Wireless Standards And Protocols Test For Beginners!

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  • 1/180 Questions

    As XYZ Company’s wireless specialist, you have been asked to troubleshoot some unexpected frame patterns in a wireless protocol capture. Your peers explain that the network’s beacon frames are inconsistent. That is, the BSSID is the same for all beacons, but the source address varies between three different addresses.   What network configuration would cause this beacon frame behavior? 

    • A single AP supports multiple BSSs with different SSIDs
    • The beacons are from an IBSS instead of a BSS
    • A virtual cell single channel network has been implemente
    • Three APs still share the same default configuration.
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Network Quizzes & Trivia
About This Quiz

This beginner-level test on Wireless Standards and Protocols assesses knowledge of WLAN troubleshooting, power save behaviors, and IEEE 802.11 standards. It is designed to enhance understanding of beacon frame behaviors, power management in wireless networks, and key elements of wireless communication protocols.

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  • 2. 

    When using an RF splitter to connect one transceiver to sector antennas loss is incurred. What is this loss called? 

    • Through loss

    • Active loss

    • Conversion loss

    • Intentional loss

    Correct Answer
    A. Through loss
    Explanation
    When using an RF splitter to connect one transceiver to sector antennas, some signal loss occurs. This loss is known as "through loss."

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  • 3. 

    XYZ Corporation is experiencing connectivity problems with their existing building-to-building bridge link. A concrete wall on the roof of one building is partially blocking the Fresnel Zone, and the connection is dropping many frames. The administrator moves the antenna to an area not obstructed by the concrete wall and then realizes the RF cable cannot reach the new location. If an extension cable is added to move the antenna, what are the likely results? 

    • The size of the Fresnel zone will increase.

    • The antenna’s azimuth beamwidth will decrease.

    • The data throughput rate will increase because VSWR will decrease.

    • The Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) will decrease.

    • The likelihood of a direct lightning strike will increase

    Correct Answer
    A. The Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) will decrease.
    Explanation
    If an extension cable is added to move the antenna, the Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) will decrease. This is because the extension cable will introduce additional loss and attenuation, reducing the overall power output of the antenna. As a result, the signal strength and coverage area will be reduced, impacting the connectivity and data throughput rate. The other options mentioned in the question, such as the size of the Fresnel zone, antenna's azimuth beamwidth, data throughput rate, and likelihood of a direct lightning strike, are not directly affected by adding an extension cable.

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  • 4. 

    What term correctly completes the following sentence?   802.11a/b/g used a mandatory 800ns guard interval. 802.11n introduced an optional short 400ns guard interval. Guard intervals (GI) are necessary in OFDM to reduce the likelihood of interference between two consecutive ____________. 

    • Frames

    • Packets

    • Symbols

    • Bytes

    • Bits

    Correct Answer
    A. Symbols
    Explanation
    Guard intervals (GI) are necessary in OFDM to reduce the likelihood of interference between two consecutive symbols. In this context, symbols refer to the individual units of data that are transmitted in an OFDM system. The guard interval is a period of time inserted between symbols to minimize the effects of multipath interference and ensure accurate data transmission. By using a guard interval, the receiver can distinguish between different symbols and reduce the likelihood of errors caused by interference.

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  • 5. 

    As an RF wave propagates through space, the wave front experiences natural expansion that reduces its signal strength in an area. What term describes the rate at which this expansion happens? 

    • Path spread phenomenon

    • MU-MIMO

    • Ohm’s law

    • Inverse square law

    • Fresnel zone thinning

    Correct Answer
    A. Inverse square law
    Explanation
    The term that describes the rate at which the expansion of an RF wave front happens is the inverse square law. According to this law, the intensity of the wave decreases as the square of the distance from the source increases. This means that as the wave propagates through space, its signal strength diminishes rapidly with distance. This phenomenon is commonly observed in various fields, including physics and telecommunications.

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  • 6. 

    Prior to association, what parameter can 802.11 client devices measure and use to select the optimal access point for association?

    • Proximity to potential access points

    • Signal strength of access point beacons received

    • Retry rate of probe request and response frames

    • Average round trip time to reach the Internet DNS server

    • Average round trip time to reach the IP router

    Correct Answer
    A. Signal strength of access point beacons received
    Explanation
    802.11 client devices can measure and use the signal strength of access point beacons received to select the optimal access point for association. This parameter allows the client device to determine the strength of the signal being transmitted by different access points in its vicinity. By selecting the access point with the strongest signal, the client device can ensure a more stable and reliable connection.

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  • 7. 

    What answers correctly complete the following sentence? ____________ and ____________ carrier sense functions are used to determine if the wireless medium is busy. (Choose 2) 

    • Backoff

    • Pseudo-random

    • Virtual

    • Active

    • Vector

    • . Physical

    • Interframe

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Virtual
    A. . Physical
    Explanation
    Virtual and Physical carrier sense functions are used to determine if the wireless medium is busy. Virtual carrier sense involves monitoring the virtual channel to check if it is currently being used by another device. Physical carrier sense involves listening to the physical channel to detect any ongoing transmissions. Both of these functions are necessary to accurately determine the status of the wireless medium and avoid collisions.

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  • 8. 

    The center frequency of channel 1 in the 2.4 GHz band is 2.412 GHz (2412 MHz).  What is the center frequency of channel 4

    • 2.427 GHz

    • 2.422 GHz

    • 2.437 GHz

    • 2.417 GHz

    • 2.413 GHz

    Correct Answer
    A. 2.427 GHz
    Explanation
    The center frequency of channel 4 can be determined by adding 5 to the center frequency of channel 1. Since the center frequency of channel 1 is 2.412 GHz, adding 5 to it gives us 2.417 GHz. However, none of the given options match this value. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.427 GHz, which is the closest option to 2.417 GHz.

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  • 9. 

    In an 802.11 2.4 GHz system, what 22 MHz channels are considered non-overlapping?  (Choose 2) 

    • Channels 10 and 13

    • Channels 2 and 8

    • Channels 8 and 11

    • Channels 10 and 13

    • Channels 5 and 10

    • Channels 1 and 5

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Channels 2 and 8
    A. Channels 5 and 10
    Explanation
    In an 802.11 2.4 GHz system, the 22 MHz channels that are considered non-overlapping are Channels 2 and 8, and Channels 5 and 10. These channels do not overlap with each other and can be used simultaneously without causing interference.

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  • 10. 

    XYZ Corporation is experiencing connectivity problems with their existing building-to-building bridge link. A concrete wall on the roof of one building is partially blocking the Fresnel Zone, and the connection is dropping many frames. The administrator moves the antenna to an area not obstructed by the concrete wall and then realizes the RF cable cannot reach the new location. If an extension cable is added to move the antenna, what are the likely results? 

    • The size of the Fresnel zone will increase.

    • The antenna’s azimuth beamwidth will decrease.

    • The data throughput rate will increase because VSWR will decrease.

    • The Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) will decrease.

    • The likelihood of a direct lightning strike will increase

    Correct Answer
    A. The Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) will decrease.
    Explanation
    Adding an extension cable to move the antenna will result in a decrease in the Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP). EIRP is the amount of power that an antenna radiates in a specific direction. When an extension cable is added, it introduces additional resistance and loss in the signal, leading to a decrease in the overall power radiated by the antenna. This can result in a weakened signal and reduced connectivity.

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  • 11. 

    In an 802.11n WLAN with a heterogeneous set of associated client devices including 802.11b, 11g, and 11n, what HT protection mode will the BSS use? 

    • Mode 0: No protection mode (Greenfield

    • Mode 3: Non-HT mixed mode

    • Mode 1: Nonmember protection mode

    • Mode 2: 20 MHz protection mode

    Correct Answer
    A. Mode 3: Non-HT mixed mode
    Explanation
    In an 802.11n WLAN with a heterogeneous set of associated client devices including 802.11b, 11g, and 11n, the BSS will use Mode 3: Non-HT mixed mode. This mode is used to support both legacy non-HT devices (802.11b and 11g) and HT devices (802.11n) in the network. It allows the BSS to transmit frames using both HT and non-HT formats, ensuring compatibility with all devices in the network.

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  • 12. 

    In a Wi-Fi client configuration utility, what feature is most likely to be user configurable? 

    • 802.1p to WMM mappings

    • SNMPv3 Users

    • WMM-PS Dozing Interval

    • RADIUS Server IP Address

    • EAP Authentication Type

    Correct Answer
    A. EAP Authentication Type
    Explanation
    In a Wi-Fi client configuration utility, the feature that is most likely to be user configurable is the EAP Authentication Type. This is because the EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is used to provide secure authentication for Wi-Fi networks, and different authentication methods can be supported, such as EAP-TLS, EAP-PEAP, or EAP-TTLS. The user may need to select the appropriate authentication type based on the network's requirements or their own security preferences.

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  • 13. 

    What type of device often causes interference across 50% or more of the 2.4 GHz frequency band? 

    • Military radar

    • Properly configured AP

    • Microwave oven

    • Wireless video camera

    • WIPS sensor

    Correct Answer
    A. Microwave oven
    Explanation
    Microwave ovens often cause interference across 50% or more of the 2.4 GHz frequency band. This is because microwave ovens operate on the same frequency band as Wi-Fi devices, which is 2.4 GHz. When a microwave oven is turned on, it emits electromagnetic waves that can disrupt and interfere with the Wi-Fi signal, causing a decrease in signal strength and slower internet speeds. This interference is especially noticeable when the microwave oven is in close proximity to the Wi-Fi router or access point.

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  • 14. 

    In a long-distance RF link, what statement about Fade Margin is true? 

    • The Fade Margin is a measurement of signal loss through free space, and is a function of frequency and distance.

    • A Fade Margin is unnecessary on a long-distance RF link if more than 80% of the first Fresnel zone is clear of obstructions.

    • The Fade Margin of a long-distance radio link should be equivalent to the receiver’s antenna gain.

    • Fade Margin is an additional pad of signal strength designed into the RF system to compensate for unpredictable signal fading.

    Correct Answer
    A. Fade Margin is an additional pad of signal strength designed into the RF system to compensate for unpredictable signal fading.
    Explanation
    The Fade Margin is an additional pad of signal strength designed into the RF system to compensate for unpredictable signal fading. This means that it provides a buffer of extra signal strength to account for any fluctuations or variations in the signal due to factors such as interference or atmospheric conditions. It is not dependent on the frequency and distance of the RF link, and it is not necessarily equivalent to the receiver's antenna gain. The statement about the first Fresnel zone and obstructions is unrelated to the concept of Fade Margin.

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  • 15. 

    What can cause an excessively high VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) in a WLAN RF transmission line? 

    • Reflected direct current (DC) voltage on the main RF signal line

    • Attenuation of the RF signal as it travels along the main signal path

    • Crosstalk (inductance) between adjacent RF conductors

    • An impedance mismatch in the RF cables and connectors

    Correct Answer
    A. An impedance mismatch in the RF cables and connectors
    Explanation
    An impedance mismatch in the RF cables and connectors can cause an excessively high VSWR in a WLAN RF transmission line. When there is an impedance mismatch, the RF signal is not properly transferred between the cables and connectors, leading to a higher amount of reflected power. This causes standing waves to form, resulting in a higher VSWR. Attenuation of the RF signal, crosstalk between adjacent RF conductors, and reflected DC voltage on the main RF signal line are not directly related to causing an excessively high VSWR.

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  • 16. 

    Prior to association, what parameter can 802.11 client devices measure and use to select the optimal access point for association?

    • Proximity to potential access points

    • Signal strength of access point beacons received

    • Retry rate of probe request and response frames

    • Average round trip time to reach the Internet DNS server

    • Average round trip time to reach the IP router

    Correct Answer
    A. Signal strength of access point beacons received
    Explanation
    802.11 client devices can measure and use the signal strength of access point beacons received to select the optimal access point for association. This is because the signal strength indicates the quality of the connection between the client device and the access point. A stronger signal strength suggests a better connection and therefore a more optimal access point for association.

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  • 17. 

    A Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certificate indicates that a device is a/b/g/n certified. It further indicates one transmit and receive spatial stream for both the 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz bands. It further indicates support for both WPA and WPA2 Enterprise and Personal. Finally, it indicates support for EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS/MSCHAPv2, PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 and PEAPv1/EAP-GTC. Which one of the following statements is false? 

    • This client device supports both TKIP and CCMP cipher suites.

    • This client device supports protection mechanisms such as RTS/CTS and/or CTS-to-Self.

    • 300 Mbps is the maximum supported data rate for this device.

    • This client device supports the ERP, OFDM, and HT physical layer specifications.

    • This client device supports X.509 certificates for EAP authentication.

    Correct Answer
    A. 300 Mbps is the maximum supported data rate for this device.
    Explanation
    The given statement is false because the question states that the device is a/b/g/n certified, which means it supports up to 600 Mbps data rates for both the 2.4 GHz and 5.0 GHz bands. Therefore, the maximum supported data rate for this device is not 300 Mbps.

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  • 18. 

    The IEEE 802.11a/n/ac physical layer technologies utilize the 5 GHz frequency band. What is true of the channels in this frequency spectrum? 

    • 14 channels are available worldwide

    • DFS may be required in some regulatory domains on some channels

    • Regulatory domains worldwide require DFS and TPC in all these channels.

    • 11 channels are available worldwide.

    • 802.11 channels are separated by 5 Mhz

    Correct Answer
    A. DFS may be required in some regulatory domains on some channels
    Explanation
    The correct answer is that DFS (Dynamic Frequency Selection) may be required in some regulatory domains on some channels. This means that in certain regions or countries, certain channels within the 5 GHz frequency band may require DFS to avoid interference with radar systems. DFS allows devices to detect radar signals and switch to a different channel if necessary. However, it is important to note that DFS is not required in all regulatory domains or on all channels, hence the use of "may be required" in the answer.

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  • 19. 

    What statement is true concerning the use of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in IEEE 802.11 WLANs? 

    • With 802.11a OFDM, 16-QAM provides either 48 or 54 Mbps data rates, depending upon coding rates

    • 802.11ac VHT-OFDM utilizes 256-QAM, which increases the data rate significantly over 64QAM available in HT-OFDM.

    • In 802.11a OFDM, fifty-six (56) subcarriers are used as parallel symbol transmission paths to carry data

    • 802.11a/g/n OFDM includes several combinations of modulation and coding to achieve data rates from 1-600 Mbps

    • 802.11a and 11n use six (6) “pilot” subcarriers as a reference for the receiver to detect frequency and phase shifts of the signal.

    Correct Answer
    A. 802.11ac VHT-OFDM utilizes 256-QAM, which increases the data rate significantly over 64QAM available in HT-OFDM.
    Explanation
    802.11ac VHT-OFDM utilizes 256-QAM, which increases the data rate significantly over 64QAM available in HT-OFDM. This means that 802.11ac can transmit more data per symbol, resulting in higher data rates.

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  • 20. 

    What component of the 802.11 standard allows stations to reserve access to the RF medium for a specified period of time? 

    • Listen Interval

    • RTS or CTS frames

    • Probe Request frames

    • DTIM Interval

    • Short guard intervals

    Correct Answer
    A. RTS or CTS frames
    Explanation
    RTS (Request to Send) or CTS (Clear to Send) frames are used in the 802.11 standard to allow stations to reserve access to the RF (Radio Frequency) medium for a specified period of time. When a station wants to transmit data, it sends an RTS frame to the access point, requesting permission to transmit. The access point responds with a CTS frame, granting permission and reserving the medium. This mechanism helps to avoid collisions and ensures that the medium is available for the transmitting station for the specified duration.

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  • 21. 

    The client devices that connect to your network include a mix of dual-band 802.11n and 802.11ac, single-band 802.11b/g/n, and some 802.11a/g/n. Your access points are configured with the same SSID on both the 2.4 and 5 GHz bands. The APs are also configured to prioritize client connectivity to 5 GHz.  How does an AP perform band steering to encourage clients to use 5 GHz?   

    • When the client sends a probe request in the 2.4 GHz band, the AP may reply with information about the 5 GHz BSS.

    • The AP may allow an 802.11 association with the client in the 2.4 GHz band, then send unicast channel switch announcements to the client announcing the 5 GHz channel as the new channel.

    • The AP may ignore the initial probe requests or 802.11 authentication requests sent in the 2.4 GHz band by dual-band clients

    • After receiving probe request frames from the same client in both bands, the AP may send an association request frame to the client in the 5 GHz band.

    • The AP may allow an 802.11 association with the client in the 2.4 GHz band, then the AP may perform a transparent client handoff by transferring the client’s MAC address to the 5 GHz radio.

    Correct Answer
    A. The AP may ignore the initial probe requests or 802.11 authentication requests sent in the 2.4 GHz band by dual-band clients
    Explanation
    The AP may ignore the initial probe requests or 802.11 authentication requests sent in the 2.4 GHz band by dual-band clients. This means that when a client device sends a probe request or authentication request in the 2.4 GHz band, the AP will not respond or acknowledge these requests. By ignoring these requests, the AP is essentially discouraging the client from using the 2.4 GHz band and encouraging them to connect to the 5 GHz band instead. This helps to steer clients towards the 5 GHz band, which typically offers faster speeds and less interference compared to the 2.4 GHz band.

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  • 22. 

    In a Wi-Fi client configuration utility, what feature is most likely to be user configurable? 

    • 802.1p to WMM mappings

    • SNMPv3 Users

    • WMM-PS Dozing Interval

    • RADIUS Server IP Address

    • EAP Authentication Type

    Correct Answer
    A. EAP Authentication Type
    Explanation
    In a Wi-Fi client configuration utility, the feature that is most likely to be user configurable is the EAP Authentication Type. This is because the EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is used for secure authentication in Wi-Fi networks, and different types of EAP methods can be used depending on the network's security requirements. Therefore, the user would need to configure the EAP Authentication Type to match the authentication method used by the network they are connecting to.

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  • 23. 

    For what likely reasons might an organization choose to purchase an AP designed for outdoor deployment to use as an indoor WLAN AP at an industrial facility? (Choose 2) 

    • Aesthetic requirements

    • Physical security and theft prevention

    • Protection from environmental conditions

    • Reduce transient RF interference

    • 802.11 security compliance

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Physical security and theft prevention
    A. Protection from environmental conditions
    Explanation
    An organization might choose to purchase an AP designed for outdoor deployment to use as an indoor WLAN AP at an industrial facility for physical security and theft prevention. By using an outdoor AP indoors, the organization can ensure that the AP is securely mounted and protected from unauthorized access or tampering. Additionally, the organization might choose this option to protect the AP from environmental conditions such as dust, moisture, or extreme temperatures that are common in industrial facilities.

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  • 24. 

    What type of device often causes interference across 50% or more of the 2.4 GHz frequency band? 

    • Military radar

    • Properly configured AP

    • Microwave oven

    • Wireless video camera

    • WIPS sensor

    Correct Answer
    A. Microwave oven
    Explanation
    Microwave ovens often cause interference across 50% or more of the 2.4 GHz frequency band. This is because microwave ovens operate on the same frequency band as Wi-Fi devices, which is the 2.4 GHz band. When a microwave oven is in use, it emits electromagnetic waves that can interfere with Wi-Fi signals, causing disruptions and slowdowns in wireless networks. This interference occurs because microwave ovens generate high levels of electromagnetic radiation, which can interfere with the signals being transmitted by Wi-Fi devices.

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  • 25. 

    What HT technology requires MIMO support on both the transmitter and receiver? 

    • Option 1

    • Short guard intervals

    • Spatial multiplexing

    • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

    • Maximal ratio combining

    Correct Answer
    A. Spatial multiplexing
    Explanation
    Spatial multiplexing is a technology that requires MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) support on both the transmitter and receiver. MIMO technology uses multiple antennas to transmit and receive multiple data streams simultaneously, increasing the capacity and reliability of wireless communication. Spatial multiplexing specifically utilizes the multiple antennas to transmit different parts of the data simultaneously, allowing for higher data rates. Therefore, spatial multiplexing requires MIMO support on both ends to effectively transmit and receive multiple data streams.

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  • 26. 

    What phrase defines Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)?   

    • The power output from the radio into the RF cable

    • The power output from the radio after cable losses

    • Power supplied from the transmission line to the antenna input

    • Reflected power due to an impedance mismatch in the signal path

    • The highest RF signal strength that is transmitted from a given antenna

    Correct Answer
    A. The highest RF signal strength that is transmitted from a given antenna
    Explanation
    EIRP, or Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power, refers to the maximum RF signal strength that is transmitted from a given antenna. It takes into account the power output from the radio, any losses in the RF cable, and the power supplied from the transmission line to the antenna input. EIRP is a measure of the effective radiated power of an antenna, considering both the power transmitted and the antenna's radiation pattern.

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  • 27. 

    What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers)? 

    • A Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions

    • Minimum output power level of 2 W

    • A minimum antenna gain of 11 dBi at both endpoints

    • Grid antennas at each endpoint

    • . Accurate Earth Bulge calculations

    Correct Answer
    A. A Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions
    Explanation
    To establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles, it is always required to have a Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions. The Fresnel Zone is an elliptical area around the direct line of sight between the transmitting and receiving antennas. It needs to be clear of obstructions such as buildings, trees, or other objects to ensure minimal signal degradation and interference. Having a clear Fresnel Zone helps maintain a strong and reliable RF link over the specified distance.

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  • 28. 

    An 802.11 WLAN transmitter that emits a 50 mW signal is connected to a cable with 3 dB of loss. The cable is connected to an antenna with 16 dBi of gain.  What is the EIRP power output?

    • 25 mW

    • 50 mW

    • 1000 mW

    • 250 mW

    • 10 mW

    Correct Answer
    A. 1000 mW
    Explanation
    The EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) is the measure of the power that an antenna radiates in a specific direction. To calculate the EIRP, we need to consider the transmitter power, cable loss, and antenna gain. In this case, the transmitter emits a 50 mW signal, and the cable has a 3 dB loss, which means it reduces the power by half (50% loss). However, the antenna has a 16 dBi gain, which amplifies the power by 16 times. Therefore, the EIRP power output is calculated as follows: 50 mW * 0.5 * 16 = 400 mW. So, the correct answer is 1000 mW, which is equivalent to 1 watt.

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  • 29. 

    In a long-distance RF link, what statement about Fade Margin is true? 

    • The Fade Margin is a measurement of signal loss through free space, and is a function of frequency and distance.

    • A Fade Margin is unnecessary on a long-distance RF link if more than 80% of the first Fresnel zone is clear of obstructions.

    • The Fade Margin of a long-distance radio link should be equivalent to the receiver’s antenna gain.

    • Fade Margin is an additional pad of signal strength designed into the RF system to compensate for unpredictable signal fading.

    Correct Answer
    A. Fade Margin is an additional pad of signal strength designed into the RF system to compensate for unpredictable signal fading.
    Explanation
    The Fade Margin is an additional pad of signal strength designed into the RF system to compensate for unpredictable signal fading. This means that it provides a buffer of extra signal strength to ensure that even if there are fluctuations or fading in the signal, it will still be strong enough for reliable communication. It is not dependent on the frequency, distance, or clearance of obstructions in the first Fresnel zone. The statement about the receiver's antenna gain being equivalent to the Fade Margin is not true.

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  • 30. 

    A WLAN transmitter that emits a 200 mW signal is connected to a cable with 3 dB loss.  If the cable is connected to an antenna with 10 dBi gain, what is the EIRP at the antenna element? 

    • 20 dBm

    • 26 dBm

    • 30 dBm

    • 13 dBm

    • 10 dBm

    Correct Answer
    A. 30 dBm
    Explanation
    The EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) is calculated by adding the transmitter power, cable loss, and antenna gain. In this case, the transmitter emits a 200 mW (23 dBm) signal, which is then subjected to a 3 dB loss due to the cable. The antenna has a gain of 10 dBi. Adding these values together, we get 23 dBm - 3 dB + 10 dBi = 30 dBm. Therefore, the EIRP at the antenna element is 30 dBm.

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  • 31. 

    Return Loss is the decrease of forward energy in a system when some of the power is being reflected back toward the transmitter.   What will cause high return loss in an RF transmission system, including the radio, cables, connectors and antenna?

    • Cross-polarization of the RF signal as it passes through the RF system

    • A Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of 1:1

    • An impedance mismatch between components in the RF system

    • The use of cables longer than one meter in the RF system

    • High output power at the transmitter and use of a low-gain antenna

    Correct Answer
    A. An impedance mismatch between components in the RF system
    Explanation
    An impedance mismatch between components in the RF system can cause high return loss in an RF transmission system. When there is an impedance mismatch, some of the power from the transmitter is reflected back towards the transmitter instead of being transmitted forward. This results in a decrease in forward energy and an increase in return loss. The other options, such as cross-polarization, VSWR of 1:1, the use of long cables, and high output power with a low-gain antenna, may have other effects on the RF system but are not directly related to causing high return loss.

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  • 32. 

    What can cause an excessively high VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) in a WLAN RF transmission line? 

    • Reflected direct current (DC) voltage on the main RF signal line

    • Attenuation of the RF signal as it travels along the main signal path

    • Crosstalk (inductance) between adjacent RF conductors

    • An impedance mismatch in the RF cables and connectors

    Correct Answer
    A. An impedance mismatch in the RF cables and connectors
    Explanation
    An impedance mismatch in the RF cables and connectors can cause an excessively high VSWR in a WLAN RF transmission line. When there is an impedance mismatch, the RF signal is not properly transferred between the cables and connectors, resulting in a portion of the signal being reflected back towards the source. This reflected signal interferes with the original signal, causing standing waves and an increased VSWR.

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  • 33. 

    What word describes the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium of a varying density from that of free space?   

    • Refraction

    • Diffraction

    • Reflection

    • Diffusion

    • Scattering

    Correct Answer
    A. Refraction
    Explanation
    Refraction is the correct answer because it refers to the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium with a varying density from that of free space. This bending occurs due to the change in speed of the signal as it enters the medium, causing it to change direction. Diffraction, reflection, diffusion, and scattering are not the appropriate terms to describe this phenomenon.

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  • 34. 

    What are two channel modes specified by the 802.11n (High Throughput) PHY?  (Choose 2) 

    • 40/80 MHz

    • . 20/40 MHz

    • 160 MHz

    • 22 MHz

    • 80 MHz

    • 20 MHz

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. . 20/40 MHz
    A. 20 MHz
    Explanation
    The two channel modes specified by the 802.11n (High Throughput) PHY are 20/40 MHz and 20 MHz.

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  • 35. 

    You are implementing a VHT-capable AP. Which one of the following channels is available in the 802.11ac amendment to the 802.11-2012 standard, which was not available in the standard before this amendment? 

    • 161

    • 56

    • 153

    • 144

    • 48

    Correct Answer
    A. 144
    Explanation
    The correct answer is 144. In the 802.11ac amendment to the 802.11-2012 standard, the new channels were added to support higher data rates. The 144 channel is one of these new channels that was not available in the standard before this amendment.

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  • 36. 

    What term describes the effect of increasing the intensity of an RF wave with an antenna by focusing the energy in a specific direction?   

    • Passive Gain

    • RF Flooding

    • Beam Compression

    • Active Amplification

    • Distributed Radiation

    Correct Answer
    A. Passive Gain
    Explanation
    Passive gain refers to the effect of increasing the intensity of an RF wave with an antenna by focusing the energy in a specific direction. It does not involve any active amplification or additional power input. Instead, it utilizes the antenna's design and structure to concentrate the energy in a particular direction, resulting in a stronger signal in that direction. RF flooding, beam compression, active amplification, and distributed radiation are not the correct terms to describe this phenomenon.

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  • 37. 

    AP-1 is a 3x3:2 AP. STA-3 is a 3x3:3 client. What is the maximum number of spatial streams that can be used for a downlink HT-OFDM transmission from AP-1 to STA-3?

    • Two spatial streams, because the definition of the AP indicates that it is capable of only two spatial streams.

    • One spatial stream, because the definition of the AP indicates that it is capable of only one spatial stream

    • Three spatial streams, because the definition of the AP indicates that it is capable of only three spatial streams.

    • Three spatial streams, because the definition of the client indicates that it is capable of only three spatial streams

    Correct Answer
    A. Two spatial streams, because the definition of the AP indicates that it is capable of only two spatial streams.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is two spatial streams because the AP-1 is a 3x3:2 AP, which means it has 3 transmit antennas and 3 receive antennas, but it can only support a maximum of 2 spatial streams. The client STA-3 is a 3x3:3 client, which means it has 3 transmit antennas and 3 receive antennas and can support a maximum of 3 spatial streams. However, the maximum number of spatial streams that can be used for a downlink transmission from the AP-1 to STA-3 is limited by the capabilities of the AP, which is 2 spatial streams.

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  • 38. 

    What HT technology requires MIMO support on both the transmitter and receiver? 

    • Option 1

    • Short guard intervals

    • Spatial multiplexing

    • Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

    • Maximal ratio combining

    Correct Answer
    A. Spatial multiplexing
    Explanation
    Spatial multiplexing is a technology that requires MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) support on both the transmitter and receiver. MIMO technology uses multiple antennas to transmit and receive multiple data streams simultaneously, increasing the capacity and reliability of wireless communication. Spatial multiplexing specifically utilizes multiple antennas at the transmitter to transmit different parts of the data simultaneously, and multiple antennas at the receiver to separate and decode these parts. This allows for higher data rates and improved signal quality in wireless communication systems.

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  • 39. 

    What statements about the beamwidth of an RF antenna are true?  (Choose 2) 

    • Horizontal beamwidth is displayed (in degrees) on the antenna’s Azimuth Chart. Answer

    • The lower the gain of an antenna, the more narrow one or both beamwidths become.

    • The beamwidth patterns on an antenna polar chart indicate the point at which the RF signal stops propagating.

    • Horizontal and vertical beamwidth are calculated at the points in which the main lobe decreases power by 3 dB.

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Horizontal beamwidth is displayed (in degrees) on the antenna’s Azimuth Chart. Answer
    A. Horizontal and vertical beamwidth are calculated at the points in which the main lobe decreases power by 3 dB.
    Explanation
    The first statement is true because the horizontal beamwidth of an RF antenna is indeed displayed in degrees on the antenna's Azimuth Chart. This chart provides information about the antenna's radiation pattern and beamwidth in the horizontal plane.

    The second statement is also true because the horizontal and vertical beamwidths of an antenna are typically calculated at the points where the main lobe decreases power by 3 dB. This is a common method used to define the beamwidth of an antenna and represents the angles at which the power of the RF signal starts to decrease significantly.

    Therefore, the correct answers are: Horizontal beamwidth is displayed (in degrees) on the antenna’s Azimuth Chart. Horizontal and vertical beamwidth are calculated at the points in which the main lobe decreases power by 3 dB.

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  • 40. 

    What phrase defines Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP)?   

    • The power output from the radio into the RF cable

    • The power output from the radio after cable losses

    • Power supplied from the transmission line to the antenna input

    • Reflected power due to an impedance mismatch in the signal path

    • The highest RF signal strength that is transmitted from a given antenna

    Correct Answer
    A. The highest RF signal strength that is transmitted from a given antenna
    Explanation
    EIRP is a measure of the maximum strength of the radio frequency (RF) signal that is transmitted from a particular antenna. It takes into account both the power output from the radio and any losses that occur in the transmission cable. It is important because it helps to determine the effective range and coverage area of the antenna.

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  • 41. 

    What is always required to establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers)? 

    • A Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions

    • Minimum output power level of 2 W

    • A minimum antenna gain of 11 dBi at both endpoints

    • Grid antennas at each endpoint

    • . Accurate Earth Bulge calculations

    Correct Answer
    A. A Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions
    Explanation
    To establish a high quality 2.4 GHz RF link at a distance of 3 miles (5 kilometers), it is always required to have a Fresnel Zone that is at least 60% clear of obstructions. The Fresnel Zone is the area around the direct line of sight between the transmitting and receiving antennas, and obstructions within this zone can cause signal degradation and interference. Therefore, having a clear Fresnel Zone ensures that the RF signal can propagate effectively and maintain a strong and reliable connection over the given distance.

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  • 42. 

    Return Loss is the decrease of forward energy in a system when some of the power is being reflected back toward the transmitter.   What will cause high return loss in an RF transmission system, including the radio, cables, connectors and antenna?

    • Cross-polarization of the RF signal as it passes through the RF system

    • A Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of 1:1

    • An impedance mismatch between components in the RF system

    • The use of cables longer than one meter in the RF system

    • High output power at the transmitter and use of a low-gain antenna

    Correct Answer
    A. An impedance mismatch between components in the RF system
    Explanation
    An impedance mismatch between components in the RF system can cause high return loss in an RF transmission system. When there is an impedance mismatch, some of the power from the transmitter is reflected back towards the transmitter instead of being transmitted through the system. This results in a decrease in forward energy and an increase in return loss.

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  • 43. 

    What word describes the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium of a varying density from that of free space?   

    • Refraction

    • Diffraction

    • Reflection

    • Diffusion

    • Scattering

    Correct Answer
    A. Refraction
    Explanation
    Refraction is the correct answer because it refers to the bending of an RF signal as it passes through a medium with a varying density from that of free space. Refraction occurs when the signal enters a different medium, causing a change in its speed and direction. This phenomenon is commonly observed when light passes through water or glass, but it also applies to RF signals.

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  • 44. 

    What term correctly completes the following sentence?   802.11a/b/g used a mandatory 800ns guard interval. 802.11n introduced an optional short 400ns guard interval. Guard intervals (GI) are necessary in OFDM to reduce the likelihood of interference between two consecutive ____________. 

    • Frames

    • Packets

    • Symbols

    • Bytes

    • Bits

    Correct Answer
    A. Symbols
    Explanation
    Guard intervals (GI) are necessary in OFDM to reduce the likelihood of interference between two consecutive symbols. In the context of the given question, 802.11a/b/g and 802.11n are wireless communication standards that use OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation. The guard interval is a period of time inserted between symbols to mitigate the effects of multipath interference. Therefore, the correct term to complete the sentence is "Symbols".

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  • 45. 

    What statements about the SSID are true?  (Choose 2) 

    • When configuring a new network, creating an SSID is optional.

    • The SSID must be included in an association request frame.

    • The SSID is an alphanumeric value assigned to device manufacturers by the IEEE.

    • The SSID is an alphanumeric value with a maximum length of 32 octets.

    • The SSID is a security session identifier used in RSNs.

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. The SSID must be included in an association request frame.
    A. The SSID is an alphanumeric value with a maximum length of 32 octets.
    Explanation
    The SSID must be included in an association request frame because it is used to identify the network that a device wants to connect to. The SSID is an alphanumeric value with a maximum length of 32 octets, which means it can contain letters, numbers, and special characters and cannot exceed 32 characters in length. This limit is set to ensure compatibility and efficient communication between devices.

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  • 46. 

    Which data rate is supported by 802.11g radios that is not supported by 802.11a radios? 

    • 9 Mbps

    • 12 Mbps

    • 11 Mbps

    • 54 Mbps

    • 65 Mbps

    • 130 Mbps

    Correct Answer
    A. 11 Mbps
    Explanation
    802.11g radios support a data rate of 11 Mbps, which is not supported by 802.11a radios. The 802.11a standard supports data rates of 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps, while the 802.11g standard supports data rates of 1, 2, 5.5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps. Therefore, the correct answer is 11 Mbps.

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  • 47. 

    Which answer correctly completes the following sentence?  The WMM certification, created by the Wi-Fi Alliance, is based on the ___________ coordination function with support for ___________ QoS priority. 

    • Point, scheduled

    • Hybrid, contention-based

    • Distributed, trigger-and-delivery

    • Enhanced, contention-free

    • Dynamic, distributed

    Correct Answer
    A. Hybrid, contention-based
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Hybrid, contention-based". The sentence is discussing the WMM certification, which is based on a hybrid coordination function. This means that it combines both scheduled and contention-based methods for coordinating access to the wireless medium. The certification also supports QoS (Quality of Service) priority, which ensures that certain types of data traffic receive higher priority for transmission.

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  • 48. 

    You are implementing a VHT-capable AP. Which one of the following channels is available in the 802.11ac amendment to the 802.11-2012 standard, which was not available in the standard before this amendment? 

    • 161

    • 56

    • 153

    • 144

    • 48

    Correct Answer
    A. 144
    Explanation
    The correct answer is 144. In the 802.11ac amendment to the 802.11-2012 standard, the channel 144 became available, which was not available in the standard before this amendment.

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  • 49. 

    AP-1 is a 3x3:2 AP. STA-3 is a 3x3:3 client. What is the maximum number of spatial streams that can be used for a downlink HT-OFDM transmission from AP-1 to STA-3?

    • Two spatial streams, because the definition of the AP indicates that it is capable of only two spatial streams.

    • One spatial stream, because the definition of the AP indicates that it is capable of only one spatial stream

    • Three spatial streams, because the definition of the AP indicates that it is capable of only three spatial streams.

    • Three spatial streams, because the definition of the client indicates that it is capable of only three spatial streams

    Correct Answer
    A. Two spatial streams, because the definition of the AP indicates that it is capable of only two spatial streams.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is two spatial streams, because the AP-1 is a 3x3:2 AP, which means it has three transmit antennas but only two spatial streams. The client, STA-3, is a 3x3:3 client, meaning it has three transmit antennas and three spatial streams. Therefore, the maximum number of spatial streams that can be used for a downlink HT-OFDM transmission from AP-1 to STA-3 is limited by the capabilities of the AP, which is two spatial streams.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 21, 2023 +

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 21, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Jan 13, 2016
    Quiz Created by
    Arifazizbutt

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