Radtech Simulation Examination 1

Ultrasound or a Sonogram is considered a safe test because it does not use mutagenic ionizing radiation. Unlike other imaging techniques such as X-rays or CT scans, ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the body. These sound waves are harmless and do not have the potential to cause DNA damage or mutations in cells. Therefore, ultrasound is a preferred imaging modality, especially for pregnant women and pediatric patients, as it poses no known risks or harmful effects.

W.C. Roentgen is credited with the discovery of X-rays. In 1895, while experimenting with cathode rays, he noticed a fluorescent screen in his lab was glowing even though it was not directly exposed to the cathode rays. He concluded that a new type of ray was being emitted, which he named X-rays. Roentgen's discovery revolutionized the field of medicine and had numerous applications in various industries.

Fluoroscopy is a medical imaging technique that uses continuous X-ray to provide real-time images of the tissues and deep structures of the body. It allows healthcare professionals to visualize the movement and function of organs, muscles, and other structures. This technique is commonly used in procedures such as angiography, barium studies, and orthopedic surgeries. It provides valuable information for diagnosing and monitoring various conditions and guiding medical interventions.

A screening mammogram is a test that is performed to check for breast cancer in women who do not have any signs or symptoms of the disease. It involves taking 5 X-rays of each breast. It is not done after a diagnostic mammogram and is typically performed by a radiologist or a mammography technologist, not an ultrasound technologist.

X rays were indeed discovered in 1895 by W. C. Roentgen, who named them X rays because their nature was initially unknown. They are also commonly referred to as Roentgen or Röntgen rays. Therefore, the statement "X rays were discovered in 1895 by W. C. Roentgen" is true.

An MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography) is different from an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) because it specifically focuses on highlighting and evaluating the arteries in the body, including those in the brain, neck, chest, and abdomen. While an MRI can also capture images of arteries, it is not specifically designed for this purpose. Additionally, an MRI can show the movement of blood flow, whereas an MRA does not provide this information.

A latent image refers to an "unseen" image that is formed on a photosensitive surface, such as film or a digital sensor, after exposure to radiation. This image is not immediately visible and requires further processing, such as development or digital processing, to become visible. Therefore, the term "latent image" accurately describes an "unseen" image.

The x-ray tube is surrounded by a lead-lined tube housing to protect the surrounding environment from radiation exposure. The lead lining helps to absorb and block the radiation emitted by the x-ray tube, preventing it from escaping and potentially harming people nearby. The tube housing acts as a protective barrier, ensuring that the radiation remains contained within the x-ray machine and does not pose a risk to patients, healthcare professionals, or anyone else in the vicinity.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers to detect and measure metabolic activity in the body. It is commonly used in the diagnosis and monitoring of various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions. PET scans provide detailed images of the body's organs and tissues, allowing doctors to identify abnormalities and assess the effectiveness of treatments. The use of positron-emitting radionuclides distinguishes PET from other imaging modalities and enables the visualization of metabolic processes in real-time.

Tungsten is the correct answer because it is commonly used as the filament in cathodes. Tungsten has a high melting point and excellent electrical conductivity, making it ideal for this purpose. It can withstand the high temperatures required for electron emission in cathode-ray tubes and other similar devices. Gold, silver, and copper are not typically used as filaments in cathodes due to their lower melting points and inferior electrical properties.

The trendelenburg position refers to a position in which the head end of the table is lowered while the feet end is raised. This position allows for the head to be tilted at least 15 degrees below the horizontal level. Therefore, the correct answer is trendelenburg.

The correct answer is "cassette". A cassette is a device used to hold the film in medical imaging. It is a container that securely holds the film and protects it from damage. The cassette is designed to fit into the bucky, which is a tray that holds the cassette in place during the imaging process. The cassette also houses the tube, which is the part of the imaging machine that emits the radiation, and the collimator, which controls the direction and shape of the radiation beam. Overall, the cassette is an essential component in medical imaging as it ensures the proper positioning and protection of the film.

Proper collimation for the film size and target film distance will decrease the radiation received by the patient. Collimation refers to the process of restricting the size of the X-ray beam to only the area of interest. By properly collimating the X-ray beam, unnecessary radiation exposure to the patient can be minimized. This is important for patient safety and reducing the risk of radiation-related complications. Therefore, decreasing the radiation received by the patient is the correct answer in this case.

The correct answer is "roentgen ray." This term was given to x radiation in honor of its discoverer, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Roentgen ray is an older term used to describe this type of radiation. X ray, gamma ray, and scattered ray are not specifically associated with Roentgen and therefore are not the correct answer.

The radiograph of a patient with a large skeletal build appears to be underpenetrated, meaning that the X-ray beam did not penetrate the patient's body adequately. To address this issue, the adjustment that should be made is to increase the kvp (kilovoltage peak). Increasing the kvp will increase the energy of the X-ray beam, allowing it to better penetrate the patient's body and produce a clearer image of the bone trabeculation.

The correct answer is "focal spot". In radiology, when electrons strike the target, the area where the electrons are concentrated is called the focal spot. This spot is responsible for generating the X-ray beam that is used in imaging. The size and shape of the focal spot can affect the resolution and clarity of the resulting image. Therefore, it is crucial to have a well-defined and precise focal spot for accurate diagnoses.

The collimation of the primary beam refers to the process of restricting the shape and size of the beam. By doing so, it ensures that only the desired area is exposed to radiation, while minimizing unnecessary exposure to surrounding tissues. This not only helps in obtaining a clear and focused radiograph but also reduces the scatter radiation, leading to improved contrast in the final image. Therefore, the statement "restricts the shape and size of the beam" is the correct explanation for the given answer.

A moving grid is called a Bucky.

An x-ray tube is a device that generates x-rays by accelerating electrons towards a metal target. When the electrons hit the target, they produce x-rays through a process called bremsstrahlung radiation. Therefore, the x-ray tube is the source of x-rays in medical imaging.

X-rays were discovered in 1895. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, a German physicist, accidentally discovered X-rays while experimenting with cathode rays. He noticed that a fluorescent screen in his lab started to glow even though it was not directly exposed to cathode rays. Further investigation revealed that a new type of ray was being emitted, which he called X-rays. This discovery revolutionized the field of medicine and led to significant advancements in imaging technology.

W.D. Coolidge is credited with introducing the hot cathode tube.

Filters are used in the x-ray beam to reduce patient radiation dose. X-ray filters are typically made of materials that absorb low-energy x-rays while allowing higher-energy x-rays to pass through. By selectively absorbing the lower-energy x-rays, filters help to reduce the amount of radiation that reaches the patient, thereby minimizing the potential harmful effects of radiation exposure. This is particularly important in medical imaging, where it is crucial to balance the need for clear images with the need to minimize radiation dose to ensure patient safety.

The central ray is an imaginary line in the center of the x-ray beam that is perpendicular to the long axis of the x-ray tube. It represents the central path of the x-ray beam and is used to determine the direction and alignment of the x-ray beam during imaging procedures. It is an important concept in radiography as it helps ensure accurate and consistent positioning of the x-ray beam for optimal image quality and patient safety.

A PET scan, or Positron Emission Tomography scan, is a medical imaging technique that can help distinguish between benign and malignant disorders. This is because PET scans can detect metabolic activity in tissues, allowing doctors to identify areas of abnormal cell growth or activity. By analyzing the patterns of metabolic activity, medical professionals can determine whether the tissue is benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Therefore, it is true that a PET scan can differentiate between a benign and malignant disorder.

A Bone Density Test is a medical procedure used to determine the density or strength of a person's bones. It is primarily done to diagnose osteoporosis or assess the risk of developing osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, making them more prone to fractures. By measuring bone density, the test can identify if a person has osteoporosis or is at risk of developing it. The test does not look for broken bones or abnormal bone growth; its main focus is on assessing bone density and the associated risk of osteoporosis.

The correct answer is that a breast stereotactic biopsy is a special mammography procedure that uses ionizing radiation to help guide the radiologist's instruments to the site of the abnormal growth. This means that the procedure involves using mammography images and radiation to accurately locate and biopsy abnormal growth in the breast. It is not performed on an MRI machine and does not involve ultrasound or X-ray technologists.

After learning that the patient just received a kidney transplant, it is important to ask for blood work before scheduling the scan that requires contrast. This is because contrast agents used in scans can potentially cause kidney damage, and in the case of a recent kidney transplant, it is crucial to ensure that the patient's kidney function is stable and can tolerate the contrast. Therefore, asking for blood work is necessary to assess the patient's kidney function and determine if it is safe to proceed with the scan.

When fast moving electrons collide with a metal target, the energy they carry is converted into x-rays and heat. Out of that energy, only 1% is turned into x-rays.

The correct answer is control console. The control console is the access point for the limited operator to set the exposure factors and initiate the exposure. It is the central control panel where the operator can adjust and manipulate various settings and parameters related to the exposure process. The control console allows the operator to have direct control and oversight over the exposure, making it the most appropriate choice among the given options.

The x-ray beam exits the tube port. This means that after being generated in the x-ray tube, the beam of x-rays passes through the tube port, which is the opening in the x-ray machine where the x-rays are emitted. The x-ray beam then continues on its path to interact with the patient or the imaging receptor.

BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine are two values that are commonly measured in blood work to assess kidney function. BUN is a waste product that is filtered by the kidneys, and an elevated level may indicate kidney dysfunction. Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles and is also filtered by the kidneys. An elevated creatinine level can be a sign of impaired kidney function. Therefore, monitoring these two values can provide important information about the health of the kidneys.

Computed radiography (CR) is a type of medical imaging technique that uses a flexible plate coated with a photostimulable phosphor. When exposed to x-rays, the phosphor stores the energy from the radiation. The plate is then processed using a laser scanner, which releases the stored energy as light. This light is converted into a digital image that can be viewed on a computer screen. CR is often referred to as filmless because it eliminates the need for traditional x-ray film. It is commonly used in conjunction with other imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and CAT scan to provide detailed and accurate diagnostic images.

An upright cassette holder is a device used in radiography to hold the image receptor (IR) in an upright position. This allows for the capture of X-ray images while the patient is standing or sitting. The cassette, which contains the IR, is placed in the upright cassette holder, ensuring that it remains stable and properly aligned during the imaging process. The Bucky, on the other hand, refers to a device that is used to hold and move the cassette during radiography, but it does not specifically refer to holding the IR in an upright position.

The correct answer is C. Plain abdominal film. This modality, also known as an abdominal X-ray, is commonly used as the initial evaluation for abdominal pain or symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. It can help identify bowel obstruction, viscus perforation, and foreign body ingestion. Enteroscopy and video esophogram are not typically used for the initial evaluation of these symptoms.

Scatter radiation fog refers to the unwanted image exposure caused by scatter radiation. Scatter radiation occurs when radiation is deflected or scattered in different directions after interacting with matter, such as the patient's body. This scattered radiation can reach the image receptor and cause fogging, resulting in a decrease in image contrast and clarity. Therefore, the correct answer is scatter radiation fog.

Based on the information provided, the most likely diagnosis for the patient's symptoms is a meningioma. Meningiomas are typically extra-axial, meaning they occur outside of the brain tissue itself. They are dural based, meaning they originate from the meninges, the protective covering of the brain. Meningiomas also commonly enhance on MRI scans, which is consistent with the enhancing lesion seen in this patient. Gliomas, schwannomas, and pituitary adenomas are less likely based on the given information.

If the radiograph was taken without centering the beam on the film in the patient's mouth, it means that the collimator cutoff occurred. This happens when the collimator, which controls the size and shape of the x-ray beam, cuts off a portion of the beam resulting in an incomplete exposure on the film. Therefore, the resulting film will show collimator cutoff cone cutting, which refers to the appearance of a truncated cone shape on the film.

Attenuation refers to the process of reducing the intensity of a beam of x-rays as it passes through a material. When an x-ray beam encounters a substance, some of the x-rays are absorbed by the material, while others may be scattered or pass through unaffected. However, in this case, the term "absorption" specifically refers to the phenomenon of the x-ray beam being absorbed by the material it encounters. Therefore, "attenuation" is the correct answer to describe the absorption of the x-ray beam.

The milliampere control dial on the dental x-ray machine regulates the quantity of the radiation. This means that by adjusting the dial, the operator can control the amount of radiation that is emitted during the x-ray procedure. This is important because different patients may require different levels of radiation exposure based on their specific needs. By regulating the quantity of radiation, the operator can ensure that the patient receives the appropriate amount for accurate imaging while minimizing unnecessary exposure.

Colonoscopy is the correct answer because it is a modality used for bowel cleansing and requires sedation. It allows visualization of the entire large bowel and several centimeters of the terminal ileum. Sigmoidoscopy only visualizes the sigmoid colon and rectum, while video capsule endoscopy involves swallowing a small camera to visualize the small intestine. Therefore, colonoscopy is the most appropriate option for visualizing the entire large bowel and terminal ileum.

Mammography is a type of imaging technique that uses X-rays to examine the breasts. It is commonly used for breast cancer screening and can detect early signs of abnormalities such as tumors or cysts. Unlike CT scans or MRIs, which provide more detailed images of the internal structures, mammography focuses specifically on the breast tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is X-ray of the Breast.

Scatter radiation refers to the radiation that is scattered or created when the primary x-ray beam is attenuated by matter. This means that when the primary x-ray beam interacts with an object, some of the radiation is scattered in different directions. Scatter radiation can cause a phenomenon known as scatter radiation fog, which can reduce image quality and clarity. Therefore, the correct answer is scatter radiation.

This question is asking for the correct test to detect esophageal rings, webs, strictures, and motility problems that endoscopy might miss. The given answer, A) Barium Swallow/Esophagram, is the correct option because this test uses fluoroscopy to visualize the esophagus and detect any abnormalities. It is particularly useful for evaluating nonoropharyngeal dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) and Odynophagia (painful swallowing). CT scan (B) and Video Esophagram (C) are not specifically used for this purpose, and option D) None of the above is incorrect because there is a specific test available for this condition.

The correct answer is B) ERCP. ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) is a procedure used to diagnose and treat conditions of the bile ducts and pancreas. It is commonly used to investigate and treat obstructive jaundice and neoplastic biliary strictures by visualizing the biliary system and obtaining tissue samples. It can also measure the pressure of the sphincter of Oddi, which is the muscle that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the small intestine. MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography) and EGD (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy) are not indicated for these conditions.

The correct answer is C, Plain abdominal film. This imaging modality, also known as an X-ray, is often the first preliminary test done for evaluating abdominal pain or nausea and vomiting. It is indicated when a patient is suspected to have bowel obstruction, viscus perforation, foreign body ingestion, abdominal trauma, suspected obstruction/ileus, and abdominal distension.

Areas of spiculated microcalcifications on a mammogram suggest malignancy because they are a characteristic feature of breast cancer. Spiculated microcalcifications appear as small, irregular, and linear clusters of calcium deposits in the breast tissue. These calcifications can indicate the presence of a tumor or precancerous cells. The spiculated appearance indicates that the tumor or lesion has irregular and jagged borders, which is often associated with aggressive and invasive types of breast cancer. Therefore, the presence of spiculated microcalcifications is concerning for malignancy and warrants further evaluation.

Remnant radiation refers to the x-ray beam that exits on the opposite side of the patient after passing through the body. This radiation is produced by the interaction of the x-rays with the patient's tissues. It is called "remnant" because it is the portion of the original x-ray beam that remains after being attenuated by the patient's body. This remnant radiation can contribute to scatter radiation, which is the scattered x-rays that can cause fogging on the radiographic image. Therefore, remnant radiation is the correct answer in this context.

Absorbed dose is measured in joules/kilogram, and a quantity of 1 joule/kilogram has the special unit of gray (Gy) in the International System of quantities and units. (In terms of the older system of radiation quantities and units previously used, 1 Gy equals 100 rad, or 1mGy equals 0.1 rad.)

The lead diaphragm determines the size and shape of the x-ray beam. The lead diaphragm is a device that is used to control the size and shape of the x-ray beam by limiting the radiation to a specific area of the patient's body. By adjusting the position and size of the lead diaphragm, the radiographer can ensure that only the desired area is exposed to radiation, reducing unnecessary exposure to other parts of the body. Therefore, the lead diaphragm plays a crucial role in determining the size and shape of the x-ray beam.

Absorbed dose is measured in joules/kilogram, and a quantity of 1 joule/kilogram has the special unit of gray (Gy) in the International System of quantities and units. (In terms of the older system of radiation quantities and units previously used, 1 Gy equals 100 rad, or 1mGy equals 0.1 rad.)