Radtech Simulation Examination 9

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1. The "p" in kVp stands for

Explanation

p is the peak of the kilovoltage as it represents the peak energy of the beam. In a 70kVp beam only some of the photons have the energy representative of 70 kV while the rest of the photons have a lower energy ranges. That is why the beam is called "polychromatic beam"

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About This Quiz
Radtech Simulation Examination 9 - Quiz

This is your Radtech Simulation 9 for HAAD and other Gulf Exams.
The questions here are encountered last month based on feed backs from Gulf Countries.
You would... see morebe given 120 minutes to answer 100 items.
Passing Score would be 70 %
This is a LIMITED TAKEN TEST so You need a STRONG INTERNET CONNECTION to take this properly.
Correct Answers will be displayed after the test, so Don't Exit Immediately.
For more information please consult with our webmaster. see less

2. If a subject says there might be a possibility they could be pregnant but is not 100% sure, they can be scanned.  

Explanation

A female subject needs to be 100% sure they are NOT pregnant to be scanned at the center.

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3. The radiograph shown here is frequently used in Orthodontics for study of the growth and development of the head. Name the radiograph

Explanation

The correct answer is Lateral Cephalometric view. This radiograph is commonly used in Orthodontics to study the growth and development of the head. It provides a side view of the skull, including the bones of the face and jaw, as well as the teeth and their relationship to the rest of the head. This view allows orthodontists to assess the position and alignment of the teeth, evaluate the growth of the jaws, and plan orthodontic treatment accordingly.

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4. Radiographs should always be viewed

Explanation

Radiographs should always be viewed on a viewbox because it provides the ideal lighting conditions for accurate interpretation. A well-lit room ensures that the radiographs are clear and all details are visible. The viewbox is specifically designed for viewing radiographs, providing a consistent and standardized lighting source. This allows the dentist or radiologist to accurately diagnose any dental or medical conditions present in the radiographs. Holding them up to a ceiling light or using light from a window may result in uneven lighting, shadows, or distortion, making it difficult to interpret the radiographs correctly.

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5. The device that converts x ray energy into visible light is called a(n)

Explanation

An intensifying screen is a device that converts X-ray energy into visible light. When X-rays pass through the patient's body and hit the intensifying screen, the screen emits visible light. This visible light then exposes the film, capturing the X-ray image. Intensifying screens are commonly used in X-ray imaging to reduce the amount of radiation needed to produce a diagnostic image, thus minimizing the patient's exposure to radiation.

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6. The radiograph shown here is a

Explanation

The correct answer is panoramic radiograph because the image shown is a wide-angle view of the entire dental arch, including both upper and lower jaws. This type of radiograph is commonly used in dentistry to assess the overall condition of the teeth, jawbones, and surrounding structures. It provides a comprehensive view of the oral and maxillofacial region, allowing for the detection of various dental and skeletal abnormalities.

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7.
Before beginning to scan a subject, you should:

Explanation

You must check each subject for contra-indications they might have before allowing them into the scan room. Once the patient is on the table it is very important you get them as comfortable as possible. The MR scanner can produce very high acoustic noise levels that can cause discomfort. Before you start your protocol make sure you open the lines of communication so the patient knows you can hear them in case of an emergency.

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8.   If a volunteer states she could be pregnant you should:

Explanation

Unless your research patient can say for certain they are not pregnant they cannot go into the scanner until they know for sure that they are not pregnant. If a research subject is pregnant the exam must be canceled regardless of trimester.

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9. The ALARA principles refers to

Explanation

The ALARA principles refer to obtaining diagnostically acceptable radiographs with minimal exposure to radiation. This means that the goal is to obtain high-quality radiographs that provide the necessary diagnostic information while keeping the radiation exposure to the patient as low as reasonably achievable. This principle emphasizes the importance of using proper techniques, equipment, and shielding to minimize radiation exposure during dental radiography.

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10. A research volunteer tells you they have been scanned many times for clinical reasons so there is no reason to re-evaluate this subject and they are cleared to enter the scanning room.

Explanation

Implants and objects that are cleared for a 1.5T machine does not mean they are cleared for a 3T machine since it is twice the strength. Also some radiological exams resemble the MRI scanner, for example many times patients confuse MRI with CT.

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11. Intraoral film packets must be

Explanation

The correct answer is "all of the above". Intraoral film packets must be resistant to salivary seepage to prevent contamination and maintain image quality. They should also be flexible to adapt to the patient's mouth and ensure comfort during the procedure. Being light tight is crucial to protect the film from exposure to light, which can result in inaccurate images. Lastly, they should be easy to open in the darkroom to facilitate efficient processing and minimize handling errors.

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12. The cathode and anode are parts of an x-ray tube.
The anode is negatively charged.

Explanation

The cathode and anode are indeed parts of an x-ray tube. The cathode is negatively charged, while the anode is positively charged. Therefore, the first statement is correct. However, the second statement is wrong as the anode is positively charged, not negatively charged.

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13. Which of the following is a likely consequence of forgetting to remove your wallet from your pocket before entering the scan room:

Explanation

The magnetic field can seriously damage or impair the following personal items:
Cameras, watches, credit and bank cards, hearing aids, hair accessories, belt buckles, shoes and I-pods just to name a few. Please remember to empty ALL of your pockets before entering the scanning room.

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14. If your patient complains of a body ache, dizziness or anxiety (including claustrophobia) during the middle of the scan, you should:

Explanation

Routine communication between you and your subject is very important so they know you can hear them if an emergency should arise. The emergency stop button and quench button should only be pressed is a life threatening emergency.

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15. If you are not sure the ferromagnetic qualities of an object you should:    

Explanation

The SCAN center has a .7T hand held magnet you can use to check the magnetic susceptibility of an object. If you still have questions please ask the MRI technologist to assist you. The SCAN Center staff has final say on what may or may not be brought into the scanning environment.

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16. A subject checks the box that they have tattoos, the next step is to: 

Explanation

Since there have been documented cases of tattoos burning the skin you must let them know there is a small chance of this. At that time they can back out of the study if they want. If they do feel a strange sensation during the scan have them squeeze the emergency ball as soon as possible and apply a cold compress to the area. The study is complete at this time.

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17. Intraoral film packets must be

Explanation

The correct answer is "all of the above" because intraoral film packets must possess multiple qualities. They need to be resistant to salivary seepage to prevent any contamination. They should also be flexible to ensure comfort for the patient during the imaging process. Being light tight is crucial to prevent any light exposure that could affect the quality of the image. Lastly, they should be easy to open in the darkroom to facilitate the processing of the film. Therefore, all of these qualities are necessary for intraoral film packets.

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18. To what does the term film speed refer?

Explanation

Film speed refers to the sensitivity of the film to x radiation. A higher film speed indicates a greater sensitivity to x radiation, allowing for shorter exposure times. This is important in radiography as it helps to achieve clear and accurate images while minimizing patient exposure to radiation.

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19.
What is the unit for measurement of magnetic field strength?
 

Explanation

Magnetic fields are measured in units of Gauss or Tesla (1T = 10,000G).

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20. Which form of radiation can cause ionization of atoms?

Explanation

Gamma rays are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation. They have the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies among all forms of electromagnetic radiation. Due to their high energy, gamma rays have the ability to ionize atoms, meaning they can remove electrons from atoms, resulting in the formation of charged particles. This ionization process can have various biological and health effects, making gamma rays potentially dangerous.

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21. Syringe shields don't have to be labeled as long as there is a label on the syringe itself.

Explanation

Syringe shields must be labeled if the label is not visible through the syringe shield.

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22.  Who needs to be cleared before they enter the MRI scanning room?

Explanation

Because the scanner's magnetic field is always on anyone who steps into the scanning room must be cleared by the SCAN Center's staff. Clearance forms can be found on our web site http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/scancenter/. Anyone who has not been cleared should stay out of the controlled access areas marked by warning signs.

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23. Which of the following materials is most resistant to x radiation?

Explanation

Lead is the most resistant material to X radiation due to its high atomic number and density. X radiation consists of high-energy photons, and lead's high atomic number allows it to effectively absorb and scatter these photons, reducing their penetration through the material. Additionally, lead's high density further enhances its ability to attenuate X radiation, making it an ideal choice for shielding against this type of radiation. Copper, molybdenum, tungsten, and aluminum have lower atomic numbers and densities compared to lead, making them less resistant to X radiation.

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24. The advantage of a film that has emulsion on both sides is that

Explanation

The advantage of a film that has emulsion on both sides is that it requires less radiation exposure. This means that a lower amount of radiation is needed to produce a clear and accurate image on the film. This can be beneficial in situations where minimizing radiation exposure is important, such as in medical imaging procedures.

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25. Which of the following statements cocerning background radiation is most accurate?

Explanation

Background radiation refers to the constant low-level radiation that exists in the environment from natural and man-made sources. It is present everywhere, including in the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the materials around us. It cannot be completely avoided, as it is a natural part of our surroundings. This statement accurately reflects the nature of background radiation.

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26. The sharpness of the image is determined to a large extent by the

Explanation

The sharpness of an image in X-ray imaging is determined to a large extent by the focal spot size. The focal spot size refers to the size of the area on the anode where the electrons strike to produce X-rays. A smaller focal spot size allows for better spatial resolution and sharper images, as it reduces the blurring effect caused by the size of the focal spot. Therefore, the focal spot size plays a crucial role in determining the sharpness of the image.

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27. The major risk of injury or harm due to a magnet quench is:

Explanation

If a quench occurs, everyone must be removed from the room immediately. The vapors and gases are very cold and can cause frost-bite. They also often condense the moisture in air, creating a highly visible fog that can replace oxygen in the room.

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28. In the event your subject is in some type of medical distress, what is the first thing you should do?

Explanation

Should a condition exist where the patient is having a medical emergency, every effort should be made to remove the patient from the scan room. Once the patient is removed from the MR scan room, close the door to prevent re-entry. If you cannot remove the patient remember the magnet is always on. Under no circumstances should anyone be allowed to enter the scan room without proper screening!

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29. If there is ever a Quench in the scan room instead of the outside environment, you must remove the patient and all staff from the room immediately. What is the safety concerns?

Explanation

If a quench occurs, everyone must be removed from the room immediately. The vapors and gases are very cold and can cause frostbite. They also often condense the moisture in air, creating a highly visible fog that can replace oxygen in the room.

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30. Film fog occurs when all or part of a radiograph is darkened by

Explanation

The film fog can occur when any of the mentioned potential sources are present. An imbalance or exhaustion of processing solutions can cause the film to darken. A light leak can also contribute to the film fog, as it allows unwanted light to enter the film. Additionally, improper safelighting, which refers to the type and intensity of light used in the darkroom, can also lead to film fog. Therefore, all of the above options are potential sources of film fog.

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31. The advantage of a film that has emulsion on both sides is that

Explanation

A film that has emulsion on both sides requires less radiation exposure because the emulsion on both sides allows for more efficient capture of radiation. This means that the film can produce a clear and accurate image with a lower amount of radiation exposure compared to a film with emulsion on only one side.

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32. Caution Radioactive Materials posting required where licensed material is used, stored or likely airborne.

Explanation

The statement suggests that posting caution signs for radioactive materials is required in places where licensed material is used, stored, or where there is a likelihood of it being airborne. This implies that it is necessary to inform and warn individuals about the presence of radioactive materials in order to ensure their safety. Therefore, the correct answer is "True."

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33. If the operating computer shut down and unplugged, the magnetic field is off and any materials, regardless for their ferromagnetic qualities can be brought into the scanning room.

Explanation

The magnet is always on 24hrs/7days unless a quench has been initiated.

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34. Every subject can choose if they would like to wear ear plugs, head set, both or nothing during the scan.  It's up to each individual.  

Explanation

The MRI scanner produces very high acoustic noise, which can reach excess of 130 DbA. Everyone who is scanned must wear both ear plugs and headset during the exam.

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35. Under the new metric system for measuring dose SI the rem replaced by the

Explanation

The given question is incomplete and not readable. It is not clear what the new metric system is for measuring dose SI, and what is being replaced by the sievert. Therefore, an explanation cannot be generated.

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36. 70 kilovolts equals

Explanation

1 kV = 1000 volts, hence 70 kV equals 70,000 volts

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37. Identify the intraoral radiograph shown

Explanation

The correct answer is mandibular floor of the mouth occlusal. This type of radiograph is taken by placing the film or sensor on the floor of the mouth and positioning the X-ray beam perpendicular to the film/sensor. It is used to assess the mandibular arch, including the teeth, alveolar bone, and surrounding structures. This radiograph provides a comprehensive view of the mandibular arch and is useful for detecting conditions such as impacted teeth, cysts, and tumors in the mandible.

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38. If the intensitying screens are not in perfect contact with the film which of the following will occur?

Explanation

If the intensifying screens are not in perfect contact with the film, there will be a loss of image sharpness. This is because the screens are designed to enhance the exposure of the film by emitting light when exposed to X-rays. When they are not in perfect contact, the light emitted by the screens may not reach the film evenly, resulting in a loss of sharpness in the final image.

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39. Which of the following travel at the greatest speed?

Explanation

The correct answer is that they all travel at the same speed. This is because all electromagnetic waves, including X-rays, gamma rays, light, and microwaves, travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, which is approximately 3 x 10^8 meters per second. Regardless of their frequency or wavelength, electromagnetic waves propagate through space at the same velocity.

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40.
If an object is considered safe to be used in a 1.5Tesla MR scanner, but has not been tested in a 3Tesla scanner, it should be labeled as:

Explanation

A 3T magnet is double the strength of a 1.5T unit. It is important to remember that objects that are clear for a 1.5T magnet cannot go into a 3T magnet. Mrisafety.com has the largest database of items that are cleared for the 3T environment.

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41. The best way to clean the intensifying screens in extraoral cassettes is with

Explanation

Soapy water is the best way to clean the intensifying screens in extraoral cassettes because it effectively removes dirt, stains, and debris without causing damage to the screens. It is a gentle yet effective cleaning solution that can be easily rinsed off, leaving the screens clean and ready for use. Using detergent or disinfectant solutions may be too harsh and could potentially damage the screens, while cold sterilizing solution may not effectively remove all the dirt and stains. A wire brush is not recommended as it can scratch and damage the screens.

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42. The magnetic field is contained entirely in the center of the bore, it does not extend to the outside environment

Explanation

All magnets have a fringe field that extends from the center of the magnet. Rooms are shielded as much as possible to contain this field but only people who have been cleared by the SCAN Center should be allowed in the controlled access areas of the center.

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43. In the radiographic principle, "SLOB rule, "same side movement of the object is ______ and the oppsite side movement of the object is ______. What are the missing words in the same sequence.

Explanation

The SLOB rule in radiographic principles states that when the object being imaged moves in the same direction as the tubehead, it appears to move in the opposite direction on the radiograph. Therefore, the missing words in the same sequence are "lingual" for same side movement and "buccal" for opposite side movement.

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44. Which of the following objects are potential projectiles?

Explanation

Some examples of items that can become projectiles are: Scissors, hair clips and bobby pins, tools, paperclips and clapboards.

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45. What is a Quench?

Explanation

MR scanners are super cooled with inert gases such as helium. A quench is the rapid boiling off of these cryogens intentionally or unintentionally.

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46. Which of the following types of scatter radiation occurs most often with dental x rays

Explanation

Compton scattering is the most common type of scatter radiation that occurs with dental X-rays. In Compton scattering, the X-ray photon interacts with an outer shell electron, causing the photon to lose energy and change direction. This type of scatter radiation is more likely to occur in dental X-rays because the energy of the X-ray photons used in dental imaging is relatively low. Thompson scattering, photoelectric effect, and coherent scattering can also occur with dental X-rays, but Compton scattering is the most frequent.

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47. The "rotating anode" design in an x-ray tube limits the amount of

Explanation

The rotating anode design in an x-ray tube limits the amount of heat production at the anode. This is because the rotating anode allows for a larger surface area to be exposed to the electron beam, which helps to distribute the heat more evenly and prevent overheating. By reducing the heat production at the anode, the rotating anode design helps to extend the lifespan of the x-ray tube and prevent damage to the equipment.

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48. Patients with which of the following prosthetic devices may be safely scanned:

Explanation

The following items can NEVER be allowed into the scanning room:
cardiac pacemakers, cochlear (inner ear) implants, ferromagnetic or unidentifiable aneurysm clips of the brain, implanted neuro stimulators, metal or unidentifiable foreign bodies in the eyes, and implanted pumps to deliver medicine that cannot be removed.
If a subject works around metal and cannot say for sure they have never had any metal in their eyes the study should be canceled.

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49. What is the major advantage in using the fastest speed film and high kilovolt peak?

Explanation

Using the fastest speed film and high kilovolt peak reduces the radiation exposure to the patient. This is because when using faster film, less radiation is required to produce a clear image. Additionally, high kilovolt peak allows for better penetration of the X-rays, reducing the need for higher radiation doses. Therefore, the combination of these factors helps to minimize the radiation exposure to the patient during the imaging process.

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50. In taking dental radiographs the greatest dose of radiation to structures in the patient jaw comes from

Explanation

The primary beam is the main source of radiation in dental radiographs. It refers to the direct radiation that is emitted from the x-ray machine and directed towards the patient's jaw. This beam carries the highest dose of radiation and is responsible for capturing the image. The other options mentioned, such as leakage from the x-ray machine, scatter from the patient's face, scatter from the PID (position-indicating device), and secondary radiation, may contribute to the overall radiation exposure but do not carry as much dose as the primary beam.

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51. If you have accumulated 1,000 mRem at your former institution as of March 30, 2011, and changed jobs on April 1, 2011, you will be permitted 5,000 additional mRem for the remainder of the calendar year at your new facility. True/False?

Explanation

The Licensee shall reduce the dose that an individual may be allowed to receive in the current year by the amount of occupational dose received while employed by any other person or facility.

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52. FALSE regarding contrast radiography

Explanation

The distal duodenum showing a cap-like appearance is false regarding contrast radiography. Contrast radiography is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses a contrast agent to visualize the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast radiography, the jejunum typically appears feathery due to its numerous circular folds called plicae circulares. The ileum, on the other hand, appears featureless as it lacks prominent circular folds. The colon shows asymmetric haustrae, which are pouch-like segments. However, the distal duodenum does not exhibit a cap-like appearance in contrast radiography.

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53. Gold standard investigation for recurrent gastrointensinal stromal tumour is

Explanation

PET (Positron Emission Tomography) is considered the gold standard investigation for recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). PET scans use a radioactive tracer to detect cellular activity and can identify areas of abnormal metabolic activity, helping to determine the presence and extent of recurrent tumors. This imaging technique is particularly useful in detecting small lesions, evaluating treatment response, and guiding further management decisions. MRI, MIBG, and USG are also imaging modalities used in the evaluation of GISTs, but PET has shown to be more accurate and sensitive in detecting recurrent disease.

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54. For x ray timers calibrated in impulses how many impulses are there in a second?

Explanation

The correct answer is 60 because x-ray timers calibrated in impulses measure the number of impulses that occur in a second. Therefore, there are 60 impulses in a second.

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55. The intensifying screen that emits blue light and must be used with film that is sensitive to blue light is a

Explanation

A calcium tungstate screen is a type of intensifying screen that emits blue light. It is used with film that is sensitive to blue light. This screen contains calcium tungstate phosphors, which emit light when exposed to radiation. The blue light emitted by the screen helps to enhance the image quality and reduce the amount of radiation required for exposure.

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56. All of the following statements about the magnet of the MRI scanner are true EXCEPT:

Explanation

The magnetic field can extend many feet from the inner bore of the magnet. Rooms are shielded to contain the field as much as possible. Remember the magnet is always on even when a scan is not initiated. The main magnetic field of a 3T system is 60,000 times the earth's magnet field. We must also limit the items that go into the scan room to non-ferrous metals.

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57. The emergency shutdown button should be used to immediately cut power to the scanner electrical system in each of the following situations EXCEPT:

Explanation

Shutting power to the PDU may be required for life threatening situations such as:
Fire in the computer room, fire, sparks, loud noises emanating from the scan room, flooding or sprinkling system goes off, and catastrophic equipment failure. These reasons should be life threatening. It is important to remember that pressing the emergency stop button shuts the power to the scanner to but the magnetic field is still active.

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58. Anything beyond what level do you need to post a sign?

Explanation

In an unrestricted area, there is no specific level of radiation that requires a sign to be posted. This means that the radiation levels in this area are considered to be safe and do not pose a significant risk to individuals. Therefore, there is no need to post a sign indicating radiation levels in an unrestricted area.

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59. With regard to metal objects in the scan room:

Explanation

Small items like paper clips or hair pins can have a velocity of about 40mph in a 3T environment. Larger objects have even higher velocities and have become fatal. Many types of clinical equipment are ferromagnetic and should never be brought into the scan room. If there is any question a handheld magnet can be used to test if an object is ferromagnetic or not.

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60. What is the strength of the scanned at the SCAN Center?   

Explanation

We have a Siemens 3T Trio Scanner. 3T machines are double the strength of 1.5T machines. It is important to remember that if an object/implant has been cleared for a 1.5T machine it does not mean it is ok for a 3T machine. Further research must be done.

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61. Which is NOT a pure beta emitter ?

Explanation

Samarium 135 is not a pure beta emitter because it undergoes both beta decay and gamma decay. Beta decay involves the emission of beta particles (electrons or positrons) from the nucleus, while gamma decay involves the emission of gamma rays, which are high-energy photons. Yttrium-90, Phosphorus-32, and Strontium-89 are pure beta emitters as they only undergo beta decay without any accompanying gamma decay.

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62. How often do you need to check constancy?

Explanation

Checking constancy is necessary to ensure that something remains consistent over time. At installation, it is important to verify that the constancy is set correctly. Checking daily is necessary because constancy can be affected by various factors such as wear and tear, environmental conditions, or other changes that may occur on a daily basis. Regular daily checks help to identify any deviations or issues that may arise and allow for prompt corrective actions. Therefore, checking at installation and daily ensures that constancy is continuously monitored and maintained.

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63. Which of the following film sizes is considered to be standard adult film?

Explanation

Size #2 is considered to be the standard adult film size.

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64. Spongy appearance with central sunburst calcification is seen in?

Explanation

Serous cystadenoma is a benign tumor of the pancreas that often presents with a spongy appearance on imaging. It can also show central sunburst calcification, which is a characteristic feature of this tumor. This appearance is not typically seen in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, or somatostatinoma.

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65. Ionization has occurred when

Explanation

Ionization occurs when an electron is displaced from its orbit. This process can happen when an atom or molecule absorbs enough energy to remove an electron from its outer shell, resulting in the formation of charged particles called ions. This phenomenon is commonly observed in various physical and chemical processes, such as in the formation of plasma, radiation interactions, and chemical reactions. Cell death, penetration of photons, and conversion of radiant energy to heat are not directly related to ionization.

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66. An example of an electro-magnetic radiation is

Explanation

Gamma rays are an example of electromagnetic radiation because they are a form of high-energy electromagnetic waves. They have the shortest wavelength and highest frequency among the electromagnetic spectrum. Gamma rays are produced by nuclear reactions and radioactive decay, and they can penetrate through most materials. They are used in various fields including medicine, industry, and research.

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67. The intensity of the beam is affected by the

Explanation

The intensity of the beam is affected by the kilovolt peak, milliamperage, exposure time, and focal film distance. Kilovolt peak determines the energy of the X-ray beam, milliamperage controls the quantity of X-rays produced, exposure time determines the duration of X-ray exposure, and focal film distance affects the divergence and intensity of the X-ray beam. Therefore, all of these factors affect the intensity of the beam.

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68. X rays that are most likely to be absorbed by the skin are

Explanation

X-rays with long wavelengths are most likely to be absorbed by the skin. This is because longer wavelength x-rays have lower energy levels, making them more easily absorbed by the skin tissue. In contrast, x-rays with short wavelengths have higher energy levels and are more likely to penetrate through the skin and interact with deeper tissues. Aluminum filtered rays, high energy waves, and sonic waves are not specifically mentioned as being absorbed by the skin, so they are not the correct answer.

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69. One of the following types of radiation has high Linear Energy Transfer (LET) and hence the potential for more radiation related tissue damage

Explanation

Alpha rays are particulate radiation, travel slowly and has more LET. This will lead to more radiation damage to the cells

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70. When do you need to stop breast feeding for Gallium and indium?

Explanation

Breastfeeding does not need to be stopped for Gallium and Indium. The answer "1-4 weeks" is incorrect as it suggests that breastfeeding needs to be stopped for a specific duration, which is not necessary for these substances.

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71. Central Dot sign is seen in

Explanation

The central dot sign is a radiological finding that is seen in Caroli Disease. Caroli Disease is a rare congenital disorder characterized by dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts. The central dot sign refers to a small central dot or linear density within a larger low-density lesion on imaging studies, such as ultrasound or CT scan. This sign is caused by the presence of a small central fibrous core within the dilated bile duct. Therefore, the correct answer is Caroli Disease.

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72. All of the following are seen in left ventricular failure EXCEPT

Explanation

In left ventricular failure, there is an inadequate pumping of blood from the left ventricle, leading to a buildup of fluid in the lungs. This results in various characteristic findings on imaging. Kerley B lines are horizontal lines seen on chest X-rays, indicating fluid in the interlobular septa of the lungs. Increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is a measure of the pressure in the left atrium and reflects fluid backup in the lungs. Increased vascularity in the upper lobes is a compensatory mechanism due to the redistribution of blood flow. Oligaemic lung fields, on the other hand, refer to decreased blood flow to the lungs, which is not typically seen in left ventricular failure.

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73. How many times per second is the polarity reversed in a dental xray machine operating on an alternating current?

Explanation

In an alternating current (AC) system, the polarity is reversed multiple times per second. This is because AC current constantly changes direction, flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite direction. The frequency of these reversals is measured in hertz (Hz), which represents the number of cycles per second. Therefore, the correct answer is 60, indicating that the polarity is reversed 60 times per second in a dental x-ray machine operating on an alternating current.

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74. Hand doses are typically 0.5-1  ________. Please pick correct units

Explanation

Equivalent to 5-10 mGy/hr/mCi

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75. In which of the following situations should you push the "Quench" button:

Explanation

An intentional quench is done in an emergency to run the magnetic field to zero. This is done in extreme emergencies only (ex- a projectile that is pinning a patient against the magnet, injuring them).

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76. To reduce the effects of peripheral nerve stimulation:

Explanation

When a patient crosses their legs or intertwines their fingers a circuit is formed and it is more likely to cause peripheral nerve stimulation.

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77. Protein loosing enteropathy is diagnosed by all EXCEPT

Explanation

Protein-losing enteropathy is a condition characterized by the abnormal loss of protein from the intestines. It can be diagnosed using various imaging techniques and tests. Tc 99 Sotisumab is not used for the diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy. Therefore, it is the correct answer as it is the exception among the given options.

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78. The difference in degrees of blackness on a radiograph is called

Explanation

Contrast refers to the difference in degrees of blackness on a radiograph. It is a measure of the variation between the light and dark areas of the image. Higher contrast indicates a greater difference in blackness, while lower contrast means there is less variation. This term is used to describe the clarity and sharpness of the image, as well as the ability to distinguish between different structures or tissues.

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79. Flexible cassettes are

Explanation

Flexible cassettes are used in some panoramic units. This suggests that not all panoramic units utilize flexible cassettes. The reason for this could be the potential issue of cracking of the emulsion. It is possible that some panoramic units have found alternative methods or materials to prevent this cracking, while others still rely on traditional cassettes.

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80. USG gall bladder shows diffuse wall thickening with hyperechoic nodule at neck with comet tail artifacts. The most likely diagnosis is

Explanation

The given ultrasound findings of diffuse wall thickening with a hyperechoic nodule at the neck, along with comet tail artifacts, are suggestive of adenomyomatosis. Adenomyomatosis is a benign condition characterized by hyperplastic changes in the gallbladder wall, resulting in the formation of small outpouchings called Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses. The hyperechoic nodule represents cholesterol deposits within these sinuses, and the comet tail artifacts are caused by the reflection of sound waves from the cholesterol crystals. Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder would typically present with focal wall thickening and may have associated features such as gallbladder wall invasion or lymphadenopathy. Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis and porcelain gall bladder would also have distinct ultrasound findings.

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81. Name the following intraoral radiograph

Explanation

A periapical radiograph is a type of intraoral radiograph that shows the entire tooth from the crown to the root, as well as the surrounding bone and tissues. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor dental conditions such as tooth decay, infections, and bone loss. This type of radiograph is taken by placing the film or sensor near the tooth of interest and capturing an image. It provides detailed information about the tooth structure and can help in determining the need for treatments such as root canal therapy or extraction.

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82. When do you need to stop breast feeding for Tc-99m?

Explanation

Breastfeeding should be stopped for 0-24 hours after receiving Tc-99m. This is because Tc-99m is a radioactive material used in medical imaging, and it is important to minimize the exposure of the infant to radiation. By stopping breastfeeding for this period, the mother can ensure that the radioactive material is cleared from her body, reducing the risk of radiation exposure to the baby.

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83. How often must an employer inform his radiation workers of their radiation exposure levels

Explanation

Employers must inform their radiation workers of their radiation exposure levels annually. This is important to ensure that workers are aware of their exposure and can take necessary precautions to protect themselves from the potential health risks associated with radiation. Annual notification allows workers to stay informed about their exposure levels and make any necessary adjustments in their work practices or safety measures. Regular communication about radiation exposure levels is crucial for maintaining a safe working environment and ensuring the well-being of radiation workers.

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84. When do you need to stop breast feeding for F-18?

Explanation

Breastfeeding does not need to be stopped for F-18, as there are no specific reasons mentioned in the question that would require the cessation of breastfeeding. The other options provided, such as 0-24 hrs, 1-4 weeks, and stopping for the remainder of pregnancy, do not apply to the situation described in the question. Therefore, the correct answer is that there is no need to stop breastfeeding for F-18.

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85. The maximum permissible whole body dose to an occupationally exposed individual for one year and to a declared pregnant worker for the 9 months of gestation are, respectively:

Explanation

The maximum permissible whole body dose to an occupationally exposed individual for one year is 5000 mRem, while the maximum permissible dose for a declared pregnant worker for the 9 months of gestation is 500 mRem. This means that the allowed radiation exposure for a pregnant worker is significantly lower than that for a non-pregnant individual. This is because radiation can potentially harm the developing fetus, so extra precautions are taken to ensure the safety of pregnant workers.

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86. In recent years the focus of prime concern from the effects of ionizing radiation used in dentistry has centered on

Explanation

In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the potential of ionizing radiation used in dentistry to induce cancer in patients. This is because ionizing radiation has the ability to damage DNA and other cellular structures, which can lead to the development of cancerous cells. While the other options, such as somatic damage to the patient, occupational exposure of dental workers, genetic damage to patients, and its contribution to background radiation, are also important considerations, the focus has been primarily on the risk of cancer induction in patients due to the long-term consequences it can have on their health.

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87. Our occupational dose limits for the lens of the eye is:

Explanation

The correct answer is 15 Rem. Occupational dose limits are set to ensure that radiation exposure remains within safe levels for workers. The lens of the eye is particularly sensitive to radiation, and exposure to high levels can lead to cataracts. Therefore, a limit of 15 Rem is set to protect the lens of the eye from harmful radiation effects.

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88. A long FFD is desirable because

Explanation

A long FFD (focus-to-film distance) is desirable because it means that the central rays of the primary beam are less divergent. This means that the X-ray beam is more focused and concentrated, resulting in better image quality and less scatter radiation. A less divergent beam allows for greater detail and clarity in the resulting image.

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89. There are two real safety concerns with regard to the magnetic forces and how they interact with ferrous objects. They can be described as which of the following:

Explanation

Translation describes the force that attracts ferrous objects to the center of the magnetic field. It is sometimes referred to as the projectile effect. Rotation is the term that relates to the force of the North and South poles and the orientation of the scanner’s magnetic field. Ferrous objects will attempt to align their long axes with this orientation and will rotate until they are aligned with the magnetic field.

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90. Use of a kilovolt peak between 45 65 profuces

Explanation

Scatter radiation refers to the radiation that is deflected from its original path due to interaction with matter. In medical imaging, scatter radiation can cause a blurred image and decrease image quality. The use of a kilovolt peak between 45-65 helps to minimize scatter radiation by optimizing the energy of the X-ray beam. Therefore, the correct answer is scatter radiation.

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91. Nonscreen film is routinely used in extraoral radiography

Explanation

The statement is false because nonscreen film is not routinely used in extraoral radiography. In extraoral radiography, screen film is commonly used, which requires the use of intensifying screens to enhance the image quality. Nonscreen film, on the other hand, does not require intensifying screens and is typically used in intraoral radiography.

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92. When do you need to stop breast feeding for I-131 (>2 uCi)

Explanation

Breastfeeding should be stopped for the remainder of pregnancy when the I-131 dose is greater than 2 uCi. This is because I-131 is a radioactive substance used in medical treatments, and it can be harmful to the developing fetus. Stopping breastfeeding during pregnancy helps to avoid exposing the fetus to the radioactive substance, ensuring the safety of both the mother and the baby.

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93. Our occupational dose limits for whole body and extremities are, respectively:

Explanation

The correct answer is 5 Rem and 50 Rem. Occupational dose limits refer to the maximum amount of radiation exposure that a person can receive while working in a radiation-related occupation. The limits for whole body and extremities are different because different parts of the body have different sensitivities to radiation. The limit for whole body exposure is set at 5 Rem, while the limit for extremity exposure is set at 50 Rem. This means that a person can be exposed to up to 5 Rem of radiation throughout their entire body, but up to 50 Rem of radiation in a specific extremity, such as a hand or foot.

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94. What does SAR measure?

Explanation

Dissipation of the absorbed RF energy is described in terms of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), measured in watts/kg. SAR is calculated by the patient’s weight and the expected increase in body temperature for each imaging pulse sequence. The scanner will calculate how much heat the patient will be absorbed if it is too high the scan will not run.

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95. Which of the following statement is false concerning film duplication?

Explanation

The statement "if less film density is needed on the duplicate radiograph the exposure time is shortened" is false concerning film duplication. In reality, if less film density is desired on the duplicate radiograph, the exposure time should be lengthened, not shortened. This allows for less light to reach the film, resulting in a lighter image with lower density.

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96. An example of particulate radiation is

Explanation

Cathode rays are an example of particulate radiation. They are streams of electrons emitted from the cathode in a vacuum tube. Cathode rays have mass and charge, and they can be deflected by electric and magnetic fields. Therefore, they are considered particulate radiation. Gamma rays and x-rays, on the other hand, are forms of electromagnetic radiation and do not consist of particles. Therefore, they are not examples of particulate radiation.

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97. In the construction of an  x-ray tube, the function of a step- down transformer is to

Explanation

The function of a step-down transformer in the construction of an x-ray tube is to convert the line current of 110 volts to less than 10 milliamperes. This is necessary because x-ray tubes require high voltage but low current to generate the necessary energy for producing x-rays. The step-down transformer reduces the voltage while increasing the current to achieve the desired output.

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98. The main hazard of the Static Field is:

Explanation

Heat deposition and nerve stimulation are hazards of a varying magnetic field.

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99. In 16 inch cylinder is used in the paralleling technique to

Explanation

The use of a 16-inch cylinder in the paralleling technique helps to avoid magnification of the image. Magnification occurs when the object being imaged appears larger than its actual size due to the distance between the object and the image receptor. By using a longer cylinder, the object can be positioned further away from the image receptor, reducing the magnification effect and providing a more accurate representation of the object's size and dimensions.

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100. If the intensity of a beam of radiation is 12 at a point 12 inches from the target the intensity of the beam at 24 inches is

Explanation

The intensity of a beam of radiation decreases with distance according to the inverse square law. This means that if the intensity is 12 at a point 12 inches from the target, the intensity at double the distance, 24 inches, would be 12 divided by 2 squared, which is 3.

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The "p" in kVp stands for
If a subject says there might be a possibility they could be pregnant...
The radiograph shown here is frequently used in Orthodontics for study...
Radiographs should always be viewed
The device that converts x ray energy into visible light is called...
The radiograph shown here is a
Before beginning to scan a subject, you should:
  If a volunteer states she could be pregnant you should:
The ALARA principles refers to
A research volunteer tells you they have been scanned many times for...
Intraoral film packets must be
The cathode and anode are parts of an x-ray tube. The anode is...
Which of the following is a likely consequence of forgetting to remove...
If your patient complains of a body ache, dizziness or anxiety...
If you are not sure the ferromagnetic qualities of an object you...
A subject checks the box that they have tattoos, the next step is...
Intraoral film packets must be
To what does the term film speed refer?
What is the unit for measurement of magnetic field strength? ...
Which form of radiation can cause ionization of atoms?
Syringe shields don't have to be labeled as long as there is a...
 Who needs to be cleared before they enter the MRI scanning room?
Which of the following materials is most resistant to x radiation?
The advantage of a film that has emulsion on both sides is that
Which of the following statements cocerning background radiation is...
The sharpness of the image is determined to a large extent by the
The major risk of injury or harm due to a magnet quench is:
In the event your subject is in some type of medical...
If there is ever a Quench in the scan room instead of the outside...
Film fog occurs when all or part of a radiograph is darkened by
The advantage of a film that has emulsion on both sides is that
Caution Radioactive Materials posting required where licensed material...
If the operating computer shut down and unplugged, the magnetic...
Every subject can choose if they would like to wear ear plugs, head...
Under the new metric system for measuring dose SI the rem...
70 kilovolts equals
Identify the intraoral radiograph shown
If the intensitying screens are not in perfect contact with the film...
Which of the following travel at the greatest speed?
If an object is considered safe to be used in a 1.5Tesla MR scanner,...
The best way to clean the intensifying screens in extraoral cassettes...
The magnetic field is contained entirely in the center of the bore, it...
In the radiographic principle, "SLOB rule, "same side movement of the...
Which of the following objects are potential projectiles?
What is a Quench?
Which of the following types of scatter radiation occurs most often...
The "rotating anode" design in an x-ray tube limits the amount of
Patients with which of the following prosthetic devices may be safely...
What is the major advantage in using the fastest speed film and high...
In taking dental radiographs the greatest dose of radiation to...
If you have accumulated 1,000 mRem at your former institution as of...
FALSE regarding contrast radiography
Gold standard investigation for recurrent gastrointensinal stromal...
For x ray timers calibrated in impulses how many impulses are there in...
The intensifying screen that emits blue light and must be used with...
All of the following statements about the magnet of the MRI scanner...
The emergency shutdown button should be used to immediately cut power...
Anything beyond what level do you need to post a sign?
With regard to metal objects in the scan room:
What is the strength of the scanned at the SCAN Center?   
Which is NOT a pure beta emitter ?
How often do you need to check constancy?
Which of the following film sizes is considered to be standard adult...
Spongy appearance with central sunburst calcification is seen in?
Ionization has occurred when
An example of an electro-magnetic radiation is
The intensity of the beam is affected by the
X rays that are most likely to be absorbed by the skin are
One of the following types of radiation has high Linear Energy...
When do you need to stop breast feeding for Gallium and indium?
Central Dot sign is seen in
All of the following are seen in left ventricular...
How many times per second is the polarity reversed in a dental xray...
Hand doses are typically 0.5-1  ________. Please pick correct...
In which of the following situations should you push the "Quench"...
To reduce the effects of peripheral nerve stimulation:
Protein loosing enteropathy is diagnosed by all EXCEPT
The difference in degrees of blackness on a radiograph is called
Flexible cassettes are
USG gall bladder shows diffuse wall thickening with hyperechoic nodule...
Name the following intraoral radiograph
When do you need to stop breast feeding for Tc-99m?
How often must an employer inform his radiation workers of their...
When do you need to stop breast feeding for F-18?
The maximum permissible whole body dose to an occupationally exposed...
In recent years the focus of prime concern from the effects of...
Our occupational dose limits for the lens of the eye is:
A long FFD is desirable because
There are two real safety concerns with regard to the magnetic forces...
Use of a kilovolt peak between 45 65 profuces
Nonscreen film is routinely used in extraoral radiography
When do you need to stop breast feeding for I-131 (>2 uCi)
Our occupational dose limits for whole body and extremities are,...
What does SAR measure?
Which of the following statement is false concerning film duplication?
An example of particulate radiation is
In the construction of an  x-ray tube, the function of a step-...
The main hazard of the Static Field is:
In 16 inch cylinder is used in the paralleling technique to
If the intensity of a beam of radiation is 12 at a point 12 inches...
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