacons received to select the optimal access point for association. This is because the signal strength indicates the quality of the connection between the client device and the access point. A stronger signal strength suggests a better connection and therefore a more optimal access point for association.

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28. A Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certificate indicates that a device is a/b/g/n certified. It further indicates one transmit and receive spatial stream for both the 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz bands. It further indicates support for both WPA and WPA2 Enterprise and Personal. Finally, it indicates support for EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2, PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 and PEAPv1/EAP-GTC. Which one of the following statements is false? 

Explanation

The given statement is false because the question states that the device is a/b/g/n certified, which means it supports up to 600 Mbps data rates for both the 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz bands. Therefore, the maximum supported data rate for this device is not 300 Mbps.

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29. The IEEE 802.11a/n/ac physical layer technologies utilize the 5 GHz frequency band. What is true of the channels in this frequency spectrum? 

Explanation

The correct answer is that DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) may be required in some regulatory domains on some channels. This means that in certain regions or countries, certain channels within the 5 GHz frequency band may require DFS to avoid interference with radar systems. DFS allows devices to detect radar signals and switch to a different channel if necessary. However, it is important to note that DFS is not required in all regulatory domains or on all channels, hence the use of "may be required" in the answer.

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30. What statement is true concerning the use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in IEEE 802.11 WLANs? 

Explanation

802.11ac VHT-OFDM utilizes 256-QAM, which increases the data rate significantly over 64QAM available in HT-OFDM. This means that 802.11ac can transmit more data per symbol, resulting in higher data rates.

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31. What component of the 802.11 standard allows stations to reserve access to the RF medium for a specified period of time? 

Explanation

RTS (Request to Send) or CTS (Clear to Send) frames are used in the 802.11 standard to allow stations to reserve access to the RF (Radio Frequency) medium for a specified period of time. When a station wants to transmit data, it sends an RTS frame to the access point, requesting permission to transmit. The access point responds with a CTS frame, granting permission and reserving the medium. This mechanism helps to avoid collisions and ensures that the medium is available for the transmitting station for the specified duration.

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32. The client devices that connect to your network include a mix of dual-band 802.11n and 802.11ac, single-band 802.11b/g/n, and some 802.11a/g/n. Your access points are configured with the same SSID on both the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. The APs are also configured to prioritize client connectivity to 5 GHz.  How does an AP perform band steering to encourage clients to use 5 GHz?   

Explanation

The AP may ignore the initial probe requests or 802.11 authentication requests sent in the 2.4 GHz band by dual-band clients. This means that when a client device sends a probe request or authentication request in the 2.4 GHz band, the AP will not respond or acknowledge these requests. By ignoring these requests, the AP is essentially discouraging the client from using the 2.4 GHz band and encouraging them to connect to the 5 GHz band instead. This helps to steer clients towards the 5 GHz band, which typically offers faster speeds and less interference compared to the 2.4 GHz band.

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33. In a Wi-Fi client configuration utility, what feature is most likely to be user configurable? 

Explanation

In a Wi-Fi client configuration utility, the feature that is most likely to be user configurable is the EAP Authentication Type. This is because the EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is used for secure authentication in Wi-Fi networks, and different types of EAP methods can be used depending on the network's security requirements. Therefore, the user would need to configure the EAP Authentication Type to match the authentication method used by the network they are connecting to.

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34. You are implementing a VHT-capable AP. Which one of the following channels is available in the 802.11ac amendment to the 802.11-2012 standard, which was not available in the standard before this amendment? 

Explanation

The correct answer is 144. In the 802.11ac amendment to the 802.11-2012 standard, the new channels were added to support higher data rates. The 144 channel is one of these new channels that was not available in the standard before this amendment.

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35. What term describes the effect of increasing the intensity of an RF wave with an antenna by focusing the energy in a specific direction?   

Explanation

Passive gain refers to the effect of increasing the intensity of an RF wave with an antenna by focusing the energy in a specific direction. It does not involve any active amplification or additional power input. Instead, it utilizes the antenna's design and structure to concentrate the energy in a particular direction, resulting in a stronger signal in that direction. RF flooding, beam compression, active amplification, and distributed radiation are not the correct terms to describe this phenomenon.

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36. What are two channel modes specified by the 802.11n (High Throughput) PHY?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The two channel modes specified by the 802.11n (High Throughput) PHY are 20/40 MHz and 20 MHz.

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37. Return Loss is the decrease of forward energy in a system when some of the power is being reflected back toward the transmitter.   What will cause high return loss in an RF transmission system, including the radio, cables, connectors and antenna?

Explanation

An impedance mismatch between components in the RF system can cause high return loss in an RF transmission system. When there is an impedance mismatch, some of the power from the transmitter is reflected back towards the transmitter instead of being transmitted through the system. This results in a decrease in forward energy and an increase in return loss.

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38. What word describes the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium of a varying density from that of free space?   

Explanation

Refraction is the correct answer because it refers to the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium with a varying density from that of free space. Refraction occurs when the signal enters a different medium, causing a change in its speed and direction. This phenomenon is commonly observed when light passes through water or glass, but it also applies to RF signals.

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39. AP-1 is a 3x3:2 AP. STA-3 is a 3x3:3 client. What is the maximum number of spatial streams that can be used for a downlink HT-OFDM transmission from AP-1 to STA-3?

Explanation

The correct answer is two spatial streams because the AP-1 is a 3x3:2 AP, which means it has 3 transmit antennas and 3 receive antennas, but it can only support a maximum of 2 spatial streams. The client STA-3 is a 3x3:3 client, which means it has 3 transmit antennas and 3 receive antennas and can support a maximum of 3 spatial streams. However, the maximum number of spatial streams that can be used for a downlink transmission from the AP-1 to STA-3 is limited by the capabilities of the AP, which is 2 spatial streams.

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40. What HT technology requires MIMO support on both the transmitter and receiver? 

Explanation

Spatial multiplexing is a technology that requires MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) support on both the transmitter and receiver. MIMO technology uses multiple antennas to transmit and receive multiple data streams simultaneously, increasing the capacity and reliability of wireless communication. Spatial multiplexing specifically utilizes multiple antennas at the transmitter to transmit different parts of the data simultaneously, and multiple antennas at the receiver to separate and decode these parts. This allows for higher data rates and improved signal quality in wireless communication systems.

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41. What statements about the beamwidth of an RF antenna are true?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The first statement is true because the horizontal beamwidth of an RF antenna is indeed displayed in degrees on the antenna's Azimuth Chart. This chart provides information about the antenna's radiation pattern and beamwidth in the horizontal plane.

The second statement is also true because the horizontal and vertical beamwidths of an antenna are typically calculated at the points where the main lobe decreases power by 3 dB. This is a common method used to define the beamwidth of an antenna and represents the angles at which the power of the RF signal starts to decrease significantly.

Therefore, the correct answers are: Horizontal beamwidth is displayed (in degrees) on the antenna’s Azimuth Chart. Horizontal and vertical beamwidth are calculated at the points in which the main lobe decreases power by 3 dB.

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42. What phrase defines Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)?   

Explanation

EIRP is a measure of the maximum strength of the radio frequency (RF) signal that is transmitted from a particular antenna. It takes into account both the power output from the radio and any losses that occur in the transmission cable. It is important because it helps to determine the effective range and coverage area of the antenna.

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43. What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers)? 

Explanation

To establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers), it is always required to have a Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions. The Fresnel Zone is the area around the direct line of sight between the transmitting and receiving antennas, and obstructions within this zone can cause signal degradation and interference. Therefore, having a clear Fresnel Zone ensures that the RF signal can propagate effectively and maintain a strong and reliable connection over the given distance.

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44. You are implementing a VHT-capable AP. Which one of the following channels is available in the 802.11ac amendment to the 802.11-2012 standard, which was not available in the standard before this amendment? 

Explanation

The correct answer is 144. In the 802.11ac amendment to the 802.11-2012 standard, the channel 144 became available, which was not available in the standard before this amendment.

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45. AP-1 is a 3x3:2 AP. STA-3 is a 3x3:3 client. What is the maximum number of spatial streams that can be used for a downlink HT-OFDM transmission from AP-1 to STA-3?

Explanation

The correct answer is two spatial streams, because the AP-1 is a 3x3:2 AP, which means it has three transmit antennas but only two spatial streams. The client, STA-3, is a 3x3:3 client, meaning it has three transmit antennas and three spatial streams. Therefore, the maximum number of spatial streams that can be used for a downlink HT-OFDM transmission from AP-1 to STA-3 is limited by the capabilities of the AP, which is two spatial streams.

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46. ABC Company has just purchased a 6 dBi patch antenna. After performing some tests with the 6 dBi antenna, they have concluded that more antenna gain is needed to cover their outdoor courtyard. When choosing an antenna with higher gain, what other antenna characteristic will also always change?

Explanation

When choosing an antenna with higher gain, the beamwidth will also always change. Beamwidth refers to the angle of the main lobe of the radiation pattern of the antenna. A higher gain antenna will have a narrower beamwidth, meaning that the signal will be more focused in a specific direction. This can be beneficial for covering a specific area, such as an outdoor courtyard, as it allows for more precise targeting of the signal.

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47. What statements about the beamwidth of an RF antenna are true?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The first statement is true because the horizontal beamwidth is indeed displayed in degrees on the antenna's azimuth chart. The second statement is also true because the horizontal and vertical beamwidths are calculated at the points where the main lobe decreases power by 3 dB. This is a common method of measuring beamwidth in RF antennas.

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48. What term describes the effect of increasing the intensity of an RF wave with an antenna by focusing the energy in a specific direction?   

Explanation

Passive gain refers to the effect of increasing the intensity of an RF wave with an antenna by focusing the energy in a specific direction. This means that the antenna is designed to concentrate the energy in a particular direction, resulting in a stronger signal in that direction compared to other directions. It does not involve active amplification or distributed radiation, but rather relies on the antenna's design to achieve the desired directional effect. RF flooding and beam compression are not correct terms to describe this phenomenon.

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49. As XYZ Company's wireless specialist, you have been asked to troubleshoot some unexpected frame patterns in a wireless protocol capture. Your peers explain that the network's beacon frames are inconsistent. That is, the BSSID is the same for all beacons, but the source address varies between three different addresses.   What network configuration would cause this beacon frame behavior? 

Explanation

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50. What term correctly completes the following sentence?   802.11a/b/g used a mandatory 800ns guard interval. 802.11n introduced an optional short 400ns guard interval. Guard intervals (GI) are necessary in OFDM to reduce the likelihood of interference between two consecutive ____________. 

Explanation

Guard intervals (GI) are necessary in OFDM to reduce the likelihood of interference between two consecutive symbols. In the context of the given question, 802.11a/b/g and 802.11n are wireless communication standards that use OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation. The guard interval is a period of time inserted between symbols to mitigate the effects of multipath interference. Therefore, the correct term to complete the sentence is "Symbols".

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51. What statements about the SSID are true?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The SSID must be included in an association request frame because it is used to identify the network that a device wants to connect to. The SSID is an alphanumeric value with a maximum length of 32 octets, which means it can contain letters, numbers, and special characters and cannot exceed 32 characters in length. This limit is set to ensure compatibility and efficient communication between devices.

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52. Which data rate is supported by 802.11g radios that is not supported by 802.11a radios? 

Explanation

802.11g radios support a data rate of 11 Mbps, which is not supported by 802.11a radios. The 802.11a standard supports data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps, while the 802.11g standard supports data rates of 1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps. Therefore, the correct answer is 11 Mbps.

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53. Which answer correctly completes the following sentence?  The WMM certification, created by the Wi-Fi Alliance, is based on the ___________ coordination function with support for ___________ QoS priority. 

Explanation

The correct answer is "Hybrid, contention-based". The sentence is discussing the WMM certification, which is based on a hybrid coordination function. This means that it combines both scheduled and contention-based methods for coordinating access to the wireless medium. The certification also supports QoS (Quality of Service) priority, which ensures that certain types of data traffic receive higher priority for transmission.

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54. Lynne runs a small hotel, and as a value added service for her customers she has implemented a Wi-Fi hot-spot. Lynne has read news articles about how hackers wait at hot-spots trying to take advantage of unsuspecting users. She wants to avoid this problem at her hotel. What is an efficient and practical step that Lynne can take to decrease the likelihood of active attacks on her customers' wireless computers? 

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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55. You have been sent as a consultant to a customer site that is experiencing problems with some 2.4 GHz clients on their 802.11a/g/n/ac network. After collecting information from the company about the problem, your initial troubleshooting step is to find a client device experiencing performance problems and observe its 802.11 frame exchanges in a protocol analyzer. The retransmission rate for that client is 65% instead of the company's baseline, which is 9%.   Based on this information, what troubleshooting step should follow to isolate the problem

Explanation

To isolate the problem of performance issues with the 2.4 GHz clients, the next troubleshooting step should be to evaluate the client's operating frequency band with a spectrum analyzer. This step is important because it allows us to check for a high noise floor or interference sources that could be causing the retransmission rate to be higher than the company's baseline. By analyzing the frequency band, we can identify any external factors that may be affecting the client's performance and take appropriate actions to mitigate them.

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56. When using an RF splitter to connect one transceiver to sector antennas loss is incurred. What is this loss called? 

Explanation

The loss incurred when using an RF splitter to connect one transceiver to sector antennas is called "through loss".

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57. When planning an access point deployment that utilizes Power over Ethernet (PoE) switches at the network edge, what design decision could adversely affect the operation of 802.3-2012, Clause 33 APs? 

Explanation

If all ports on the Ethernet switch are supporting Class 3 PoE powered devices, it means that the switch is providing the maximum power output for each port. This can adversely affect the operation of 802.3-2012, Clause 33 APs because they may require more power than what Class 3 PoE can provide. The APs may not receive enough power to function properly, leading to performance issues or even complete failure of the APs.

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58. What distinguishes an independent basic service set (IBSS) from an infrastructure basic service set (BSS)? 

Explanation

An independent basic service set (IBSS) is a network configuration where devices communicate directly with each other without the need for a centralized access point or distribution system (DS). In contrast, an infrastructure basic service set (BSS) relies on a centralized access point or DS to coordinate communication between devices. Therefore, the key distinction between an IBSS and a BSS is that an IBSS does not have a distribution system (DS), while a BSS does.

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59. When replacing the antenna of a WLAN device with a similar antenna type that has a higher passive gain, what antenna characteristic will decrease? 

Explanation

When replacing the antenna of a WLAN device with a similar antenna type that has a higher passive gain, the beam width will decrease. Beam width refers to the angle of coverage of the antenna's radiation pattern. A higher passive gain antenna focuses the signal in a narrower direction, resulting in a smaller beam width. This means that the coverage area of the antenna will be reduced, and the signal will be more concentrated in a specific direction.

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60. What factors influence the distance that an RF signal can be effectively received?  (Choose 3)

Explanation

The factors that influence the distance that an RF signal can be effectively received are the receiving station's radio sensitivity, Free Space Path Loss, and the transmitting station's output power. The receiving station's radio sensitivity determines how well it can detect and interpret the incoming signal. Free Space Path Loss refers to the loss of signal strength as it travels through space, which can limit the distance the signal can effectively reach. The transmitting station's output power determines the strength of the signal being transmitted, which can also affect the distance it can travel.

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61. When a client station sends a broadcast probe request frame with a wildcard SSID, how do APs respond? 

Explanation

When a client station sends a broadcast probe request frame with a wildcard SSID, each AP responds in turn after preparing a probe response and winning contention. This means that the APs take turns in responding to the probe request. They first prepare a probe response and then compete with each other for contention, with only one AP being able to respond to each probe request frame. This ensures that the client station receives responses from all the available APs in an orderly manner.

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62. As a station moves away from the access point to which it is associated, it changes its data rate from 600 Mbps to 540 Mbps and then to 450 Mbps.   What IEEE 802.11 term is used to describe this functionality? 

Explanation

Dynamic Rate Switching is the term used in IEEE 802.11 to describe the functionality of a station changing its data rate as it moves away from the access point. In this case, the station initially has a data rate of 600 Mbps, but as it moves further away, it switches to lower data rates of 540 Mbps and then 450 Mbps. Dynamic Rate Switching allows the station to adapt its data rate based on the signal strength and distance from the access point, ensuring a more reliable and stable connection.

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63. What statement about the IEEE 802.11e QoS facility is true? 

Explanation

The statement that is true about the IEEE 802.11e QoS facility is that 802.11 QoS is achieved by giving high priority queues a statistical advantage at winning contention. This means that the high priority queues have a higher chance of accessing the wireless medium and transmitting their frames, resulting in improved quality of service for those queues.

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64. What distinguishes an independent basic service set (IBSS) from an infrastructure basic service set (BSS)? 

Explanation

An independent basic service set (IBSS) is a type of wireless network where devices communicate directly with each other without the need for a centralized access point. In an IBSS, there is no distribution system (DS) which refers to the infrastructure that connects multiple access points together to form a larger network. On the other hand, an infrastructure basic service set (BSS) relies on a distribution system (DS) to connect multiple access points and create a larger network. Therefore, the distinguishing factor between an IBSS and a BSS is that an IBSS does not have a distribution system (DS), while a BSS does.

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65.  What features were introduced in the IEEE 802.11h amendment in order to uphold regulatory requirements for 5 GHz operation?  (Choose 2) .

Explanation

The IEEE 802.11h amendment introduced Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and Transmit Power Control (TPC) features in order to uphold regulatory requirements for 5 GHz operation. DFS allows devices to detect and avoid interference from radar systems by dynamically selecting and switching to available frequency channels. TPC enables devices to adjust their transmit power levels to comply with regulatory limits and avoid interference with other devices operating in the same frequency band. These features help ensure efficient and interference-free operation in the 5 GHz spectrum.

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66. When a client station sends a broadcast probe request frame with a wildcard SSID, how do APs respond? 

Explanation

When a client station sends a broadcast probe request frame with a wildcard SSID, each AP responds in turn after preparing a probe response and winning contention. This means that each AP will wait for its turn to respond, ensuring that there is no collision in the transmission. After waiting a SIFS (Short Interframe Space), the designated AP sends an ACK (Acknowledgement) to confirm the receipt of the probe request. Then, each AP prepares a probe response and checks if it has won contention, meaning it has the right to respond. Only one AP will be selected to send the probe response to the client station.

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67. What factors will have the most significant impact on the amount of wireless bandwidth available to each station within a BSS?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The number of client stations associated to the BSS will have a significant impact on the amount of wireless bandwidth available to each station because as the number of stations increases, the available bandwidth will be divided among them, resulting in lower bandwidth for each station.

The data rates at which nearby client stations are transmitting and receiving data will also have a significant impact on the available bandwidth. If nearby stations are using high data rates, it can reduce the available bandwidth for other stations in the BSS.

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68. The IEEE 802.11-2012 standard requires VHT capable devices to be backward compatible with devices using which other 802.11 physical layer specifications (PHYs)?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The IEEE 802.11-2012 standard requires VHT capable devices to be backward compatible with devices using the HT and OFDM physical layer specifications. This means that VHT capable devices should be able to communicate with devices that use the HT and OFDM PHYs, ensuring compatibility and interoperability between different generations of devices. This requirement allows for a smooth transition and coexistence between older and newer devices in a wireless network.

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69. What features are most often configurable within 802.11 WLAN client utilities?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The features that are most often configurable within 802.11 WLAN client utilities are power management and roaming aggressiveness. Power management allows the client to control its power consumption and determine when to enter sleep mode. Roaming aggressiveness determines how aggressively the client will search for a better access point when the signal strength of the current one weakens. These two features give the client control over its power usage and ability to maintain a strong and stable connection.

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70. A WLAN transmitter that emits a 200 mW signal is connected to a cable with 3 dB loss.  If the cable is connected to an antenna with 10 dBi gain, what is the EIRP at the antenna element? 

Explanation

The EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) is the measure of the power that an antenna radiates in a specific direction. To calculate the EIRP, we need to consider the transmitter power, cable loss, and antenna gain. In this case, the transmitter emits a 200 mW signal (23 dBm), and the cable has a 3 dB loss. The antenna has a 10 dBi gain. To find the EIRP, we add the transmitter power (23 dBm) to the antenna gain (10 dBi) and subtract the cable loss (3 dB). This gives us a total of 30 dBm, which is the EIRP at the antenna element.

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71. Lynne runs a small hotel, and as a value added service for her customers she has implemented a Wi-Fi hot-spot. Lynne has read news articles about how hackers wait at hot-spots trying to take advantage of unsuspecting users. She wants to avoid this problem at her hotel. What is an efficient and practical step that Lynne can take to decrease the likelihood of active attacks on her customers' wireless computers? 

Explanation

Enabling station-to-station traffic blocking by the access points in the hotel would be an efficient and practical step for Lynne to decrease the likelihood of active attacks on her customers' wireless computers. This measure would prevent communication between devices connected to the same access point, making it more difficult for hackers to exploit vulnerabilities or intercept data. By blocking station-to-station traffic, Lynne can create a more secure environment for her customers to use the Wi-Fi hotspot without the risk of being targeted by hackers.

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72. For what likely reasons might an organization choose to purchase an AP designed for outdoor deployment to use as an indoor WLAN AP at an industrial facility? (Choose 2) 

Explanation

An organization might choose to purchase an AP designed for outdoor deployment to use as an indoor WLAN AP at an industrial facility for physical security and theft prevention because outdoor APs are typically more rugged and can withstand tampering or theft attempts better than indoor APs. Additionally, using an outdoor AP can provide protection from environmental conditions such as dust, moisture, or extreme temperatures that are common in industrial facilities.

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73. What statement about 802.3-2012, Clause 33 Power over Ethernet is true?   

Explanation

The correct answer is "Up to 30 watts of power may be provided through an Ethernet cable." This statement is true according to the 802.3-2012, Clause 33 Power over Ethernet standard. It specifies that the maximum power that can be delivered over an Ethernet cable is 30 watts.

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74. What factors are taken into account when calculating the Link Budget of a point-to-point outdoor WLAN bridge link?

Explanation

The factors taken into account when calculating the Link Budget of a point-to-point outdoor WLAN bridge link are the transmit antenna gain, operating frequency, and transmit power. The transmit antenna gain determines how well the antenna can focus the signal in a specific direction, which affects the overall signal strength. The operating frequency determines the wavelength of the signal, which affects its propagation characteristics and potential interference. The transmit power is the amount of power used to transmit the signal, which directly impacts the signal strength and coverage area.

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75. ABC Company has just purchased a 6 dBi patch antenna. After performing some tests with the 6 dBi antenna, they have concluded that more antenna gain is needed to cover their outdoor courtyard. When choosing an antenna with higher gain, what other antenna characteristic will also always change?

Explanation

When choosing an antenna with higher gain, the beamwidth will also always change. Beamwidth refers to the angle at which the antenna radiates or receives signals effectively. A higher gain antenna typically has a narrower beamwidth, meaning it focuses the signal in a more concentrated direction. This can be beneficial for long-range communication or when trying to cover a specific area with a stronger signal. Conversely, a lower gain antenna usually has a wider beamwidth, allowing for a broader coverage area but potentially with a weaker signal strength.

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76. Which antenna types are commonly used by indoor Wi-Fi devices in a MIMO diversity implementation?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The commonly used antenna types for indoor Wi-Fi devices in a MIMO diversity implementation are Dipole and Patch antennas. These antennas are designed to provide good coverage and signal strength in indoor environments. Dipole antennas are simple and omnidirectional, while Patch antennas are directional and provide focused coverage in specific directions. Both antennas are commonly used in MIMO diversity setups to improve signal quality and reduce interference.

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77. What phrase correctly completes the following sentence?  When using WMM Power Save operation, a wireless client device ______________.

Explanation

When using WMM Power Save operation, a wireless client device alternates between awake and dozing, depending on its need to transmit and receive information. This means that the device will switch between active and low-power states based on its communication requirements, conserving energy when not actively transmitting or receiving data.

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78. In an infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS), how does the passive scanning process occur? 

Explanation

In an infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS), the passive scanning process occurs when access points broadcast Beacons on a single channel for which they are programmed. Nearby client stations listen for Beacon frames and record information found in the Beacons for use in the association process. This allows the client stations to gather information about the available access points in their vicinity and determine which one to associate with.

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79. When compared with legacy Power Save mode, how does VHT TXOP power save improve battery life for devices on a WLAN?   

Explanation

VHT TXOP power save improves battery life for devices on a WLAN by using the partial AID in the preamble to allow clients to identify frames targeted for them. This means that devices can selectively wake up and process only the frames that are relevant to them, reducing the amount of time spent in active mode and conserving battery power.

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80. What statement about the IEEE 802.11e QoS facility is true? 

Explanation

The statement about the IEEE 802.11e QoS facility being true is that 802.11 QoS is achieved by giving high priority queues a statistical advantage at winning contention. This means that high priority traffic, such as voice or video, is more likely to be transmitted first when there is contention for the wireless medium. This helps ensure that important traffic is given priority and receives better quality of service compared to lower priority traffic.

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81. A Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certificate indicates that a device is a/b/g/n certified. It further indicates one transmit and receive spatial stream for both the 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz bands. It further indicates support for both WPA and WPA2 Enterprise and Personal. Finally, it indicates support for EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2, PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 and PEAPv1/EAP-GTC. Which one of the following statements is false? 

Explanation

The given statement that "300 Mbps is the maximum supported data rate for this device" is false. This is because the device is certified for a/b/g/n, which means it supports data rates up to 600 Mbps for the 2.4 GHz band and up to 1300 Mbps for the 5.0 GHz band.

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82. In an enterprise WLAN, what condition will prevent a dual-band VHT/HT client device from performing a fast and seamless transition (i.e. latency-sensitive applications are not disrupted) between two access points that are managed by the same WLAN controller? 

Explanation

If the SSID of the current AP does not match the SSID of the new AP, it will prevent a dual-band VHT/HT client device from performing a fast and seamless transition between the two access points. The SSID is the unique identifier of the wireless network, and if it does not match, the client device will not be able to connect to the new AP smoothly. This can cause disruptions in latency-sensitive applications as the device may experience a delay or loss of connection during the transition.

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83. Which of the following frequency ranges are specified for use by IEEE 802.11 radios? (Choose all that apply.)

Explanation

The frequency ranges specified for use by IEEE 802.11 radios are 2.4000 – 2.4835 GHz, 5.15 – 5.25 GHz, 5.470 – 5.725 GHz, and 5.725 – 5.875 GHz. These ranges are commonly used for Wi-Fi communication and are regulated by the IEEE 802.11 standard.

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84. As a consultant, you have been hired by ABC Company to implement an outdoor WLAN connection between two buildings that are 2 kilometers (1.24 miles) from each other, with no obstructions in between.  Your first required objective is to create a point-to-point link between the two buildings within the local regulatory body's 800 mW EIRP maximum.  Your second required objective is to provide an industry-standard security solution capable of supporting mutual authentication.  As an optional objective, you must minimize the amount of interference from, and to, nearby WLAN networks.  You install an OFDM wireless bridge at each building, configuring one in root mode and the other in non-root mode. You set each radio for 100 mW (20 dBm) and attach 9 dBi omni-directional antennas to both. You configure the network for WPA2-Enterprise with PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 authentication. Which statement is true about the solution you chose to deploy? 

Explanation

The solution chosen for the WLAN connection between the two buildings meets both the required objectives of creating a point-to-point link within the local regulatory body's maximum power limit and providing an industry-standard security solution capable of supporting mutual authentication. However, it does not meet the optional objective of minimizing interference from nearby WLAN networks.

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85. Two co-located 802.11b/g/n APs can interfere with one another and cause contention and collisions, even when the two APs are operating on non-overlapping channels (e.g. 1 & 6). What deployment flaw could cause this problem?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

When two co-located access points are mounted too closely to one another, they can cause interference and contention. This is because the signals from both access points can overlap and collide, leading to degraded performance. Additionally, if the output power on the access points is too high, it can also lead to interference and contention. The high power can cause the signals to bleed into adjacent channels, even if they are operating on non-overlapping channels. This can result in collisions and decreased overall network performance.

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86. Why is it recommended for a wireless network administrator to disable 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps data rates on the WLAN infrastructure?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

Disabling 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps data rates on the WLAN infrastructure can improve capacity in the BSS (Basic Service Set) by reducing the overhead and increasing the available bandwidth for higher data rates. This allows for more efficient use of the wireless network and can support a larger number of devices. Additionally, disabling these lower data rates can reduce the size of the AP's (Access Point) effective service area, preventing devices that are farther away from the AP from connecting to the network. This can help to optimize the network performance and prevent interference from devices that are outside of the intended coverage area.

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87. ABC Company has a 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN deployment. DFS functionality is enabled as required by the regulatory domain and APs use DFS channels as long as radar is not detected. Band steering is also enabled to encourage dual-band clients to use frequency bands with more capacity.  Your performance analysis shows that many dual-band VoWiFi client devices will move back and forth between 2.4 and 5 GHz as the users roam throughout the building. All APs have 2.4 and 5 GHz radios enabled with transmit power adjusted to accommodate relatively similar cell sizes. This "band hopping" behavior is viewed by network staff to be undesirable. What is the most likely cause of the unpredictable client band selection behavior?

Explanation

The most likely cause of the unpredictable client band selection behavior is that the voice client does not support DFS. DFS functionality is enabled in the WLAN deployment, which means that APs use DFS channels as long as radar is not detected. However, if the voice client does not support DFS, it will experience coverage holes in the 5 GHz frequency band as it moves through the network. This could cause the client to constantly switch between the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, resulting in the undesirable "band hopping" behavior.

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88. What factors will have the most significant impact on the amount of wireless bandwidth available to each station within a BSS?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The number of client stations associated to the BSS will have a significant impact on the amount of wireless bandwidth available because each station requires a certain amount of bandwidth to transmit and receive data. The more client stations there are, the more the available bandwidth will be divided among them, potentially leading to slower speeds for each station.

The data rates at which nearby client stations are transmitting and receiving data will also have a significant impact on the available wireless bandwidth. If nearby client stations are using high data rates, they will consume more bandwidth, leaving less available for other stations. Conversely, if nearby client stations are using low data rates, they will consume less bandwidth, leaving more available for other stations.

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89. What factors are taken into account when calculating the Link Budget of a point-to-point outdoor WLAN bridge link?

Explanation

The factors that are taken into account when calculating the Link Budget of a point-to-point outdoor WLAN bridge link are the transmit antenna gain, operating frequency, and transmit power. These factors determine the overall performance and range of the wireless link. The transmit antenna gain refers to the ability of the antenna to focus and direct the signal, while the operating frequency affects the signal propagation and interference. The transmit power determines the strength of the signal being transmitted. By considering these factors, the link budget can be calculated to ensure optimal signal strength and coverage for the WLAN bridge link.

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90. As an RF wave propagates through space, the wave front experiences natural expansion that reduces its signal strength in an area. What term describes the rate at which this expansion happens? 

Explanation

The term that describes the rate at which the expansion of an RF wave front happens is the "Inverse square law". This law states that the intensity of a wave decreases as the square of the distance from the source increases. In the case of RF waves propagating through space, the wave front expands and the signal strength decreases as the distance from the source increases. This phenomenon is described by the inverse square law.

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91. ABC Hospital is planning a Wi-Fi infrastructure upgrade where the 802.11b/g APs (HR/DSSS and ERP) would be replaced with new dual-radio 802.11n/802.11ac (HT and VHT) APs. ABC wants to minimize the time and cost associated with performing a new site survey, so they will be mounting all of the new APs in the same locations and with the same cable drops as the existing APs.  What is one performance drawback with this deployment method? 

Explanation

The existing WLAN plan and AP locations may not be optimized for the higher performance capabilities of the HT and VHT 802.11 PHY standards. This means that the new APs may not be able to fully utilize their potential speed and throughput capabilities, resulting in suboptimal performance.

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92. In an infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS), how does the passive scanning process occur? 

Explanation

In an infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS), the passive scanning process occurs when access points broadcast Beacon frames on a single channel for which they are programmed. Nearby client stations listen for these Beacon frames and record the information found in them. This information is then used by the client stations in the association process, allowing them to connect to the appropriate access point in the BSS.

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93. As a station moves away from the access point to which it is associated, it changes its data rate from 600 Mbps to 540 Mbps and then to 450 Mbps.   What IEEE 802.11 term is used to describe this functionality? 

Explanation

Dynamic Rate Switching is the term used to describe the functionality where a station changes its data rate as it moves away from the associated access point. This feature allows the station to maintain a stable connection by adjusting the data rate based on the signal strength and quality.

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94. Which of the following frequency ranges are specified for use by IEEE 802.11 radios? (Choose all that apply.)

Explanation

The frequency ranges specified for use by IEEE 802.11 radios are 2.4000 – 2.4835 GHz, 5.15 – 5.25 GHz, 5.470 – 5.725 GHz, and 5.725 – 5.875 GHz. These frequency ranges are commonly used for Wi-Fi communication and are regulated by the IEEE 802.11 standard.

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95. Two co-located 802.11b/g/n APs can interfere with one another and cause contention and collisions, even when the two APs are operating on non-overlapping channels (e.g. 1 & 6). What deployment flaw could cause this problem?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

When two co-located access points are mounted too closely to one another, they can interfere with each other's signals, causing contention and collisions. This is because the signals transmitted by one access point can overlap with and disrupt the signals transmitted by the other access point. Additionally, if the output power on the access points is set too high, it can result in a larger coverage area, leading to increased interference between the two access points. Therefore, both of these deployment flaws can cause contention and collisions between the co-located access points.

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96. In an 802.11n 2.4 GHz BSS, what prevents each station from using the full network bandwidth (e.g. 130 Mbps) for user data throughput when multiple clients are actively exchanging data with the AP?  (Choose 2)

Explanation

WLAN devices cannot detect collisions and must receive positive frame acknowledgment because collisions can occur when multiple devices attempt to transmit data at the same time, causing data loss and decreased network efficiency. The DCF and EDCA coordination functions require backoff algorithms to manage access to the shared medium and prevent collisions. These algorithms introduce a random delay before retransmitting data, allowing other devices to have a chance to transmit and reducing the likelihood of collisions.

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97. What answers correctly complete the following sentence? ____________ and ____________ carrier sense functions are used to determine if the wireless medium is busy. (Choose 2) 

Explanation

Virtual and Physical carrier sense functions are used to determine if the wireless medium is busy. Virtual carrier sense is a mechanism used in wireless networks to detect the presence of other devices on the network by listening to the medium. Physical carrier sense, on the other hand, involves sensing the actual physical properties of the medium, such as signal strength or energy levels, to determine if it is being used by another device. Both of these functions are important in ensuring that devices can access the wireless medium without causing interference or collisions.

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98. In an 802.11 2.4 GHz system, what 22 MHz channels are considered non-overlapping?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

In an 802.11 2.4 GHz system, channels 2 and 8 are considered non-overlapping because they have a separation of 6 channels between them. Similarly, channels 5 and 10 are also non-overlapping as they have a separation of 5 channels between them. The non-overlapping channels are used to minimize interference between neighboring wireless networks operating on the same frequency band.

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99.  As a consultant, you've been hired by XYZ Company to provide recommendations about client device selection, operation, and interoperability. What information should be considered to help them choose the right WLAN client devices?

Explanation

The correct answer is that 802.11ac devices support the features of the VHT PHY only in the 5 GHz frequency band. This information is important for XYZ Company to consider when choosing the right WLAN client devices because it indicates that if they want to take advantage of the higher speeds and capabilities offered by the VHT PHY, they will need to ensure that their client devices are operating in the 5 GHz frequency band. This may influence their decision on which devices to select and how to configure their wireless network.

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100.  What is the intended use for the WLAN hardware known as a pole or mast mount unit? 

Explanation

The intended use for the WLAN hardware known as a pole or mast mount unit is to mount an omnidirectional antenna to a mast. This allows for better signal coverage and range in all directions, as the antenna can be elevated and positioned for optimal performance.

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101. In an 802.11n WLAN with a heterogeneous set of associated client devices including 802.11b, 11g, and 11n, what HT protection mode will the BSS use? 

Explanation

In an 802.11n WLAN with a heterogeneous set of associated client devices including 802.11b, 11g, and 11n, the BSS will use Mode 3: Non-HT mixed mode. This mode is used to provide backward compatibility for older devices that do not support HT (High Throughput) rates. It allows the BSS to operate in a mixed mode, supporting both non-HT devices and HT devices. This ensures that all devices can communicate effectively within the WLAN network.

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102. What statement about 802.11 WLAN performance is true?

Explanation

The statement that says "Use of larger frame sizes results in greater throughput in low interference environments" is true. In a low interference environment, using larger frame sizes allows for more data to be transmitted in each frame, resulting in higher throughput. This is because larger frames have less overhead compared to smaller frames, which improves the efficiency of data transmission. However, in high interference environments, larger frames may be more prone to errors and may result in lower throughput.

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103. An 802.11 WLAN transmitter that emits a 50 mW signal is connected to a cable with 3 dB of loss. The cable is connected to an antenna with 16 dBi of gain.  What is the EIRP power output?

Explanation

The EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) is a measure of the power output of a transmitter, taking into account both the transmitter power and the gain or loss of the antenna system. In this case, the transmitter emits a 50 mW signal, but there is a 3 dB loss in the cable. This means that the power is reduced by half, resulting in a power output of 25 mW. However, the antenna has a gain of 16 dBi, which amplifies the signal. The dBi scale is logarithmic, so a gain of 16 dBi is equivalent to multiplying the power by 40 (10^1.6). Therefore, the 25 mW signal is amplified to 1000 mW (25 mW * 40), which is the EIRP power output.

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104. What problems may occur when there are hidden nodes in the BSS?   

Explanation

When there are hidden nodes in the BSS (Basic Service Set), a problem that may occur is a high retransmission count for a subset of client stations. Hidden nodes refer to client stations that are out of range or unable to directly communicate with each other but can still communicate with the access point (AP). This can lead to collisions and interference when multiple client stations attempt to transmit data simultaneously, causing a high retransmission count for some stations as they try to resend their data due to the collisions.

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105. What statement about 802.3-2012, Clause 33 Power over Ethernet is true?   

Explanation

Up to 30 watts of power may be provided through an Ethernet cable. This statement is true according to the 802.3-2012, Clause 33 Power over Ethernet standard. This standard allows for power to be transmitted over Ethernet cables, with a maximum power delivery of 30 watts. This allows for the powering of devices such as IP phones, wireless access points, and security cameras through the same Ethernet cable used for data transmission.

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106. What factors influence the distance that an RF signal can be effectively received?  (Choose 3)

Explanation

The distance that an RF signal can be effectively received is influenced by three factors: the receiving station's radio sensitivity, free space path loss, and the transmitting station's output power. The radio sensitivity of the receiving station determines how well it can detect and interpret the incoming signal. Free space path loss refers to the attenuation of the signal as it travels through space, which can limit the distance it can effectively be received. The output power of the transmitting station also plays a role, as a higher output power can increase the signal strength and improve the range of reception.

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107.  What is the intended use for the WLAN hardware known as a pole or mast mount unit? 

Explanation

The intended use for the WLAN hardware known as a pole or mast mount unit is to mount an omnidirectional antenna to a mast.

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108. What information is transmitted in the Beacon management frames of an HT access point to communicate about backward compatibility with ERP and HR/DSSS stations?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The Beacon management frames of an HT access point transmit information about backward compatibility with ERP and HR/DSSS stations through the HT Protection mode and the Non-ERP Present field. The HT Protection mode is used to indicate whether protection mechanisms are enabled to ensure interoperability with legacy stations. The Non-ERP Present field is used to indicate the presence of non-HT stations in the network, allowing for the adjustment of transmission parameters to avoid interference.

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109. ABC Company has a 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN deployment. DFS functionality is enabled as required by the regulatory domain and APs use DFS channels as long as radar is not detected. Band steering is also enabled to encourage dual-band clients to use frequency bands with more capacity.  Your performance analysis shows that many dual-band VoWiFi client devices will move back and forth between 2.4 and 5 GHz as the users roam throughout the building. All APs have 2.4 and 5 GHz radios enabled with transmit power adjusted to accommodate relatively similar cell sizes. This "band hopping" behavior is viewed by network staff to be undesirable. What is the most likely cause of the unpredictable client band selection behavior?

Explanation

The most likely cause of the unpredictable client band selection behavior is that the voice client does not support DFS. DFS functionality is enabled in the WLAN deployment, and APs use DFS channels as long as radar is not detected. However, if the voice client does not support DFS, it will experience coverage holes in the 5 GHz frequency band as it moves through the network. This would lead to the client constantly switching between the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, resulting in the undesirable "band hopping" behavior.

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110. What is a common feature of an 802.11 WLAN client utility?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

A common feature of an 802.11 WLAN client utility is the AP signal strength meter, which allows the client to measure and display the strength of the signal from the access point. This helps the client determine the quality of the connection and choose the best access point to connect to. Another common feature is the link statistics display, which provides information about the performance of the wireless link, such as the data rate, signal quality, and error rate. This helps the client monitor the health of the connection and troubleshoot any issues.

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111.  As a consultant, you've been hired by XYZ Company to provide recommendations about client device selection, operation, and interoperability. What information should be considered to help them choose the right WLAN client devices?

Explanation

The correct answer is 802.11ac devices support the features of the VHT PHY only in the 5 GHz frequency band. This information is important to consider when choosing WLAN client devices because it indicates that 802.11ac devices will only be able to take advantage of the advanced features and capabilities of the VHT PHY in the 5 GHz frequency band. If the company primarily operates on a different frequency band or requires compatibility with devices operating on different frequency bands, then 802.11ac devices may not be the best choice.

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112. The OSI model is a 7-layer model for understanding the functions of a communication system. What OSI sublayers are specifically addressed by the IEEE 802.11-2012 standard? (Choose 2)   

Explanation

The IEEE 802.11-2012 standard specifically addresses the PLCP (Physical Layer Convergence Protocol) and MAC (Media Access Control) sublayers of the OSI model. These sublayers are essential for the functioning of a communication system using the IEEE 802.11-2012 standard. The PLCP sublayer is responsible for providing a reliable physical connection between devices, while the MAC sublayer handles the access to the shared communication medium and manages the data transmission.

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113. When replacing the antenna of a WLAN device with a similar antenna type that has a higher passive gain, what antenna characteristic will decrease? 

Explanation

When replacing the antenna of a WLAN device with a similar antenna type that has a higher passive gain, the antenna characteristic that will decrease is the beam width. Beam width refers to the angle of coverage of the antenna's signal. A higher passive gain antenna will have a narrower beam width, meaning that the signal will be focused in a more concentrated direction. This can result in a stronger signal in a specific direction but a decrease in the overall coverage area of the antenna.

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114. Which antenna types are commonly used by indoor Wi-Fi devices in a MIMO diversity implementation?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

Dipole and Patch antennas are commonly used by indoor Wi-Fi devices in a MIMO diversity implementation. Dipole antennas are simple and inexpensive, and they radiate radio waves in all directions. Patch antennas are also compact and easy to install, and they provide a directional signal that can be focused in a specific area. Both of these antenna types are suitable for indoor Wi-Fi devices as they offer good coverage and signal strength.

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115. What component of the 802.11 standard allows stations to reserve access to the RF medium for a specified period of time? 

Explanation

RTS (Request to Send) or CTS (Clear to Send) frames are components of the 802.11 standard that allow stations to reserve access to the RF (Radio Frequency) medium for a specified period of time. When a station wants to transmit data, it sends an RTS frame to the receiving station, requesting permission to transmit. The receiving station responds with a CTS frame, granting permission and reserving the medium for the specified duration. This mechanism helps to prevent collisions and ensure efficient use of the wireless network.

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116. The IEEE 802.11-2012 standard requires VHT capable devices to be backward compatible with devices using which other 802.11 physical layer specifications (PHYs)?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The IEEE 802.11-2012 standard requires VHT capable devices to be backward compatible with devices using the HT and OFDM physical layer specifications. This means that VHT capable devices must be able to communicate with devices that use either the HT or OFDM PHYs. This backward compatibility ensures that newer VHT devices can still communicate with older devices that may not support the VHT standard.

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117. What statement is true concerning the use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in IEEE 802.11 WLANs? 

Explanation

The statement that is true concerning the use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in IEEE 802.11 WLANs is that 802.11ac VHT-OFDM utilizes 256-QAM, which increases the data rate significantly over 64QAM available in HT-OFDM. This means that 802.11ac VHT-OFDM can achieve higher data rates compared to 802.11n HT-OFDM due to the use of higher order modulation.

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118. What term correctly completes the following sentence?  In an IEEE 802.11 frame, the IP packet is considered by the MAC layer to be a(n) _________. 

Explanation

In an IEEE 802.11 frame, the IP packet is considered by the MAC layer to be a(n) MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU). This term refers to the data unit that is passed from the higher layer (network layer) to the MAC layer for transmission over the wireless medium. The MSDU includes the IP packet along with any necessary headers or trailers added by the MAC layer.

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119. What mechanisms are specified by the IEEE 802.11 standard to attempt to prevent multiple radios from transmitting on the RF medium at a given point in time?  (Choose 3) 

Explanation

The IEEE 802.11 standard specifies three mechanisms to prevent multiple radios from transmitting on the RF medium at the same time.

1. Random backoff timer: This mechanism introduces a random delay before a station attempts to retransmit after a collision. It helps to avoid repeated collisions by ensuring that stations do not attempt to transmit simultaneously.

2. Clear channel assessment: This mechanism allows a station to sense the medium before transmitting. It checks if the channel is busy or idle, and if it detects activity, it waits until the channel is clear before transmitting.

3. Network allocation vector: This mechanism is used in the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) of the IEEE 802.11 standard. It is a counter that is used to schedule transmissions and prevent multiple stations from transmitting simultaneously. Stations must wait until their allocated time slot before transmitting.

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120. Which unit of measurement is an absolute unit that is used to quantify power levels on a linear scale?  

Explanation

dBm is the correct answer because it is an absolute unit used to measure power levels on a linear scale. It represents the power ratio in decibels (dB) relative to one milliwatt (mW). dBm is commonly used in telecommunications and radio frequency applications to quantify the power of signals. It provides a convenient way to express power levels in a logarithmic scale, making it easier to compare and analyze different power levels.

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121. Which answer correctly completes the following sentence?  The WMM certification, created by the Wi-Fi Alliance, is based on the ___________ coordination function with support for ___________ QoS priority. 

Explanation

The WMM certification, created by the Wi-Fi Alliance, is based on the hybrid coordination function with support for contention-based QoS priority. This means that the WMM certification utilizes a combination of different coordination methods, including both scheduled and contention-based approaches, to ensure efficient and reliable transmission of data over Wi-Fi networks. Contention-based QoS priority refers to the ability to prioritize certain types of data traffic over others in situations where multiple devices are competing for network resources.

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122. As defined in the 802.11 specification, legacy Power Save requires an inefficient back-and-forth frame exchange process. Due to this inefficiency, many WLAN device implementations use a variation of 802.11 Power Save to accomplish the same function.   What non-standard power save behavior is used by most Wi-Fi devices in actual legacy Power Save implementations? 

Explanation

In most Wi-Fi devices, the non-standard power save behavior used in actual legacy Power Save implementations is that clients send null data frames to the AP and switch the power management bit from 1 to 0 to receive queued data. This allows the clients to conserve power by entering a sleep mode while still being able to receive any data that is waiting for them. By sending null data frames and changing the power management bit, the clients can effectively control when they want to receive the queued data from the AP.

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123. Which data rate is supported by 802.11g radios that is not supported by 802.11a radios? 

Explanation

802.11g radios support a data rate of 11 Mbps, which is not supported by 802.11a radios.

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124. What are two channel modes specified by the 802.11n (High Throughput) PHY?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The 802.11n (High Throughput) PHY specifies two channel modes: 20/40 MHz and 20 MHz. These channel modes determine the width of the channel used for wireless communication. The 20/40 MHz mode allows for the use of both 20 MHz and 40 MHz channel widths, providing increased bandwidth and throughput. The 20 MHz mode, on the other hand, uses a narrower channel width, which may be preferred in certain situations where interference or congestion is a concern.

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125. The OSI model is a 7-layer model for understanding the functions of a communication system. What OSI sublayers are specifically addressed by the IEEE 802.11-2012 standard? (Choose 2)   

Explanation

The IEEE 802.11-2012 standard specifically addresses the PLCP (Physical Layer Convergence Protocol) and MAC (Media Access Control) sublayers of the OSI model. These sublayers are important in the context of wireless communication systems as they deal with the physical transmission of data and the control of access to the wireless medium. The PLCP sublayer handles the conversion of data into a format suitable for transmission over the wireless medium, while the MAC sublayer manages access to the medium and ensures efficient communication between devices.

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126. The IEEE 802.11a/n/ac physical layer technologies utilize the 5 GHz frequency band. What is true of the channels in this frequency spectrum? 

Explanation

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127. The center frequency of channel 1 in the 2.4 GHz band is 2.412 GHz (2412 MHz).  What is the center frequency of channel 4

Explanation

The center frequency of channel 4 in the 2.4 GHz band is 2.427 GHz. This can be determined by adding 5 MHz to the center frequency of channel 1 (2.412 GHz), since each channel in the 2.4 GHz band is spaced 5 MHz apart.

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128. In an enterprise WLAN, what condition will prevent a dual-band VHT/HT client device from performing a fast and seamless transition (i.e. latency-sensitive applications are not disrupted) between two access points that are managed by the same WLAN controller? 

Explanation

If the SSID of the current AP does not match the SSID of the new AP, it will prevent a dual-band VHT/HT client device from performing a fast and seamless transition between the two access points. The client device needs to connect to an access point with the same SSID in order to maintain a continuous connection. If the SSID does not match, the client device will have to disconnect from the current AP and go through the authentication and association process again with the new AP, causing disruption in latency-sensitive applications.

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129. The 802.11 protocol specifies a fundamental channel access method that is required for all stations and is used in all IBSS and BSS networks. What is this fundamental channel access method called? 

Explanation

The fundamental channel access method specified by the 802.11 protocol is called DCF (Distributed Coordination Function). This method is required for all stations and is used in both IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set) and BSS (Basic Service Set) networks. DCF allows stations to access the wireless medium in a distributed and contention-based manner, where each station contends for the channel by sensing if it is busy or idle before transmitting data.

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130. As a consultant, you have been hired by ABC Company to implement an outdoor WLAN connection between two buildings that are 2 kilometers (1.24 miles) from each other, with no obstructions in between.  Your first required objective is to create a point-to-point link between the two buildings within the local regulatory body's 800 mW EIRP maximum.  Your second required objective is to provide an industry-standard security solution capable of supporting mutual authentication.  As an optional objective, you must minimize the amount of interference from, and to, nearby WLAN networks.  You install an OFDM wireless bridge at each building, configuring one in root mode and the other in non-root mode. You set each radio for 100 mW (20 dBm) and attach 9 dBi omni-directional antennas to both. You configure the network for WPA2-Enterprise with PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 authentication. Which statement is true about the solution you chose to deploy? 

Explanation

The solution chosen for the deployment meets both of the required objectives, which are to create a point-to-point link between the two buildings within the local regulatory body's maximum EIRP and to provide an industry-standard security solution capable of supporting mutual authentication. However, it does not meet the optional objective of minimizing interference from nearby WLAN networks.

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131. If an 802.11 RF transmission reaches a receiving antenna simultaneously by direct and reflected paths, what effect will the reflected signal have on the signal that took the direct line-of-sight path? 

Explanation

When an 802.11 RF transmission reaches a receiving antenna simultaneously by direct and reflected paths, the reflected signal will cause distortion if it arrives at the receiver 90 degrees out-of-phase. This means that the direct signal and the reflected signal are not perfectly synchronized, resulting in interference and distortion of the received signal.

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132. You are selecting antennas for a WLAN operating in the 5 GHz frequency band. What specifications should be evaluated for an antenna before it is implemented in this WLAN system?  (Choose 3)

Explanation

The three specifications that should be evaluated for an antenna before implementing it in a WLAN system operating in the 5 GHz frequency band are elevation beamwidth, impedance in ohms, and operating frequencies. Elevation beamwidth determines the antenna's coverage area in the vertical direction, which is important for ensuring adequate signal coverage. Impedance in ohms refers to the resistance of the antenna, and it should match the impedance of the WLAN system for optimal performance. Operating frequencies indicate whether the antenna is designed to operate in the 5 GHz frequency band, which is necessary for compatibility with the WLAN system.

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133.  What features were introduced in the IEEE 802.11h amendment in order to uphold regulatory requirements for 5 GHz operation?  (Choose 2) .

Explanation

The IEEE 802.11h amendment introduced Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and Transmit Power Control (TPC) features in order to uphold regulatory requirements for 5 GHz operation. DFS allows devices to detect and avoid interference from radar systems by dynamically selecting and changing frequencies. TPC enables devices to adjust their transmit power levels to minimize interference and ensure compliance with regulatory power limits. These features help ensure efficient and reliable operation in the 5 GHz frequency band while adhering to regulatory guidelines.

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134. As defined in the 802.11 specification, legacy Power Save requires an inefficient back-and-forth frame exchange process. Due to this inefficiency, many WLAN device implementations use a variation of 802.11 Power Save to accomplish the same function.   What non-standard power save behavior is used by most Wi-Fi devices in actual legacy Power Save implementations? 

Explanation

The non-standard power save behavior used by most Wi-Fi devices in actual legacy Power Save implementations is that clients send null data frames to the AP and switch the power management bit from 1 to 0 to receive queued data. This allows the clients to conserve power while still being able to receive any data that is waiting for them.

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135. The 802.11 protocol specifies a fundamental channel access method that is required for all stations and is used in all IBSS and BSS networks. What is this fundamental channel access method called? 

Explanation

The fundamental channel access method specified by the 802.11 protocol is called DCF (Distributed Coordination Function). This method is required for all stations and is used in both IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set) and BSS (Basic Service Set) networks. DCF uses a contention-based approach where stations contend for access to the channel by sensing its availability and waiting for a clear channel before transmitting data. This method helps ensure fair and efficient access to the wireless channel for all stations in the network.

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136. Which unit of measurement is an absolute unit that is used to quantify power levels on a linear scale?  

Explanation

dBm is the correct answer because it is an absolute unit used to quantify power levels on a linear scale. It represents power relative to 1 milliwatt (mW) and is commonly used in telecommunications and audio systems to measure signal strength. dBm is a logarithmic unit, which means that a 3 dB increase or decrease represents a doubling or halving of power, respectively.

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137. What mechanisms are specified by the IEEE 802.11 standard to attempt to prevent multiple radios from transmitting on the RF medium at a given point in time?  (Choose 3) 

Explanation

The IEEE 802.11 standard specifies three mechanisms to prevent multiple radios from transmitting on the RF medium simultaneously. The first mechanism is the random backoff timer, which introduces a random delay before retransmitting to avoid collisions. The second mechanism is clear channel assessment, which involves checking the channel for any ongoing transmissions before initiating a transmission. The third mechanism is the network allocation vector, which is a mechanism that helps coordinate access to the medium by allowing devices to reserve time slots for transmission.

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138. What information is transmitted in the Beacon management frames of an HT access point to communicate about backward compatibility with ERP and HR/DSSS stations?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The Beacon management frames of an HT access point transmit information about backward compatibility with ERP and HR/DSSS stations through the HT Protection mode and Non-ERP Present field. The HT Protection mode is used to indicate whether the access point supports protection mechanisms for legacy stations. The Non-ERP Present field is used to indicate the presence of non-HT stations in the network, allowing the access point to adjust its behavior accordingly to maintain compatibility.

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139. What statements accurately describe the RF cables and connectors that are used in an 802.11 WLAN system?  (Choose 3) 

Explanation

RF cables have upper and lower frequency range specifications, meaning that they can only transmit signals within a certain frequency range. Two RF connectors of the same type, but manufactured by different companies, may vary in specifications, which can affect their compatibility and performance. Every RF connector causes insertion loss, which refers to the decrease in signal strength when it passes through the connector.

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140. What phrase correctly completes the following sentence?  When using WMM Power Save operation, a wireless client device ______________.

Explanation

When using WMM Power Save operation, a wireless client device alternates between awake and dozing, depending on its need to transmit and receive information. This means that the device will switch between active and low-power states, depending on when it needs to send or receive data. This helps to conserve power and extend the battery life of the device.

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141. ABC Hospital is planning a Wi-Fi infrastructure upgrade where the 802.11b/g APs (HR/DSSS and ERP) would be replaced with new dual-radio 802.11n/802.11ac (HT and VHT) APs. ABC wants to minimize the time and cost associated with performing a new site survey, so they will be mounting all of the new APs in the same locations and with the same cable drops as the existing APs.  What is one performance drawback with this deployment method? 

Explanation

The existing WLAN plan and AP locations may not be optimized for the higher performance capabilities of the HT and VHT 802.11 PHY (physical layer) in the new APs. This means that the network may not fully utilize the increased speed and capacity offered by the new APs, resulting in suboptimal performance.

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142. What WLAN system feature is required to produce a scenario with the following configuration on a single access point? (Choose 2)   1.  SSID = Guest / BSSID = Integrated DHCP server  AA:AA:AA:AA:AA:AA  /  VLAN = 22 / Subnet = 192.168.22.0 / RF Channel = 6   2.  SSID = Corporate / BSSID = BB:BB:BB:BB:BB:BB /  VLAN = 33 / Subnet = 192.168.33.0 / RF Channel = 6 / User Type A  3.  SSID = Corporate / BSSID = BB:BB:BB:BB:BB:BB /  VLAN = 44 / Subnet = 192.168.44.0 / RF Channel = 6 / User Type B

Explanation

The given scenario requires multiple WLAN profiles to be configured on a single access point in order to support different SSIDs, BSSIDs, VLANs, subnets, and RF channels for different user types. User-based authentication is also required to authenticate and authorize users based on their user type (A or B) when connecting to the respective SSID.

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143. What factors are likely to cause the greatest impact on the application layer throughput of an 802.11n client station in a 2.4 GHz HT BSS?  (Choose 3) 

Explanation

Increasing or decreasing the number of spatial streams in use by the client station and AP can have a significant impact on the application layer throughput of an 802.11n client station. Spatial streams refer to the number of independent data streams that can be transmitted and received simultaneously. Increasing the number of spatial streams can increase the overall throughput, while decreasing the number can decrease the throughput.

The use of WEP or TKIP for encryption instead of CCMP can also impact the application layer throughput. WEP and TKIP are older and less secure encryption methods compared to CCMP. They can introduce more overhead and decrease the overall throughput.

RF interference from more than 10 nearby Bluetooth transmitters can also cause a significant impact on the application layer throughput. Bluetooth operates in the same frequency range as 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, and interference from multiple Bluetooth transmitters can degrade the Wi-Fi performance.

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144. What statements accurately describe the RF cables and connectors that are used in an 802.11 WLAN system?  (Choose 3) 

Explanation

RF cables have upper and lower frequency range specifications because different cables are designed to work within specific frequency ranges. Two RF connectors of the same type, manufactured by different companies, may vary in specifications because each company may have slight variations in their manufacturing processes. Every RF connector causes insertion loss because there is always some loss of signal when connecting cables and connectors.

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145. You are selecting antennas for a WLAN operating in the 5 GHz frequency band. What specifications should be evaluated for an antenna before it is implemented in this WLAN system?  (Choose 3)

Explanation

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146. What problems may occur when there are hidden nodes in the BSS?   

Explanation

When there are hidden nodes in the BSS (Basic Service Set), a problem that may occur is a high retransmission count for a subset of client stations. This means that certain client stations may experience a higher number of retransmissions due to interference from hidden nodes. Hidden nodes are stations that are out of range of each other but within range of the access point (AP), causing collisions and retransmissions. This can result in decreased network efficiency and increased latency for those specific client stations.

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147. If an 802.11 RF transmission reaches a receiving antenna simultaneously by direct and reflected paths, what effect will the reflected signal have on the signal that took the direct line-of-sight path? 

Explanation

When an 802.11 RF transmission reaches a receiving antenna simultaneously through direct and reflected paths, the effect of the reflected signal will be distortion if it arrives at the receiver 90 degrees out-of-phase. This means that the two signals will interfere with each other, causing distortion in the received signal.

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148. What WLAN system feature is required to produce a scenario with the following configuration on a single access point? (Choose 2)   1.  SSID = Guest / BSSID = Integrated DHCP server  AA:AA:AA:AA:AA:AA  /  VLAN = 22 / Subnet = 192.168.22.0 / RF Channel = 6   2.  SSID = Corporate / BSSID = BB:BB:BB:BB:BB:BB /  VLAN = 33 / Subnet = 192.168.33.0 / RF Channel = 6 / User Type A  3.  SSID = Corporate / BSSID = BB:BB:BB:BB:BB:BB /  VLAN = 44 / Subnet = 192.168.44.0 / RF Channel = 6 / User Type B

Explanation

The correct answer is Multiple WLAN Profiles and User-based authentication. Multiple WLAN profiles are required to configure different SSIDs, BSSIDs, VLANs, subnets, and RF channels on a single access point. This allows for the creation of separate networks for different user types or purposes. User-based authentication is also necessary to ensure that only authorized users can connect to the network. By requiring authentication, the access point can verify the identity of users and control access to the network based on their credentials.

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149. In addition to throughput enhancements, what other improvements does a dual-band 802.11ac AP provide when compared with 802.11a/g APs? (Choose 2)   

Explanation

A dual-band 802.11ac AP provides improvements in service quality for real-time applications at greater distances. This means that users can experience better performance and reliability when using applications that require real-time data transmission, such as video conferencing or online gaming, even when they are farther away from the access point. Additionally, it offers better link reliability between 802.11a/b/g client devices and 802.11ac APs, ensuring a more stable and consistent connection between different types of devices.

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150. In an 802.11n 2.4 GHz BSS, what prevents each station from using the full network bandwidth (e.g. 130 Mbps) for user data throughput when multiple clients are actively exchanging data with the AP?  (Choose 2)

Explanation

WLAN devices cannot detect collisions and must receive positive frame acknowledgment. This means that when multiple clients are actively exchanging data with the AP, the devices cannot detect if there is a collision happening, leading to decreased network bandwidth. Additionally, the DCF and EDCA coordination functions require backoff algorithms, which further restrict the full network bandwidth for user data throughput.

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151. What features are most often configurable within 802.11 WLAN client utilities?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The features that are most often configurable within 802.11 WLAN client utilities are power management and roaming aggressiveness. Power management allows the client to control its power usage, such as adjusting the transmit power and putting the device into sleep mode when not in use. Roaming aggressiveness determines how aggressively the client searches for a new access point when the signal strength of the current one is low. These features help optimize the client's performance and connectivity in a wireless network.

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152. When compared with legacy Power Save mode, how does VHT TXOP power save improve battery life for devices on a WLAN?   

Explanation

VHT TXOP power save improves battery life for devices on a WLAN by using the partial AID in the preamble to allow clients to identify frames targeted for them. This means that devices can selectively wake up and process only the frames that are intended for them, reducing the overall power consumption. By efficiently managing the power usage, VHT TXOP power save helps to extend the battery life of devices on a WLAN.

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153. What is a common feature of an 802.11 WLAN client utility?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

A common feature of an 802.11 WLAN client utility is the AP Signal strength meter, which allows the user to measure and monitor the strength of the wireless signal from the access point. This is helpful in determining the quality and reliability of the connection. Another common feature is the Link statistics display, which provides information about the performance and status of the wireless link, such as data transfer rate, signal quality, and error rates. These features are important for optimizing the wireless network connection and troubleshooting any issues that may arise.

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154. When a client moves to a new BSS within an ESS, what steps are part of the 802.11 reassociation process?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The new access point transmits a Reassociation Response to the client station with a status value. This step is part of the 802.11 reassociation process as it allows the client station to establish communication with the new access point and informs the client about the success or failure of the reassociation.

The client and new access point create unicast encryption keys. This step is also part of the 802.11 reassociation process as it ensures that the client station and the new access point can securely communicate with each other by generating encryption keys for unicast communication.

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155. The client devices that connect to your network include a mix of dual-band 802.11n and 802.11ac, single-band 802.11b/g/n, and some 802.11a/g/n. Your access points are configured with the same SSID on both the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. The APs are also configured to prioritize client connectivity to 5 GHz.  How does an AP perform band steering to encourage clients to use 5 GHz?   

Explanation

The AP may ignore the initial probe requests or 802.11 authentication requests sent in the 2.4 GHz band by dual-band clients. This means that when a dual-band client device sends a probe request or authentication request in the 2.4 GHz band, the AP will not respond or acknowledge it. By doing this, the AP is essentially discouraging the client from using the 2.4 GHz band and encouraging it to connect to the 5 GHz band instead. This helps to steer the client towards using the 5 GHz band, which typically offers higher speeds and less interference.

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156. What feature(s) are most likely to be supported by 802.11 enterprise-class WLAN controllers?  (Choose 4) 

Explanation

802.11 enterprise-class WLAN controllers are likely to support link aggregation/port trunking, 802.1p and DSCP QoS, captive web portals, and IGMP snooping. Link aggregation/port trunking allows multiple network links to be combined to increase bandwidth and provide redundancy. 802.1p and DSCP QoS enable prioritization and quality of service for different types of network traffic. Captive web portals are used for guest authentication and access control. IGMP snooping helps manage multicast traffic by allowing the controller to listen in on IGMP messages and forward multicast traffic only to the appropriate devices.

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157. What statement about 802.11 WLAN performance is true?

Explanation

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158. During the discovery and connectivity process, client and AP stations exchange information about their supported data rates. After the association, how do client and AP stations select the supported data rate that will be used to send an 802.11 data frame? 

Explanation

During the association process, both the client and AP stations independently select the optimal data rate to use for sending 802.11 data frames. This selection is based on their own measurements and observations of the RF link. The client and AP do not rely on each other to determine the data rate. They agree to use the same transmit rate initially, but either station can request a change at any time after the association.

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159. When a client moves to a new BSS within an ESS, what steps are part of the 802.11 reassociation process?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

When a client moves to a new BSS within an ESS, the 802.11 reassociation process involves the following steps:
1) The new access point transmits a Reassociation Response to the client station with a status value, indicating the success or failure of the reassociation.
2) The client and new access point create unicast encryption keys to establish a secure communication channel. These keys are used to encrypt and decrypt data between the client and the new access point.

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160. You have been sent as a consultant to a customer site that is experiencing problems with some 2.4 GHz clients on their 802.11a/g/n/ac network. After collecting information from the company about the problem, your initial troubleshooting step is to find a client device experiencing performance problems and observe its 802.11 frame exchanges in a protocol analyzer. The retransmission rate for that client is 65% instead of the company's baseline, which is 9%.   Based on this information, what troubleshooting step should follow to isolate the problem

Explanation

The correct answer is to evaluate the client's operating frequency band with a spectrum analyzer, looking for a high noise floor or interference sources. This is the next troubleshooting step because the retransmission rate for the client is significantly higher than the company's baseline. By using a spectrum analyzer, it will be possible to identify if there are any external factors causing interference or a high noise floor in the client's operating frequency band. This information will help isolate the problem and determine if it is related to external interference rather than an issue with the client device itself.

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161. What term correctly completes the following sentence?  In an IEEE 802.11 frame, the IP packet is considered by the MAC layer to be a(n) _________. 

Explanation

In an IEEE 802.11 frame, the IP packet is considered by the MAC layer to be a(n) MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU). The MSDU is a data unit that is passed from the higher layers to the MAC layer for transmission over the wireless medium. It contains the payload data, such as the IP packet, along with any necessary headers and trailers added by the MAC layer. The MAC layer then encapsulates the MSDU into a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) for transmission.

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162. What statements about the SSID are true?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The SSID must be included in an association request frame because it is used to identify the wireless network that a device wants to connect to. The SSID is an alphanumeric value with a maximum length of 32 octets, which means it can contain letters, numbers, and special characters and cannot exceed 32 characters in length. This is the standard limit set by the IEEE for SSIDs.

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163. What statements describe industry practices for communication protocols between WLAN controllers and controller-based APs?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The correct answer states that some vendors use proprietary protocols, while others use protocols based on public standards like RFCs. This means that not all vendors use the same protocol for communication between WLAN controllers and controller-based APs. Additionally, the answer states that all vendors support at least one L2 or L3 broadcast protocol for controller discovery by controller-based APs. This means that all vendors have a method for the controller-based APs to discover the controller using either Layer 2 or Layer 3 broadcast protocols.

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164. What problems may exist for a multiple channel architecture (MCA) WLAN when its APs are all operating at full power (typically 100mW)?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

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165. During the discovery and connectivity process, client and AP stations exchange information about their supported data rates. After the association, how do client and AP stations select the supported data rate that will be used to send an 802.11 data frame? 

Explanation

During the association process, both the client and AP stations independently determine the optimal data rate to use for transmitting 802.11 data frames. This decision is based on their own measurements and observations of the RF link. Therefore, the client and AP stations select the supported data rate that will be used to send an 802.11 data frame independently of each other.

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166. Which IEEE 802.11 physical layer (PHY) specifications include support for and compatibility of both OFDM and HR/DSSS? (Choose 2)  

Explanation

The correct answer is HT (802.11n) and ERP (802.11g). These two IEEE 802.11 physical layer specifications include support for and compatibility of both OFDM and HR/DSSS. OFDM is a modulation scheme used in 802.11a and 802.11n, while HR/DSSS is used in 802.11b. HT (802.11n) supports both OFDM and HR/DSSS, making it compatible with both 802.11a and 802.11b. Similarly, ERP (802.11g) also supports both OFDM and HR/DSSS, making it compatible with both 802.11a and 802.11b.

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167. What statements describe industry practices for communication protocols between WLAN controllers and controller-based APs?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

The correct answer states that some vendors use proprietary protocols, while others use protocols based on public standards like RFCs. This means that not all vendors use the same protocol for communication between WLAN controllers and controller-based APs. Additionally, the answer states that all vendors support at least one L2 or L3 broadcast protocol for controller discovery by controller-based APs. This implies that there are multiple options available for controller discovery, and it is not limited to a specific protocol.

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168. What factors are likely to cause the greatest impact on the application layer throughput of an 802.11n client station in a 2.4 GHz HT BSS?  (Choose 3) 

Explanation

Increasing or decreasing the number of spatial streams in use by the client station and AP can have a significant impact on the application layer throughput of an 802.11n client station. Spatial streams are a key feature of 802.11n that allow for multiple data streams to be transmitted simultaneously, increasing the overall throughput. By increasing or decreasing the number of spatial streams, the client station and AP can adjust the data transmission rate to optimize performance.

The use of WEP or TKIP for encryption instead of CCMP can also impact the application layer throughput. WEP and TKIP are older and less secure encryption methods, which can introduce additional overhead and reduce the overall throughput compared to the more efficient CCMP encryption.

RF interference from more than 10 nearby Bluetooth transmitters can also cause a significant impact on the application layer throughput. Bluetooth operates in the same frequency range as 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi, and the interference from multiple Bluetooth devices can degrade the Wi-Fi signal, leading to reduced throughput and performance.

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169. ABC Company has thousands of Wi-Fi users accessing their network on a daily basis. Their WLAN consists of 700 access points, 6 WLAN controllers, and a wireless network management system.  What network functions are performed by the enterprise-class WNMS?  (Choose 3) 

Explanation

The enterprise-class WNMS performs three network functions: management of WLAN controller configuration and provisioning of firmware updates, RF pre-deployment planning and post-deployment reporting of access point locations on a floor plan, and performance and security monitoring of WLAN controllers with alarms and notifications for administrative staff. These functions allow ABC Company to efficiently manage their WLAN network, ensure proper deployment and coverage of access points, and monitor the performance and security of the network for optimal user experience.

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170. When planning an access point deployment that utilizes Power over Ethernet (PoE) switches at the network edge, what design decision could adversely affect the operation of 802.3-2012, Clause 33 APs? 

Explanation

If all ports on the Ethernet switch support Class 3 PoE powered devices, it means that the switch is not capable of providing the higher power levels required by 802.3-2012, Clause 33 APs. This design decision could adversely affect the operation of the APs because they may not receive enough power to function properly.

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171. What feature(s) are most likely to be supported by 802.11 enterprise-class WLAN controllers?  (Choose 4) 

Explanation

802.11 enterprise-class WLAN controllers are most likely to support link aggregation/port trunking, 802.1p and DSCP QoS, captive web portals, and IGMP snooping. Link aggregation/port trunking allows multiple physical links to be combined into a single logical link, increasing bandwidth and providing redundancy. 802.1p and DSCP QoS enable prioritization of network traffic based on different classes or types of data. Captive web portals are used for authentication and guest access control. IGMP snooping is a feature that allows the WLAN controller to listen to IGMP messages and optimize multicast traffic delivery.

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172. What causes of hidden nodes within a BSS would be more likely lead to an increase in collisions and retries?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

Obstacles between client stations causing attenuation can lead to hidden nodes within a BSS, where the signal strength is weakened or blocked by physical objects. This can result in collisions and retries as the weakened signals may not be detected by other stations, leading to simultaneous transmissions. Additionally, large 802.11 cells with physically distributed stations can also contribute to hidden nodes. In this scenario, stations that are far apart may not be able to detect each other's transmissions, leading to collisions and retries.

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173. What facts are true regarding controllers and APs in a Split MAC architecture? (Choose 2)   

Explanation

In a Split MAC architecture, an IP tunnel is established between the AP and controller for AP management and control functions. This allows the controller to manage and control the AP remotely. Additionally, in a distributed data forwarding model, the AP handles frame encryption and decryption. This means that the AP is responsible for securing the data frames by encrypting and decrypting them before transmitting them over the network.

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174. In addition to throughput enhancements, what other improvements does a dual-band 802.11ac AP provide when compared with 802.11a/g APs? (Choose 2)   

Explanation

A dual-band 802.11ac AP provides improvements in service quality for real-time applications at greater distances. This means that users can experience better performance and reliability when using applications that require real-time data transmission, such as video streaming or online gaming, even when they are farther away from the access point. Additionally, a dual-band 802.11ac AP offers better link reliability between 802.11a/b/g client devices and the access point. This means that devices using older Wi-Fi standards can still maintain a strong and stable connection with the access point, ensuring a seamless user experience.

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175. Which IEEE 802.11 physical layer (PHY) specifications include support for and compatibility of both OFDM and HR/DSSS? (Choose 2)  

Explanation

The correct answer is HT (802.11n) and ERP (802.11g). Both of these IEEE 802.11 physical layer specifications include support for and compatibility of both OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and HR/DSSS (High Rate/ Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) technologies. OFDM is a modulation technique used in 802.11a, while HR/DSSS is used in 802.11b. HT (802.11n) and ERP (802.11g) are newer standards that support backward compatibility with both OFDM and HR/DSSS, allowing devices using different modulation technologies to communicate with each other.

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176. What problems may exist for a multiple channel architecture (MCA) WLAN when its APs are all operating at full power (typically 100mW)?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

When APs in a multiple channel architecture (MCA) WLAN are operating at full power, Wi-Fi enabled voice handsets with low transmit power can experience asynchronous downlink and uplink performance. This is because the voice handsets may not be able to transmit their signals effectively to the APs. Additionally, the cell size may be too large, leading to co-channel interference with adjacent cells. This interference reduces the system capacity and can cause performance issues.

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177. ABC Company has thousands of Wi-Fi users accessing their network on a daily basis. Their WLAN consists of 700 access points, 6 WLAN controllers, and a wireless network management system.  What network functions are performed by the enterprise-class WNMS?  (Choose 3) 

Explanation

The enterprise-class WNMS performs three network functions. Firstly, it manages the configuration of WLAN controllers and provisions firmware updates. Secondly, it assists in RF pre-deployment planning and post-deployment reporting, allowing access point locations to be accurately mapped on a floor plan. Lastly, it monitors the performance and security of WLAN controllers, providing alarms and notifications to the administrative staff for immediate action.

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178. What facts are true regarding controllers and APs in a Split MAC architecture? (Choose 2)   

Explanation

In a Split MAC architecture, an IP tunnel is established between the AP and controller for AP management and control functions. This allows for centralized management and control of the APs. Additionally, in a distributed data forwarding model, the AP handles frame encryption and decryption. This means that the AP is responsible for encrypting and decrypting data frames, providing secure communication between the AP and the client devices.

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179. What causes of hidden nodes within a BSS would be more likely lead to an increase in collisions and retries?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

Obstacles between client stations causing attenuation can lead to hidden nodes within a BSS, as the signal strength between the stations may be weakened or blocked, resulting in collisions and retries. Similarly, large 802.11 cells with physically distributed stations can also contribute to hidden nodes, as the distance between stations increases, making it more likely for collisions and retries to occur.

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180. Why is it recommended for a wireless network administrator to disable 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps data rates on the WLAN infrastructure?  (Choose 2) 

Explanation

Disabling the 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps data rates on the WLAN infrastructure can improve capacity in the BSS (Basic Service Set) by reducing the amount of time spent on lower data rates, allowing for more efficient use of available bandwidth. It can also reduce the size of the AP's effective service area by limiting the range at which devices can connect to the network, thus reducing interference and improving overall performance within a specific area.

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What term correctly completes the following sentence?...
As an RF wave propagates through space, the wave front experiences...
As XYZ Company's wireless specialist, you have been asked to...
When using an RF splitter to connect one transceiver to sector...
XYZ Corporation is experiencing connectivity problems with their...
In a long-distance RF link, what statement about Fade Margin is...
XYZ Corporation is experiencing connectivity problems with their...
Prior to association, what parameter can 802.11 client devices measure...
What can cause an excessively high VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)...
In an 802.11n WLAN with a heterogeneous set of associated client...
In a Wi-Fi client configuration utility, what feature is most likely...
What answers correctly complete the following...
The center frequency of channel 1 in the 2.4 GHz band is 2.412 GHz...
What type of device often causes interference across 50% or more of...
In an 802.11 2.4 GHz system, what 22 MHz channels are considered...
For what likely reasons might an organization choose to purchase an AP...
What type of device often causes interference across 50% or more of...
What HT technology requires MIMO support on both the transmitter and...
What phrase defines Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)?...
What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at...
An 802.11 WLAN transmitter that emits a 50 mW signal is connected to a...
In a long-distance RF link, what statement about Fade Margin is...
A WLAN transmitter that emits a 200 mW signal is connected to a cable...
Return Loss is the decrease of forward energy in a system when some of...
What can cause an excessively high VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)...
What word describes the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a...
Prior to association, what parameter can 802.11 client devices measure...
A Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certificate indicates that a device...
The IEEE 802.11a/n/ac physical layer technologies utilize the 5 GHz...
What statement is true concerning the use of Orthogonal Frequency...
What component of the 802.11 standard allows stations to reserve...
The client devices that connect to your network include a mix of...
In a Wi-Fi client configuration utility, what feature is most likely...
You are implementing a VHT-capable AP. Which one of the following...
What term describes the effect of increasing the intensity of an RF...
What are two channel modes specified by the 802.11n (High Throughput)...
Return Loss is the decrease of forward energy in a system when some of...
What word describes the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a...
AP-1 is a 3x3:2 AP. STA-3 is a 3x3:3 client. What is the maximum...
What HT technology requires MIMO support on both the transmitter and...
What statements about the beamwidth of an RF antenna are true?...
What phrase defines Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)?...
What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at...
You are implementing a VHT-capable AP. Which one of the following...
AP-1 is a 3x3:2 AP. STA-3 is a 3x3:3 client. What is the maximum...
ABC Company has just purchased a 6 dBi patch antenna. After performing...
What statements about the beamwidth of an RF antenna are true?...
What term describes the effect of increasing the intensity of an RF...
As XYZ Company's wireless specialist, you have been asked to...
What term correctly completes the following sentence?...
What statements about the SSID are true?  (Choose 2) 
Which data rate is supported by 802.11g radios that is not supported...
Which answer correctly completes the following sentence?  The WMM...
Lynne runs a small hotel, and as a value added service for her...
You have been sent as a consultant to a customer site that is...
When using an RF splitter to connect one transceiver to sector...
When planning an access point deployment that utilizes Power over...
What distinguishes an independent basic service set (IBSS) from an...
When replacing the antenna of a WLAN device with a similar antenna...
What factors influence the distance that an RF signal can be...
When a client station sends a broadcast probe request frame with a...
As a station moves away from the access point to which it is...
What statement about the IEEE 802.11e QoS facility is true? 
What distinguishes an independent basic service set (IBSS) from an...
 What features were introduced in the IEEE 802.11h amendment in...
When a client station sends a broadcast probe request frame with a...
What factors will have the most significant impact on the amount of...
The IEEE 802.11-2012 standard requires VHT capable devices to be...
What features are most often configurable within 802.11 WLAN client...
A WLAN transmitter that emits a 200 mW signal is connected to a cable...
Lynne runs a small hotel, and as a value added service for her...
For what likely reasons might an organization choose to purchase an AP...
What statement about 802.3-2012, Clause 33 Power over Ethernet is...
What factors are taken into account when calculating the Link Budget...
ABC Company has just purchased a 6 dBi patch antenna. After performing...
Which antenna types are commonly used by indoor Wi-Fi devices in a...
What phrase correctly completes the following sentence?  When...
In an infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS), how does the passive...
When compared with legacy Power Save mode, how does VHT TXOP power...
What statement about the IEEE 802.11e QoS facility is true? 
A Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certificate indicates that a device...
In an enterprise WLAN, what condition will prevent a dual-band VHT/HT...
Which of the following frequency ranges are specified for use by IEEE...
As a consultant, you have been hired by ABC Company to implement an...
Two co-located 802.11b/g/n APs can interfere with one another and...
Why is it recommended for a wireless network administrator to disable...
ABC Company has a 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN deployment. DFS functionality is...
What factors will have the most significant impact on the amount of...
What factors are taken into account when calculating the Link Budget...
As an RF wave propagates through space, the wave front experiences...
ABC Hospital is planning a Wi-Fi infrastructure upgrade where the...
In an infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS), how does the passive...
As a station moves away from the access point to which it is...
Which of the following frequency ranges are specified for use by IEEE...
Two co-located 802.11b/g/n APs can interfere with one another and...
In an 802.11n 2.4 GHz BSS, what prevents each station from using the...
What answers correctly complete the following...
In an 802.11 2.4 GHz system, what 22 MHz channels are considered...
 As a consultant, you've been hired by XYZ Company to provide...
 What is the intended use for the WLAN hardware known as a pole...
In an 802.11n WLAN with a heterogeneous set of associated client...
What statement about 802.11 WLAN performance is true?
An 802.11 WLAN transmitter that emits a 50 mW signal is connected to a...
What problems may occur when there are hidden nodes in the BSS?...
What statement about 802.3-2012, Clause 33 Power over Ethernet is...
What factors influence the distance that an RF signal can be...
 What is the intended use for the WLAN hardware known as a pole...
What information is transmitted in the Beacon management frames of an...
ABC Company has a 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN deployment. DFS functionality is...
What is a common feature of an 802.11 WLAN client utility?...
 As a consultant, you've been hired by XYZ Company to provide...
The OSI model is a 7-layer model for understanding the functions of a...
When replacing the antenna of a WLAN device with a similar antenna...
Which antenna types are commonly used by indoor Wi-Fi devices in a...
What component of the 802.11 standard allows stations to reserve...
The IEEE 802.11-2012 standard requires VHT capable devices to be...
What statement is true concerning the use of Orthogonal Frequency...
What term correctly completes the following sentence?  In an IEEE...
What mechanisms are specified by the IEEE 802.11 standard to attempt...
Which unit of measurement is an absolute unit that is used to quantify...
Which answer correctly completes the following sentence?  The WMM...
As defined in the 802.11 specification, legacy Power Save requires an...
Which data rate is supported by 802.11g radios that is not supported...
What are two channel modes specified by the 802.11n (High Throughput)...
The OSI model is a 7-layer model for understanding the functions of a...
The IEEE 802.11a/n/ac physical layer technologies utilize the 5 GHz...
The center frequency of channel 1 in the 2.4 GHz band is 2.412 GHz...
In an enterprise WLAN, what condition will prevent a dual-band VHT/HT...
The 802.11 protocol specifies a fundamental channel access method that...
As a consultant, you have been hired by ABC Company to implement an...
If an 802.11 RF transmission reaches a receiving antenna...
You are selecting antennas for a WLAN operating in the 5 GHz frequency...
 What features were introduced in the IEEE 802.11h amendment in...
As defined in the 802.11 specification, legacy Power Save requires an...
The 802.11 protocol specifies a fundamental channel access method that...
Which unit of measurement is an absolute unit that is used to quantify...
What mechanisms are specified by the IEEE 802.11 standard to attempt...
What information is transmitted in the Beacon management frames of an...
What statements accurately describe the RF cables and connectors that...
What phrase correctly completes the following sentence?  When...
ABC Hospital is planning a Wi-Fi infrastructure upgrade where the...
What WLAN system feature is required to produce a scenario with the...
What factors are likely to cause the greatest impact on the...
What statements accurately describe the RF cables and connectors that...
You are selecting antennas for a WLAN operating in the 5 GHz frequency...
What problems may occur when there are hidden nodes in the BSS?...
If an 802.11 RF transmission reaches a receiving antenna...
What WLAN system feature is required to produce a scenario with the...
In addition to throughput enhancements, what other improvements does a...
In an 802.11n 2.4 GHz BSS, what prevents each station from using the...
What features are most often configurable within 802.11 WLAN client...
When compared with legacy Power Save mode, how does VHT TXOP power...
What is a common feature of an 802.11 WLAN client utility?...
When a client moves to a new BSS within an ESS, what steps are part of...
The client devices that connect to your network include a mix of...
What feature(s) are most likely to be supported by 802.11...
What statement about 802.11 WLAN performance is true?
During the discovery and connectivity process, client and AP stations...
When a client moves to a new BSS within an ESS, what steps are part of...
You have been sent as a consultant to a customer site that is...
What term correctly completes the following sentence?  In an IEEE...
What statements about the SSID are true?  (Choose 2) 
What statements describe industry practices for communication...
What problems may exist for a multiple channel architecture (MCA) WLAN...
During the discovery and connectivity process, client and AP stations...
Which IEEE 802.11 physical layer (PHY) specifications include support...
What statements describe industry practices for communication...
What factors are likely to cause the greatest impact on the...
ABC Company has thousands of Wi-Fi users accessing their network on a...
When planning an access point deployment that utilizes Power over...
What feature(s) are most likely to be supported by 802.11...
What causes of hidden nodes within a BSS would be more likely lead to...
What facts are true regarding controllers and APs in a Split MAC...
In addition to throughput enhancements, what other improvements does a...
Which IEEE 802.11 physical layer (PHY) specifications include support...
What problems may exist for a multiple channel architecture (MCA) WLAN...
ABC Company has thousands of Wi-Fi users accessing their network on a...
What facts are true regarding controllers and APs in a Split MAC...
What causes of hidden nodes within a BSS would be more likely lead to...
Why is it recommended for a wireless network administrator to disable...
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