Radioactive Isotope Quiz Questions And Answers

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1. When uranium-238 emits an alpha particle, uranium transforms into 

Explanation

When uranium-238 emits an alpha particle, it loses two protons and two neutrons. This results in the formation of a new element with an atomic number that is two less than uranium. Since thorium-234 has an atomic number two less than uranium-238, it is the correct answer.

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Radioactive Isotope Quiz Questions And Answers - Quiz

See what you already know about the radioactive isotope with this interactive quiz and practice trivia.

2. You pull on a crate and it moves at a constant velocity. The acceleration of the crate is:

Explanation

When an object moves at a constant velocity, it means that its speed and direction remain unchanged. In other words, there is no change in its motion. Acceleration, on the other hand, is the rate at which an object's velocity changes. Since the crate is moving at a constant velocity, there is no change in its velocity, and therefore the acceleration of the crate is equal to zero.

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3. According to the fossil record, for almost 4 billion years of geologic history, there were no complex multi-celled organisms on Earth.

Explanation

The statement is true because the fossil record, which provides evidence of past life on Earth, shows that for nearly 4 billion years, there were no complex multi-celled organisms. This means that during this period, life on Earth was predominantly composed of single-celled organisms. The emergence of complex multi-celled organisms occurred much later in Earth's history.

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4. Mass wasting plays a significant role in:

Explanation

Mass wasting refers to the movement of rocks, soil, and other materials down slopes under the influence of gravity. It can transport these earth materials from slopes to river systems, contributing to sedimentation and the formation of river valleys. Additionally, mass wasting helps in the reduction of steep topographic features by causing erosion and reshaping slopes into more stable configurations. This process can also widen canyons and valleys as materials are removed and transported downstream. Therefore, all of the given options are correct, as mass wasting plays a significant role in each of these processes.

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5. The current estimated geological age of the Earth is approximately:

Explanation

The current estimated geological age of the Earth is believed to be approximately 4.5 billion years. This estimation is based on various scientific methods, such as radiometric dating of rocks and minerals, which provide evidence of the Earth's age. These methods involve measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes in rocks and calculating the time it takes for them to decay. By analyzing different rock samples from various parts of the Earth, scientists have determined that the planet is around 4.5 billion years old.

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6. When water is transformed from a liquid to a solid, the change is classified as a:

Explanation

When water is transformed from a liquid to a solid, it undergoes a physical change. This is because the molecules in water rearrange themselves to form a solid structure, but the chemical composition of water remains the same. The change from liquid to solid is a result of cooling or freezing, which causes the water molecules to slow down and come closer together, forming a solid lattice. This change can be reversed by heating the solid, causing it to melt back into a liquid, further supporting the classification of this change as a physical change.

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7. According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, which of the following explains why you have to keep refilling your gas tank?

Explanation

According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, mass cannot be created or destroyed, only rearranged. Therefore, the correct answer is that the atoms (mass) of gasoline are rearranged and converted into exhaust fumes. This means that while the gasoline is being burned in the engine, the atoms are being rearranged and transformed into the gases that make up the exhaust fumes, causing the need to refill the gas tank.

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8. Which formation is the oldest?

Explanation

The Siletz River Formation is the oldest formation among the options given. This can be inferred based on the principle of superposition, which states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks are found at the bottom. Since the Siletz River Formation is listed last in the options, it can be concluded that it is the oldest formation.

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9. Which form of radiation would be the most penetration of the most difficult to shield yourself from?

Explanation

Gamma rays are the most difficult to shield yourself from because they have the highest energy and can penetrate through most materials. Unlike alpha and beta particles, which can be stopped by a sheet of paper or a few centimeters of air, gamma rays require thick and dense materials such as lead or concrete to effectively shield against them. This makes gamma rays the most dangerous form of radiation and the hardest to protect against.

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10. Which formation is the youngest?

Explanation

River Terrace Sediments are the youngest formation because they are typically formed by the erosion and deposition of sediments from rivers onto terraces. These sediments are relatively recent, as they are constantly being deposited and reworked by the river. In contrast, Gabbro Dike, Tyee Formation, and Siletz River Formation are all older formations that have been in existence for a longer period of time.

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11. What type of unconformity exists between the River Terrace sediments and the Tyee Formation?

Explanation

The correct answer is Angular Unconformity. Angular unconformity refers to a type of unconformity where the older sedimentary layers are tilted or folded and then eroded before the deposition of younger sedimentary layers. In this case, the River Terrace sediments and the Tyee Formation show a significant difference in their orientation, indicating a period of deformation and erosion before the deposition of the Tyee Formation.

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12. What type of energy is majority of the car's kinetic energy transformed into when the brakes are applied?

Explanation

When the brakes are applied in a car, the majority of the car's kinetic energy is transformed into thermal or heat energy. This is because the brakes create friction between the brake pads and the rotors, which converts the kinetic energy of the moving car into heat energy. This heat energy is then dissipated into the surrounding environment, causing the brakes and the surrounding area to become hot.

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13. What is the term used for sediments that are transported and deposited by river systems?

Explanation

Alluvium is the correct answer because it refers to the sediments that are transported and deposited by river systems. When rivers flow, they carry various materials such as sand, silt, and clay, which eventually settle and accumulate on the riverbed or floodplain. This accumulation of sediments is known as alluvium.

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14. Which of the following is true about objects that fall toward Earth?

Explanation

Heavier objects always fall faster than lighter objects because they experience a greater acceleration due to gravity is not true. The correct answer is that gravity causes all objects to fall at the same rate, but air resistance can cause variations in the falling rate. This is because gravity is a constant force that acts on all objects regardless of their weight, while air resistance can affect the speed at which objects fall depending on their shape and surface area.

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15. While standing on the Moon, an astronaut releases a hammer and a feather from the same height and a the same time. Which of the following is true?

Explanation

Both the hammer and the feather will hit the ground at the same time because there are no effects from air resistance. On the Moon, there is no atmosphere to create air resistance, so objects of different weights will fall at the same rate. This is known as the principle of equivalence, which states that in the absence of air resistance, all objects near the surface of the Moon (or any other celestial body) will fall with the same acceleration due to gravity.

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16. A landslide moves rapidly down slope and picks up additional material which increases the mass. If its mass increases 4 times, than what will happen to its momentum and kinetic energy (KE)? Assume that the velocity has not changed.

Explanation

If the mass of the landslide increases 4 times while the velocity remains the same, the momentum will also increase 4 times. This is because momentum is directly proportional to mass. Similarly, since kinetic energy is directly proportional to both mass and the square of velocity, if the mass increases 4 times and the velocity remains the same, the kinetic energy will also increase 4 times. Therefore, the correct answer is that the momentum and kinetic energy will increase 4 times.

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17. An object that has a decrease in its velocity is undergoing an acceleration

Explanation

When an object experiences a decrease in its velocity, it means that it is slowing down or decelerating. According to the definition of acceleration, it is the rate at which velocity changes over time. Since the object's velocity is changing, specifically decreasing, it is undergoing acceleration. Therefore, the statement "An object that has a decrease in its velocity is undergoing an acceleration" is true.

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18. When both the force and time of contact are doubled, the impulse or change in momentum on an object is:

Explanation

When both the force and time of contact are doubled, the impulse or change in momentum on an object is four times more. This is because impulse is equal to the product of force and time, so when both of these quantities are doubled, the overall impulse experienced by the object is quadrupled.

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19. The box in the previous question has mass of 5 kg. Calculate the acceleration of the box.

Explanation

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20. Based on its composition, which building material will weather more rapidly?

Explanation

Limestone will weather more rapidly compared to granite based on its composition. Limestone is primarily made up of calcium carbonate, which is susceptible to chemical weathering caused by acidic rainwater and other environmental factors. This leads to the erosion and dissolution of the limestone over time. On the other hand, granite is a much harder and more durable material composed of minerals like quartz, feldspar, and mica. It is less prone to weathering and can withstand the effects of weather and erosion for a longer period.

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21. Does an object have the same mass on Earth as it does on the Moon?

Explanation

Yes, an object has the same mass on Earth as it does on the Moon. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, and it remains constant regardless of the location or gravitational field. However, the weight of an object can vary depending on the gravitational pull. On the Moon, where the gravitational pull is weaker than on Earth, the object would weigh less but its mass would remain the same.

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22. A ball rolls down a track. friction with the track causes some of its initial potential energy to be converted to what form energy.

Explanation

As the ball rolls down the track, friction with the track causes it to lose some of its initial potential energy. This energy is converted into heat or thermal energy, which is then lost to the surroundings. Friction generates heat as it opposes the motion of the ball, resulting in the conversion of potential energy into thermal energy.

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23. You apply the same amount of force on two separate carts. One cart has a mass of 10 kg while the other has a mass of 20 kg. Which of the following statements is true?

Explanation

The acceleration of an object is inversely proportional to its mass when the force applied is constant. In this case, since the force applied is the same on both carts, the cart with a lower mass (10 kg) will experience a higher acceleration compared to the cart with a higher mass (20 kg). Therefore, the statement "The 10 kg cart will experience twice the acceleration of the 20 kg cart" is true.

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24. Inertia is

Explanation

Inertia is the property by which objects resist changes in motion. It refers to the tendency of an object to remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. This means that an object with more inertia will require a greater force to change its state of motion, whether it is at rest or already moving. Inertia is not related to the speed at which an object is moving, but rather to its resistance to changes in motion.

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25. When a box is lifted to an elevated position, it gains gravitational potential energy. where does that energy come from?

Explanation

The energy comes from the work that was done on the box to lift it to an elevated position. Work is the transfer of energy, and in this case, the energy is transferred to the box as it is lifted against the force of gravity. This work done on the box increases its potential energy, which is then stored as gravitational potential energy.

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26. The mass of 1kg of iron is

Explanation

The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter it contains, and it remains the same regardless of the location. Therefore, the mass of 1kg of iron would be the same on the Moon as it is on Earth or any other location. The force of gravity may be different on the Moon compared to Earth, resulting in a different weight for the iron, but the mass remains constant.

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27. A 500 kg cannon firs a 5 kg cannonball. The force exerted on the cannonball is 1,000N. Which of the following is true about the force exerted back on the cannon?

Explanation

The force exerted back on the cannon will be equal to the force exerted on the cannonball, which is 1,000 N. According to Newton's third law of motion, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Therefore, the force exerted back on the cannon will be the same as the force exerted on the cannonball.

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28. Alpha particle radiation is:

Explanation

Alpha particle radiation refers to particles consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons emitted by an unstable atomic nucleus. These particles are relatively large and carry a positive charge. They have a high ionizing power and can cause significant damage to biological tissues. Due to their size and charge, they have a short range and can be easily stopped by a few centimeters of air or a sheet of paper. This type of radiation is commonly emitted by certain radioactive elements such as uranium and radon.

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29. Catalysts increase the rate of chemical reaction by increasing the activation energy required for reaction to take place.

Explanation

Catalysts actually decrease the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur, thereby increasing the rate of the reaction. They do this by providing an alternative pathway for the reaction with a lower activation energy. This allows more reactant molecules to have sufficient energy to overcome the activation energy barrier and form the products. Therefore, the given statement is false.

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30. Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

Explanation

Reducing the temperature would not increase the rate of a chemical reaction because temperature is a factor that affects the reaction rate. Generally, increasing the temperature increases the kinetic energy of the reactant molecules, leading to more frequent and energetic collisions, which in turn increases the reaction rate. However, reducing the temperature would have the opposite effect, decreasing the kinetic energy of the reactant molecules and reducing the frequency and energy of collisions, resulting in a slower reaction rate.

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31. A chemical compound is:

Explanation

The correct answer is "A substance in which atoms of two or more different elements are chemically bonded." This answer accurately describes a chemical compound, which is a substance formed when atoms of different elements combine together through chemical bonds. This definition distinguishes a chemical compound from a substance made of only one type of atom (element), a substance formed only from covalent bonds, a substance formed only from ionic bonds, and a substance that is organic in composition.

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32. Rotational downslope movement of sediment and soil along a curved surface.

Explanation

Slump refers to the rotational downslope movement of sediment and soil along a curved surface. This movement occurs when the material becomes unstable and loses its strength, causing it to slide down in a curved manner. Unlike other options like rock and debris avalanches, debris flows, and lahars, which involve different types of mass movements, slump specifically describes this particular type of movement along a curved surface.

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33. A mass movement in which slabs of bed rock move downslope along an inclined plane or surface is classified as a

Explanation

A rockslide is a type of mass movement in which slabs of bedrock move downslope along an inclined plane or surface. During a rockslide, large blocks of rock detach from a steep slope and rapidly slide or tumble downhill. This movement is typically triggered by factors such as gravity, erosion, or seismic activity. Rockslides are characterized by the sudden and rapid displacement of large rock masses, which can cause significant damage and pose a threat to human life and infrastructure.

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34. Which of these is true about the relative age of the Gabbro Dike?

Explanation

The Gabbro Dike is older than the River Terrace Sediments because it is stated that it is "older than the River Terrace Sediments." It is also younger than the Tyee Formation because it is stated that it is "younger than Tyee Formation."

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35. For billions of years, the planets have been in a state of motion as they orbit the Sun. Which of the following is true?force must be continuously exerted on a planet in order to keep it in motion. 

Explanation

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36. What type of unconformity is this? 

Explanation

An angular unconformity is a type of unconformity where there is a significant angular discordance between the older underlying rock layers and the younger overlying rock layers. This angular discordance is usually caused by tectonic forces that have uplifted and tilted the older rock layers, followed by erosion and deposition of younger rock layers on top. In this case, the question does not provide any specific information about the unconformity, so it is not possible to determine the type of unconformity based on the given information.

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37. Which of the following statements fits with the known fossil record? 

Explanation

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38. You find out that your house is located in a 100-year flood zone. What does that indicate about the flood risk? 

Explanation

The statement "That there is a 1 in 100 chance each year that the area will flood" indicates that being located in a 100-year flood zone means that there is a 1% chance of flooding occurring in that area every year. It does not necessarily mean that a flood will occur once every 100 years or that it has been 100 years since the last flood.

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39. Any material that is made up of only one type of atom is classified as 

Explanation

An element is a substance that is made up of only one type of atom. This means that all the atoms in an element have the same number of protons. Isotopes, on the other hand, are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons. A molecular substance is a substance made up of molecules, which can be composed of different types of atoms. Radioactive refers to the property of certain elements or isotopes to spontaneously emit radiation. A gas refers to the physical state of matter, which can be present in elements, compounds, or mixtures.

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40. Which of the following particles are electrically neutral? 

Explanation

Neutrons are electrically neutral because they do not possess any electric charge. Unlike protons, which have a positive charge, and electrons, which have a negative charge, neutrons have no charge at all. This is due to the fact that neutrons are composed of three quarks - two down quarks and one up quark - which have charges that cancel each other out. Therefore, neutrons do not interact with electric fields and are considered electrically neutral.

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41. Which of these forms of radiation consists of high-speed electrons? 

Explanation

Gamma radiation consists of high-energy photons, which are electromagnetic waves. Unlike alpha and beta radiation, which are composed of particles (helium nuclei and high-speed electrons, respectively), gamma radiation does not have mass or charge. Instead, it carries a significant amount of energy and can penetrate through materials easily. Therefore, gamma radiation is the correct answer as it consists of high-speed electrons.

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42. Which of these is the most penetrating form of radiation in common materials? 

Explanation

Gamma radiation is the most penetrating form of radiation in common materials. Unlike alpha and beta radiation, which are particles, gamma radiation consists of high-energy photons. These photons have no charge or mass, allowing them to easily pass through most materials. This makes gamma radiation highly penetrating and capable of traveling long distances, making it the most dangerous form of radiation.

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43. Travel very rapidly and over great distances due to low friction from a compressed cushion of trapped air underneath the mass movement.

Explanation

Rock and Debris Avalanches occur when a mass of rocks and debris rapidly travel over long distances. This is facilitated by a compressed cushion of trapped air underneath the moving mass, which reduces friction. The low friction allows the rocks and debris to travel quickly and cover great distances.

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44. A gram of carbon is extracted from an ancient tree stump is one-eighth as radioactive as a gram of carbon extracted from a currently living tree (1/8 of the Original quantity of C-14 remains). The half-life of C-14 is 5,760 years. How long ago did the tree die?

Explanation

The half-life of C-14 is 5,760 years, which means that after 5,760 years, half of the original quantity of C-14 will remain. If a gram of carbon extracted from the ancient tree stump is one-eighth as radioactive as a gram of carbon extracted from a currently living tree, it means that only one-eighth of the original quantity of C-14 remains in the ancient tree stump. To determine how long ago the tree died, we can calculate the number of half-lives that have passed. Since one-eighth is equal to 2^(-3), we can multiply the half-life of C-14 by 3 to get the total number of years: 5,760 years x 3 = 17,280 years. Therefore, the tree died 17,280 years ago.

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45. What type of reactions tend to occur all by themselves without the continuous input of energy?

Explanation

Exothermic reactions release energy in the form of heat, which allows them to occur spontaneously without the need for continuous input of energy. Additionally, these reactions tend to increase the overall entropy or disorder of the system, which further drives their spontaneity. Therefore, exothermic reactions are more likely to occur without the continuous input of energy compared to endothermic reactions.

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46. The nucleus of an atom contains:

Explanation

The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge, while neutrons have no charge. These particles are tightly packed together in the center of the atom, forming the nucleus. Electrons, on the other hand, are located in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. They have a negative charge and are much smaller and lighter than protons and neutrons. Therefore, the correct answer is that the nucleus contains protons and neutrons.

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47. Which of the following is NOT true about the half-life of a radioactive isotope?

Explanation

The half-life of a radioactive isotope is a measure of the rate of decay for the isotope. It is the time required for half of the original quantity of the isotope to decay. The half-life can be calculated by measuring the rate of decay of a known quantity using a radiation detector. However, the length of a half-life is different for different isotopes. Therefore, the statement that is not true about the half-life of a radioactive isotope is that it is not constant and may vary significantly due to environmental conditions.

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48. K-Ar (AR-40) dating is most useful for:

Explanation

K-Ar (AR-40) dating is most useful for determining the ages of igneous and metamorphic rocks that are millions of years old. This is because K-Ar dating is based on the decay of the isotope potassium-40 (K-40) into argon-40 (Ar-40) over time. Igneous and metamorphic rocks contain minerals that can incorporate K-40 during their formation. As the rock cools and solidifies, the clock starts ticking and the K-40 begins to decay into Ar-40. By measuring the ratio of K-40 to Ar-40 in the rock, scientists can calculate the age of the rock. This method is not suitable for dating organic materials or sedimentary rocks, as they do not contain the necessary minerals for K-Ar dating.

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49. Rapid mass movements containing large quantities of water that move as a viscous fluid.

Explanation

Debris flows are rapid mass movements that involve large amounts of water and move as a viscous fluid. Unlike other options listed, such as creep or slumps, debris flows specifically involve the movement of debris mixed with water. This distinguishes them from other types of mass movements and makes them the correct answer in this context.

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50. Which of the following would be a form of mass wasting that has a very fluid-like motion and therefore tends to travel rapidly over great distances down stream channels?

Explanation

Debris flow is a form of mass wasting that has a very fluid-like motion and can travel rapidly over great distances down stream channels. It occurs when a mixture of water, rock fragments, and soil flows downslope due to gravity. This type of mass wasting is common in areas with steep slopes and loose, unconsolidated materials. The fluid-like nature of debris flow allows it to quickly move downhill, making it a fast and destructive process that can cause significant damage to the surrounding environment.

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51. When an atom ejects an alpha particle from its nucleus, what will happen to its mass number?

Explanation

When an atom ejects an alpha particle from its nucleus, the alpha particle consists of two protons and two neutrons. These two protons and two neutrons have a combined mass of 4 atomic mass units (AMU). Therefore, when the alpha particle is ejected, the atom loses 4 AMU from its mass number, causing it to decrease by 4.

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52. Radioactivity commonly results from:

Explanation

Radioactivity commonly results from the strong nuclear force being overcome by the repulsive electrical force between protons. This is usually caused by an imbalance of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. When the repulsive electrical force becomes stronger than the strong nuclear force, the nucleus becomes unstable and undergoes radioactive decay, emitting radiation in the process. This imbalance of protons and neutrons can occur naturally or as a result of nuclear reactions or decay processes.

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53. You have 40 g of a radioactive isotope. The half-life for that particular isotope is 1 day. How much is left after 3 days?

Explanation

The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the time it takes for half of the initial amount of the isotope to decay. In this case, the half-life is 1 day. After 1 day, half of the 40 g (20 g) will have decayed. After 2 days, another half of the remaining 20 g (10 g) will have decayed. Finally, after 3 days, another half of the remaining 10 g (5 g) will have decayed. Therefore, after 3 days, there will be 5 g of the radioactive isotope left.

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54. A nonconformity is fond where:

Explanation

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55. Which of following is true?

Explanation

The answer is correct because according to the concept of impulse-momentum, the force of impact can be reduced by increasing the duration of the impact. This is because when the time of impact is increased, the change in momentum (impulse) is spread out over a longer period, resulting in a smaller force being applied. Conversely, if the duration of impact is shortened, the force of impact will be increased as the change in momentum occurs more rapidly. Therefore, increasing the duration of time during an impact can help to reduce the force of impact.

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56. We are currently living in which geologic era?

Explanation

The Cenozoic era is the correct answer because it is the current geologic era in which we are living. It began about 65 million years ago and is characterized by the diversification of mammals, birds, and flowering plants. The Cenozoic era is also known as the "Age of Mammals" and includes the present time.

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57. What are the two primary conditions necessary for the preservation of the remains of organisms as fossils?

Explanation

Rapid burial is necessary for the preservation of remains because it prevents decomposition and exposure to scavengers. The possession of hard parts such as bones or shells is important because they are more likely to be preserved and fossilized compared to soft tissues.

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58. Heavy rainfall and snowmelt can trigger mass events because.

Explanation

Heavy rainfall and snowmelt can trigger mass events because the saturation of sediments with water adds weight to slopes, which can increase the likelihood of slope failure. Additionally, the addition of water along a plane of weakness between layers reduces friction, making it easier for the layers to slide past one another. The force of water can also separate grains of sediment, further facilitating movement and increasing the risk of mass events. Therefore, all of the given options (a and b) are correct explanations for why heavy rainfall and snowmelt can trigger mass events.

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59. The planets have been moving through space for billions of years. what keeps them moving along their orbits without falling into the Sun?

Explanation

The correct answer is inertia. Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion. The planets continue moving along their orbits because of their inertia. The gravitational pull of the Sun keeps them in their orbits, but it is the inertia of the planets that prevents them from falling into the Sun.

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60. A free falling object has a speed of 40 m/s. Assume that there are no effects from air resistance. Exactly 1s earlier, its speed was:

Explanation

When a free-falling object is in a vacuum or there is no air resistance, its speed increases by 9.8 m/s every second due to the acceleration due to gravity. Therefore, if the object's speed is 40 m/s at a certain time, 1s earlier its speed would have been 40 m/s - 9.8 m/s = 30 m/s.

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61. When an object in free fall has reached terminal velocity:

Explanation

When an object in free fall has reached terminal velocity, it means that the object is no longer accelerating and its velocity remains constant. This occurs when the force of gravity pulling the object downward is balanced by the force of air resistance pushing upward. At terminal velocity, the acceleration of the object is 0 because there is no change in velocity. The net force acting on the object is also 0 because the forces of gravity and air resistance are equal and opposite. Additionally, the force of air resistance is equal to the object's weight, ensuring a balance of forces. Therefore, all of the statements are correct.

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62. When did the Dinosaurs become a dominant form of animal life?

Explanation

During the Mesozoic era, which lasted from about 252 to 66 million years ago, dinosaurs became the dominant form of animal life on Earth. This era is often referred to as the "Age of Dinosaurs" due to the widespread presence and diversity of these reptiles. The Mesozoic era is divided into three periods: the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. It was during these periods that dinosaurs evolved and thrived, occupying various ecological niches and becoming the dominant terrestrial animals of their time.

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63. Velocity is defined as :

Explanation

Velocity is a vector quantity that describes both the magnitude (or speed) and direction of an object's motion. It is different from speed, which only considers the magnitude of motion. Therefore, the correct answer is that velocity represents both the magnitude and direction of an object's speed.

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64. A car travels 180 km in 2 hours towards the North. what is its average velocity?

Explanation

The average velocity of the car is 90 km/hr toward the North because velocity is defined as the displacement divided by the time taken. In this case, the car travels 180 km in 2 hours, so the displacement is 180 km and the time taken is 2 hours. Dividing the displacement by the time taken gives us 90 km/hr. The direction is specified as "toward the North".

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65. The Law of Conservation of Energy states:

Explanation

The answer is correct because it accurately states the Law of Conservation of Energy. According to this law, energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be converted from one form to another. This means that the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant over time. It is a fundamental principle in physics and is supported by numerous experimental observations.

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66. Which of the following is Not an example of mechanical weathering?

Explanation

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67. You drive around a curve on the road while maintaining a constant speed of 50 miles/hour. Did your velocity change  and therefore did you undergo an acceleration?

Explanation

Yes, the velocity did change because you drove around a curve, which means you changed direction. Velocity is a vector quantity that includes both speed and direction. Since you changed direction, your velocity changed. Any change in velocity, whether it is in magnitude or direction, is considered acceleration. Therefore, you underwent acceleration while driving around the curve.

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68. Tow people push in opposite directions on a box. One pushes to the left with a force of 200 N while the other pushes to the right with a force of 160 N. What is the net force actin on the box and in what direction will it accelerate?

Explanation

The net force acting on the box can be found by subtracting the force pushing to the right from the force pushing to the left. Therefore, the net force is 200 N - 160 N = 40 N. Since the net force is to the left, the box will accelerate in the same direction, to the left.

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69. Which of the following is NOT true about fossils?

Explanation

Fossils have not documented that the complex forms of animal life that we see today are also found in the oldest rocks indicating that life has changed very little over geologic time.

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70. You pull on carte with a force of 150 N toward the right and the carte remains at rest. the opposing force due to friction with the floor is:

Explanation

When you pull on the cart with a force of 150 N toward the right and the cart remains at rest, it means that the opposing force due to friction with the floor must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to your pulling force. Therefore, the opposing force due to friction is 150 N toward the left.

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71. What is the ultimate source of energy that drives the hydrologic cycle?

Explanation

The ultimate source of energy that drives the hydrologic cycle is the energy from the Sun. The Sun's rays heat the Earth's surface, causing water to evaporate from oceans, lakes, and rivers. This water vapor then rises into the atmosphere, where it cools and condenses into clouds. Eventually, the condensed water droplets fall back to the Earth as precipitation, completing the hydrologic cycle.

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72. You pull on a crate and it moves at a constant velocity. The net force acting the cart is:

Explanation

If the crate is moving at a constant velocity, it means that there is no acceleration. According to Newton's second law of motion, the net force acting on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration. Since the crate has no acceleration, the net force acting on it must be zero.

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73. A race car travels around a circular track at a constant speed. is it undergoing an acceleration?

Explanation

Yes, the race car is undergoing acceleration. Although its speed is constant, the car is constantly changing its direction as it moves around the circular track. Acceleration is defined as any change in velocity, which includes changes in direction. Therefore, the car's change in direction indicates that it is experiencing acceleration.

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74. Beta particle radiation is:

Explanation

Beta particle radiation refers to high-speed electrons that are emitted by an unstable atomic nucleus. These electrons are produced during beta decay, a radioactive process where a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton, and an electron (beta particle) and an antineutrino are emitted. The emission of these high-speed electrons contributes to the overall radioactivity of the unstable nucleus.

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75. According to Newton's Second Law which of the following will result in a increase in acceleration?

Explanation

According to Newton's Second Law, the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. Therefore, increasing the net force acting on an object (option a) will result in an increase in acceleration. Similarly, decreasing the mass of an object (option b) will also result in an increase in acceleration. Hence, the correct answer is both a and b.

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76. If container becomes warmer as chemical reaction occurs inside it, then the reaction is:

Explanation

If the container becomes warmer as a chemical reaction occurs inside it, it indicates that heat is being released into the surroundings. This is characteristic of an exothermic reaction, where energy is being released from the system.

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77. The construction of a dam along a river system will affect the stream by 

Explanation

The construction of a dam along a river system will affect the stream by altering the river's base level and its gradient. This is because the dam will create a barrier that changes the flow of water, causing the base level of the river to rise and the gradient to decrease. Additionally, the dam can trigger the down-cutting of a deeper channel above the dam. As the water flow is restricted by the dam, erosion can occur upstream, leading to the formation of a deeper channel. Therefore, both 1 and 2 are correct.

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78. Which of the following is a scientific statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted?

Explanation

A scientific statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted is referred to as a law. Laws are well-established principles or rules that describe natural phenomena and have been repeatedly confirmed through experimentation and observation. Unlike hypotheses or theories, laws are based on empirical evidence and have withstood rigorous testing without any contradictory evidence.

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79. A car crashes head-on into a wall. inside the car is a test dummy that is not wearing a seatbelt. why does the test dummy fly forward even after the car has been brought to rest? 

Explanation

The correct answer explains that the test dummy flies forward even after the car has been brought to rest because of the concept of inertia. According to Newton's first law of motion, an object in motion will continue to move in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted upon by an external force. In this case, the car crashing into the wall provides the initial force that causes the test dummy to move forward. Even after the car comes to a stop, the test dummy continues to move forward due to its inertia.

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80. Tow people push in opposite directions on a box. One pushes to the left with a force of 60 N while the other pushes to the right with a force of 40 N. What is the net force actin on the box and in what direction will it accelerate? 

Explanation

The net force acting on the box can be found by subtracting the force pushing to the right (40 N) from the force pushing to the left (60 N), resulting in a net force of 20 N to the left. According to Newton's second law, the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it. Therefore, the box will accelerate to the left.

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81. When work is done on a object, which of the following is true?

Explanation

When work is done on an object, it means that energy is being transferred to the object and causing a change. This transfer of energy requires a net force to be applied to the object, which is greater than zero. As a result of this force, the object will start moving, indicating a change in its position. Additionally, the transfer of energy will cause a change in the object's kinetic energy, increasing or decreasing it depending on the direction of the force applied. Finally, the object will undergo acceleration due to the net force acting on it. Therefore, all of the above statements are true when work is done on an object.

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82. The acceleration due to gravity on Earth is approximately:

Explanation

The correct answer is 10 m/s2 because the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is approximately 9.8 m/s2. This means that for every second an object falls, its velocity increases by 9.8 meters per second.

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83. Which one do you like?

Explanation

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84. A car increases it velocity from 30 km/hr to 60 km/hr. what will be the change in its kinetic energy?

Explanation

When a car increases its velocity from 30 km/hr to 60 km/hr, the change in its kinetic energy is directly proportional to the square of the velocity. Since the velocity has increased by a factor of 2, the kinetic energy will increase by a factor of 2^2, which is 4. Therefore, the car will have 4 times more kinetic energy.

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85. When did fish, amphibians and reptiles first appear in the fossil record? 

Explanation

During the Paleozoic era, which lasted from about 541 to 252 million years ago, fish, amphibians, and reptiles first appeared in the fossil record. This era is often referred to as the "Age of Fishes" due to the diversification and abundance of fish during this time. It was also during this era that amphibians evolved from fish and reptiles evolved from amphibians. Therefore, the correct answer is Paleozoic.

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86. The gradual downslope transport of soil and regolith that can be caused by expansion and contraction of a slope during the seasonal freeze-thaw cycle.

Explanation

Creep is the correct answer because it refers to the gradual downslope movement of soil and regolith. This movement is caused by the expansion and contraction of a slope during the freeze-thaw cycle, which occurs seasonally. Creep is a slow process that can result in the displacement of soil and regolith over time.

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87. Mass movements composed of volcanic materials mixed with large quantities of water.

Explanation

Lahars are mass movements composed of volcanic materials mixed with large quantities of water. They occur when volcanic eruptions melt snow and ice on the volcano, causing a mixture of ash, rocks, and water to flow down the slopes. Lahars can be extremely destructive, as they can travel at high speeds and carry large boulders and debris, causing significant damage to infrastructure and posing a threat to human life.

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88. When did mammals diversify and become a more dominant form of animal life?

Explanation

The correct answer is Cenozoic. During the Cenozoic era, which began around 66 million years ago, mammals experienced a significant diversification and became the dominant form of animal life. This era is also known as the "Age of Mammals" because it saw the emergence and evolution of various mammalian groups, including primates, cetaceans, and ungulates. The extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Mesozoic era created ecological opportunities for mammals to thrive and occupy different niches, leading to their widespread success and diversification during the Cenozoic era.

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89. The Principle of Uniformitarianism states that:

Explanation

The Principle of Uniformitarianism states that the Earth's surface was shaped by processes that have operated over vast spans of time and these same processes can still be observed at the present. This means that the geological features we see today, such as mountains, valleys, and rivers, were formed by gradual and continuous processes that have been occurring for millions of years. By studying these processes and their effects, scientists can gain insights into the Earth's history and make predictions about future changes. This principle is fundamental to the field of geology and helps explain the long-term evolution of the Earth's surface.

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90. If container becomes solder as chemical reaction occurs inside it, then the reaction is:

Explanation

If the container becomes colder as a chemical reaction occurs inside it, it indicates that heat is being absorbed from the surroundings. This suggests that the reaction is endothermic, as it requires an input of energy to proceed.

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91. Isotopes are:

Explanation

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Since neutrons do not affect the chemical properties of an element, isotopes of the same element have the same chemical properties. However, the difference in the number of neutrons can affect the stability and radioactive properties of the isotopes. Therefore, the correct answer is "Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons."

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92. When did the earliest forms of single-celled life firs appear on Earth?

Explanation

Precambrian is the correct answer because it refers to the earliest geological time period on Earth, which spans from the formation of the Earth around 4.6 billion years ago to the beginning of the Paleozoic era around 541 million years ago. During the Precambrian, the first forms of life, including single-celled organisms, emerged and evolved. This period is characterized by the development of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and the establishment of the basic building blocks of life.

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93. Chemical bond form when:

Explanation

Chemical bonds are formed when valence electrons in the outermost shells of atoms are either transferred or shared between atoms. This process allows atoms to achieve a more stable electron configuration, resulting in the formation of new compounds. Transferring electrons creates ionic bonds, where one atom loses electrons and becomes positively charged while another atom gains electrons and becomes negatively charged. Sharing electrons creates covalent bonds, where atoms share electron pairs to achieve a full outer shell. Both types of bonding result in the formation of chemical compounds with unique properties.

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94. Which of these does NOT contribute to the downslope acceleration of rock, soil, or regolith?

Explanation

An increase in the resistance or friction force does not contribute to the downslope acceleration of rock, soil, or regolith. Resistance or friction force acts in the opposite direction to the motion and opposes the downslope movement. Therefore, an increase in resistance or friction force would actually slow down or prevent the downslope acceleration of the material.

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95. When thorium-234 emits a beta particle, thorium transforms into 

Explanation

When thorium-234 emits a beta particle, it undergoes radioactive decay and transforms into protactinium-234. This is because a beta particle is an electron or a positron that is emitted from the nucleus during radioactive decay. In this case, thorium-234 loses a beta particle and gains one proton, resulting in the formation of protactinium-234.

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96. Compared with the mass of a proton that is bound in an atomic nucleus, the mass of a free proton is 

Explanation

The mass of a proton that is bound in an atomic nucleus is different from the mass of a free proton. When a proton is bound in a nucleus, it experiences the strong nuclear force, which can slightly change its mass. Therefore, the mass of a free proton is different from a proton that is bound in an atomic nucleus.

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97. Which of the following indicates that an acceleration is occurring? 

Explanation

An acceleration is occurring when there is an increase in velocity, a change in the direction of velocity, or a decrease in velocity. These three scenarios indicate that there is a change in the rate of motion, which is the definition of acceleration. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

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98. What type of unconformity exists between the layers of sedimentary rock and old metamorphic rocks below? 

Explanation

A nonconformity is a type of unconformity that exists between sedimentary rock layers and older metamorphic rocks below. This occurs when there is a significant time gap between the deposition of the sedimentary rocks and the formation of the underlying metamorphic rocks. The sedimentary rocks are usually horizontally layered, while the metamorphic rocks may be folded, faulted, or tilted. This contrast in rock types and their orientations indicates a nonconformity.

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99. Your friend says that impulse equals momentum. This statement isn't correct, and the missing word is. 

Explanation

The correct answer is "change". Impulse is defined as the change in momentum of an object, not equal to momentum itself. Momentum is the product of an object's mass and velocity, while impulse is the force applied to an object multiplied by the time over which the force is applied. Therefore, the missing word in the statement is "change", as impulse is directly related to the change in momentum.

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100. Zombies have invaded the campus, and you only have a baseball bat to defend yourself. You take a swing at an attacking zombie. When both the force and time of contact are doubled, the impulse on the zombie's head will be:. 

Explanation

When both the force and time of contact are doubled, the impulse on the zombie's head will be quadrupled. Impulse is the product of force and time, so when both of these factors are doubled, the overall impulse will be four times greater. This means that the impact on the zombie's head will be much stronger and more forceful, potentially causing more damage.

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101. Yoda uses the Force to lift Luke Skywalker's X-wing out of a swamp. He moves the X-wing 3 meters vertically with a force of 50,000 N. How much work did Yoda do on the X-wing? 

Explanation

Yoda did 150,000 J of work on the X-wing. Work is calculated by multiplying the force applied to an object by the distance it moves in the direction of the force. In this case, Yoda applied a force of 50,000 N to move the X-wing 3 meters vertically. Therefore, the work done is 50,000 N * 3 m = 150,000 J.

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102. A 1-kg iron ball and a 10-kg iron ball are dropped from rest from the top of a building. Assume that air-resistance is negligible. Just before hitting the ground below, compared with the 1-kg ball, the 10-kg ball has 

Explanation

The momentum of an object is determined by its mass and velocity. Since both balls are dropped from rest, they have the same initial velocity. However, the 10-kg ball has 10 times more mass than the 1-kg ball. Therefore, the 10-kg ball will have 10 times more momentum than the 1-kg ball just before hitting the ground.

Similarly, the kinetic energy of an object is determined by its mass and velocity. Since both balls have the same initial velocity, the 10-kg ball will also have 10 times more kinetic energy than the 1-kg ball just before hitting the ground.

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103. When a car is braked to a stop, unless it is a hybrid, a majority of its kinetic energy is transformed into:. 

Explanation

When a car is braked to a stop, the majority of its kinetic energy is transformed into heat. This is because the brakes of the car generate friction with the wheels, which converts the kinetic energy of the moving car into thermal energy. This heat energy is dissipated into the surroundings, causing the car to gradually come to a stop.

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104. True or False? The amount of physical weathering can affect the amount of chemical weathering.

Explanation

Physical weathering refers to the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces without any change in their chemical composition. Chemical weathering, on the other hand, involves the alteration of rocks through chemical reactions. The amount of physical weathering can indeed affect the amount of chemical weathering. This is because physical weathering increases the surface area of rocks, providing more exposed areas for chemical reactions to occur. Therefore, a higher amount of physical weathering can lead to increased chemical weathering.

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105. What physical quantity is a measure of how much inertia an object has? 

Explanation

Mass is a physical quantity that measures the amount of matter in an object. It is a measure of inertia, which is the resistance of an object to changes in its motion. The greater the mass of an object, the more inertia it has. Therefore, mass is a measure of how much inertia an object has.

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106. The equilibrium rule, SF = 0, applies to 

Explanation

The equilibrium rule, SF = 0, applies to objects or systems at rest because when an object is at rest, the forces acting on it must balance out in order for it to remain stationary. Similarly, the equilibrium rule also applies to objects or systems in uniform motion in a straight line because in order for an object to continue moving at a constant speed in a straight line, the net force acting on it must be zero. Therefore, the correct answer is that the equilibrium rule applies to both objects or systems at rest and objects or systems in uniform motion in a straight line.

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107. Granite (continental crust) is composed of silicate minerals such as Feldspar and Quartz. Weathering of granite produces 

Explanation

Granite is a type of continental crust that is made up of silicate minerals like Feldspar and Quartz. When granite undergoes weathering, it breaks down into smaller particles, resulting in the formation of clay minerals and quartz grains. This process occurs due to the physical and chemical breakdown of the minerals in granite. Therefore, the correct answer is clay minerals and quartz grains.

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108. You drive a car toward the south and apply the brakes causing a decrease in your velocity. In what direction is the acceleration. 

Explanation

When you apply the brakes and decrease your velocity while driving a car towards the south, the direction of the acceleration would be in the opposite direction of the velocity change. Therefore, the acceleration would be in the north direction.

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109. Which of following is true about the gradient of a stream?  

Explanation

The gradient of a stream is defined as the slope of its channel. This means that it represents the change in elevation of the stream over a given distance. Typically, the gradient of a stream decreases downstream, as the stream tends to flatten out and flow more slowly. Additionally, the gradient of a stream will determine its flow velocity, as steeper gradients result in faster flow. Therefore, all of the statements mentioned in the options are true about the gradient of a stream.

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110. Which is considered a geologically young or recently formed river valley? 

Explanation

A deep, V-shaped valley with steep sides sloping down to a narrow river channel is considered a geologically young or recently formed river valley. This type of valley is typically formed by the erosive action of a river, which cuts down into the landscape over time, creating a narrow channel with steep sides. The V-shape indicates that the valley is still in the process of being carved out by the river, making it a relatively young feature in geological terms.

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111. Atoms are 

Explanation

Atoms are mostly empty space because they consist of a small, dense nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The nucleus contains protons and neutrons, which are tightly packed together, while the electrons orbit the nucleus in regions of space called electron shells. The size of the nucleus is extremely small compared to the overall size of the atom, so the majority of the atom is empty space.

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112. When food is exposed to gamma radiation, the food 

Explanation

Gamma radiation is a type of ionizing radiation that can penetrate food and kill microorganisms, thereby prolonging its shelf life. However, this process does not make the food radioactive. The gamma radiation does not alter the atomic structure of the food, so it remains safe for consumption without any risk of radioactivity.

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113. In the nucleus of an atom, the strong nuclear force is a 

Explanation

The strong nuclear force is a short-range force because it acts only within the nucleus of an atom and its range is limited to a very small distance. This force is responsible for holding the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus, overcoming the electromagnetic repulsion between the positively charged protons. However, it becomes negligible at larger distances, which is why it is considered a short-range force.

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114. Which era ended with the greatest mass extinction (The Great Dying) in the history of the Earth? 

Explanation

The Paleozoic era ended with the greatest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, known as "The Great Dying." This event occurred about 252 million years ago and resulted in the extinction of approximately 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial species. The cause of this mass extinction is still debated, but it is believed to be a combination of volcanic activity, climate change, and asteroid impacts. The extinction event marked the end of the Paleozoic era and the beginning of the Mesozoic era.

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115. Equilibrium is achieved when

Explanation

Equilibrium is achieved when the net force acting on an object is equal to zero, meaning that there is no overall force causing acceleration or change in motion. Option C states that the net force is equal to zero, which is a correct statement for equilibrium. Option D states that there is no change in motion of an object, which is also true for equilibrium. Therefore, the correct answer is both C and D, as they both accurately describe the condition of equilibrium.

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116. A 500 kg cannon firs a 5 kg cannonball. The force exerted on the cannonball is 1,000N. Which of the following is true about the acceleration exerted back on the cannon?

Explanation

When a cannonball is fired from a cannon, according to Newton's third law of motion, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that the force exerted on the cannonball is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the force exerted on the cannon. Since the mass of the cannonball is much smaller than the mass of the cannon, the acceleration experienced by the cannonball is much greater. In this case, the cannonball experiences an acceleration that is 100 times greater than the acceleration of the cannon.

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117. The bird in the previous problem has a weight of 1N. which of the following statement is true about the net force action on the bird and the resulting motion of the bird?

Explanation

The bird has a weight of 1N, which is a downward force due to gravity. The statement says that the bird will experience a net upward force of 2N. Since the weight is 1N and the upward force is 2N, the net force acting on the bird is 2N - 1N = 1N upward. According to Newton's second law, F = ma, where F is the net force, m is the mass, and a is the acceleration. In this case, the bird's mass is not given, but we can assume it to be constant. Therefore, since the net force is upward, the bird will accelerate upward.

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118. When a airplane flies horizontally at a constant speed in a straight line, the air drag on the airplane is

Explanation

When an airplane flies horizontally at a constant speed in a straight line, the air drag on the airplane is equal to the amount of thrust. This is because in order to maintain a constant speed, the thrust generated by the engines must be equal to the drag force acting on the airplane. If the drag force were greater than the thrust, the airplane would slow down, and if the drag force were less than the thrust, the airplane would accelerate. Therefore, for the airplane to maintain a constant speed, the drag force must be equal to the thrust.

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119. Weathering is defined as :

Explanation

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120. If  both the mass and the velocity of landslide is doubled than its momentum 

Explanation

When both the mass and velocity of a landslide are doubled, the momentum of the landslide will be four times greater. This is because momentum is calculated by multiplying the mass and velocity of an object. When both of these variables are doubled, the resulting product will be four times greater than the original momentum.

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121. If boxer moves into a punch an decreases the time of the impact by half, than how much is the force of the impact changed?

Explanation

When the boxer moves into a punch and decreases the time of impact by half, the force of the impact is changed to be twice as much. This is because the force of impact is directly proportional to the change in momentum, which is the product of mass and velocity. By decreasing the time of impact, the velocity increases, resulting in a greater change in momentum and therefore a greater force of impact.

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122. If boxer pulls away from a punch and increases the time of impact to 3 times longer, than how much is the force of impact changed?

Explanation

When the boxer pulls away from a punch and increases the time of impact to 3 times longer, the force of impact is reduced. This is because the force of impact is directly proportional to the change in momentum, and increasing the time of impact reduces the rate at which momentum changes. Therefore, the force of impact is 1/3 as much as it would have been if the boxer had not pulled away from the punch.

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123. On the floor of the Willamette Valley, the Willamette River makes large sweeping bends. Which of the following in an accurate description of the Willamette River?

Explanation

The correct answer is a meandering river system with an alluvial channel and broad floodplain. This is an accurate description of the Willamette River as it flows through the Willamette Valley. Meandering rivers have a sinuous, winding path and typically have an alluvial channel, which means that the river has deposited sediment and created a flat, fertile floodplain. The Willamette River is known for its large sweeping bends, which are characteristic of meandering rivers.

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124. What is the most widespread type of drainage pattern that stream systems exhibit in the Pacific Northwest? 

Explanation

Dendritic drainage pattern is the most widespread type of drainage pattern that stream systems exhibit in the Pacific Northwest. This pattern resembles the branches of a tree, with smaller tributaries joining larger rivers. It occurs when the underlying rock or soil is relatively uniform and does not have any major structural control on the flow of water. The dendritic pattern is common in regions with gently sloping terrain and is characterized by a well-developed network of interconnected streams.

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125. When you suddenly apply the brakes in a moving car, loose objects inside the car tend to fly forward. Why?

Explanation

When a car suddenly applies brakes, the car decelerates while the loose objects inside the car continue to move forward due to their inertia. Inertia is the tendency of objects to resist changes in their state of motion. As the car slows down, the objects inside it still want to keep moving forward at their original speed, causing them to fly forward. This is why loose objects tend to move forward when the brakes are applied suddenly in a moving car.

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126. A 20 kg box is carried up stairs for a total vertical distance of 5 m. What is the gain int its gravitaional potential energy?

Explanation

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127. Calculate the weight of a 70 kg person in Newtons.

Explanation

The weight of an object is calculated by multiplying its mass by the acceleration due to gravity. In this case, the mass of the person is given as 70 kg. The acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.8 m/s^2. Multiplying these two values together gives us a weight of 686 N, which is closest to the answer of 700 N.

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128. You push a carte with 200N of force and the opposing force due to friction is 150N. The carte is moved over a distance of 5m. How much work was done while moving the crate?

Explanation

The work done while moving the crate can be calculated using the formula: work = force x distance. In this case, the force applied is 200N and the distance moved is 5m. Therefore, the work done is 200N x 5m = 1000 J.

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129. The atomic number of an element represents:

Explanation

The atomic number of an element represents the number of protons in an atom. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic number is unique to each element and determines its placement on the periodic table. It also determines the element's chemical properties and its position in the periodic table.

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130. Entropy is defined as: 

Explanation

Entropy is a measure of the degree to which energy has become dispersed in a system. It is a concept in thermodynamics that quantifies the randomness or disorder of a system. As energy spreads out and becomes more evenly distributed, the entropy of the system increases. This means that a system with high entropy is more disordered and has less available energy to do work. In contrast, a system with low entropy is more ordered and has more available energy. Therefore, the correct answer is "The degree to which energy has become dispersed."

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131. What type of unconformity is this? 

Explanation

An angular unconformity is a type of unconformity where there is an angular relationship between the older, tilted layers of rock below and the younger, horizontal layers of rock above. This angular relationship suggests that there was a period of deformation and erosion between the deposition of the older and younger rock layers. In this case, the question is asking about the type of unconformity, and the correct answer is angular unconformity.

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132. A car and a large truck roll down a hill and reach the bottom at the same speed. Compared with the momentum of the car, the momentum of the truck is.. 

Explanation

The momentum of an object is directly proportional to its mass and velocity. In this scenario, both the car and the large truck reach the bottom of the hill at the same speed, but the truck has a larger mass compared to the car. Since momentum is dependent on mass, the momentum of the truck will be greater than that of the car. Therefore, the correct answer is "more".

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133. A 1-kg ball moves at 10 m/s and a 10-kg ball moves at 5m/s. Compared with the 1-kg ball, the 10-kg ball has 

Explanation

The momentum of an object is calculated by multiplying its mass by its velocity. In this scenario, the 1-kg ball has a momentum of 1 kg * 10 m/s = 10 kg m/s. The 10-kg ball has a momentum of 10 kg * 5 m/s = 50 kg m/s. Therefore, the 10-kg ball has 5 times as much momentum as the 1-kg ball.

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134. What type of unconformity represents a gap in time in between parallel layers of rock? 

Explanation

A disconformity represents a gap in time between parallel layers of rock. It occurs when there is erosion or non-deposition of sedimentary layers, resulting in a missing layer or layers of rock. Unlike an angular unconformity, where the layers are tilted or folded, a disconformity shows parallel layers of rock above and below the unconformity. It is a type of unconformity that indicates a period of erosion or non-deposition followed by renewed sedimentation.

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135. If the speed of a car doubles, what else doubles? 

Explanation

When the speed of a car doubles, its momentum also doubles. Momentum is directly proportional to the mass and velocity of an object. Doubling the speed of the car means doubling its velocity, which in turn doubles its momentum. Kinetic energy, on the other hand, is directly proportional to the square of the velocity. So, doubling the speed of the car would quadruple its kinetic energy, not double it. Therefore, the correct answer is that only the momentum doubles when the speed of a car doubles.

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136. How much potential energy was gained by the X-wing when it was lifted 3 meters? Assume that the mass of the X-wing is about 5,000 kg and that the gravity on Dagobah is the same as that on Earth.  

Explanation

When an object is lifted, it gains potential energy equal to its mass multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity and the height it is lifted. The formula for potential energy is PE = mgh, where m is the mass, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the height. In this case, the mass of the X-wing is given as 5,000 kg and it is lifted 3 meters. Assuming the gravity on Dagobah is the same as that on Earth, the potential energy gained by the X-wing can be calculated as PE = (5,000 kg)(9.8 m/s^2)(3 m) = 147,000 J. Since the question asks for the potential energy gained, the closest answer choice is 150,000 J.

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137. The unique landforms of karst topography are primarily formed from 

Explanation

Karst topography is characterized by unique landforms such as sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems. These landforms are primarily formed through the process of dissolution, which involves the chemical weathering of limestone. Limestone is a sedimentary rock that is composed mainly of calcium carbonate. Over time, water containing carbon dioxide dissolves the limestone, creating voids and cavities in the rock. As the limestone dissolves, the surface above may collapse, forming sinkholes. The dissolution of limestone by chemical weathering is therefore the most accurate explanation for the formation of karst topography.

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138. Does a force keep the cannonball moving forward after it leaves the cannon?

Explanation

No, a force does not keep the cannonball moving forward after it leaves the cannon. According to Newton's first law of motion, an object in motion will continue moving in a straight line at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external force. Once the cannonball is fired, there is no longer any force acting on it, so it will eventually slow down and come to a stop due to the force of gravity and air resistance.

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139. Unloading is defined as 

Explanation

Unloading is a process in which the overlying rock is removed, resulting in the expansion of the underlying rock bodies into layered sheets. This occurs due to the release of pressure on the rocks, causing them to expand and fracture along parallel planes. This process is commonly observed in areas where erosion or excavation has exposed the underlying rocks, leading to the formation of sheet-like structures.

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140. What is the term for the maximum sediment load that a stream is capable of transporting? 

Explanation

Capacity refers to the maximum sediment load that a stream is capable of transporting. It is the measure of the total amount of sediment that a stream can carry at a given time. This capacity is influenced by factors such as stream velocity, channel shape, and sediment size. When the sediment load exceeds the capacity of the stream, deposition occurs, leading to changes in the streambed and channel morphology.

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141. When a 10-kg cart is simultaneously pushed eastward with 20 N and westward with 15 N, the net force on the cart is 

Explanation

When a 10-kg cart is pushed eastward with a force of 20 N and westward with a force of 15 N, the net force on the cart can be calculated by subtracting the force pushing westward from the force pushing eastward. Thus, the net force is 20 N - 15 N = 5 N to the east.

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142. The Mississippi River is significantly larger than the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon. Why has the Mississippi River not carved any canyon at all? 

Explanation

The Mississippi River has not carved any canyon because it is already near its base level or is close to sea level. A river carves a canyon by eroding the land and cutting through it over time. However, when a river is already near its base level, it means that it has reached a point where it can no longer erode the land further. In the case of the Mississippi River, it is already at a low elevation, close to sea level, and has reached a state of equilibrium where it is not able to carve a canyon.

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143. A bowling ball and a feather are dropped from the same height on the Moon. Which of the following is true? 

Explanation

The statement "Both will hit the ground at the same time" is the correct answer because on the Moon, there is still gravity, although it is weaker than on Earth. The acceleration due to gravity is the same for all objects regardless of their mass. Therefore, both the bowling ball and the feather will experience the same acceleration and will hit the ground at the same time. The mass of the objects does not affect their rate of fall in the absence of air resistance.

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144. Your velocity increases from 20 m/s to 50 m/s in a time span of 3s. What is the magnitude of your acceleration. 

Explanation

The magnitude of acceleration can be calculated using the formula: acceleration = (final velocity - initial velocity) / time. In this case, the final velocity is 50 m/s, the initial velocity is 20 m/s, and the time is 3 seconds. Plugging these values into the formula, we get: acceleration = (50 m/s - 20 m/s) / 3 s = 30 m/s / 3 s = 10 m/s2. Therefore, the magnitude of the acceleration is 10 m/s2.

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145. An insect experiences a head-on collision with a speeding bus. Which of the following statements it true?

Explanation

During a head-on collision, according to Newton's third law of motion, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that the insect exerts a force on the bus, and at the same time, the bus exerts an equal and opposite force on the insect. Therefore, both the insect and the bus experience opposite and equal forces during the impact.

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146. Natural levees and flood plains develop from which of the following?

Explanation

Natural levees and flood plains develop when a river overflows its banks and spreads out onto the adjacent valley floor. As the river overtops its banks, it loses flow velocity, causing the sediments it carries to be deposited on the valley floor. Over time, these repeated flood events result in the formation of natural levees and flood plains.

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147. A disconformity is fond where:

Explanation

This answer is correct because a disconformity is a type of unconformity where there is an erosion surface between horizontal layers of rock, representing a gap in the geological record. In other words, there is a period of time missing from the rock record due to erosion before the deposition of the younger sedimentary rock layers. This can occur when there is a pause in sedimentation or when the previously deposited layers are uplifted and eroded before new layers are deposited on top.

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148. A 1,000 kg car is traveling with an initial velocity of 30m/s and is brought to rest when the brakes are applied. What is the change in momentum or the impulse?

Explanation

When the car is brought to rest, its final velocity is 0 m/s. The change in momentum or impulse can be calculated using the equation: change in momentum = mass x (final velocity - initial velocity). Plugging in the values, we get: change in momentum = 1000 kg x (0 m/s - 30 m/s) = 1000 kg x (-30 m/s) = -30,000 kg m/s. However, since momentum is a vector quantity, the negative sign indicates that the direction of the change in momentum is opposite to the initial velocity. Therefore, the magnitude of the change in momentum or impulse is 30,000 kg m/s.

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149. A 10 kg cart experiences an acceleration of 5 m/s2. What is the magnitude of the net force acting on it?

Explanation

The magnitude of the net force acting on the cart can be determined using Newton's second law, which states that force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration. In this case, the mass of the cart is 10 kg and the acceleration is 5 m/s^2. Therefore, the net force can be calculated as 10 kg * 5 m/s^2 = 50 N.

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150. The Law of Superposition states that:

Explanation

The Law of Superposition states that in an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below. This means that the layers of sedimentary rocks are deposited in a specific order over time, with the oldest layers at the bottom and the youngest layers at the top. This principle is useful in determining the relative ages of different rock layers and can be used to create a chronological sequence of events in Earth's history.

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151. Which explains why astronauts aboard the International Space Station are weightless? 

Explanation

Astronauts aboard the International Space Station are weightless because they are in a state of free fall relative to Earth's surface. When objects are in orbit, they are constantly falling towards the Earth due to gravity, but their forward motion keeps them from actually hitting the surface. This constant falling creates the sensation of weightlessness for the astronauts.

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152. If both the mass and  velocity of an object are doubled, its momentum. 

Explanation

When both the mass and velocity of an object are doubled, its momentum increases. This is because momentum is directly proportional to both mass and velocity. Therefore, if both mass and velocity are doubled, the momentum will also double. The correct answer should be "is doubled" instead of "decreases".

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153. Whereas impulse involves force and time, work involves force and. 

Explanation

The explanation for the correct answer, which is distance, is that work is defined as the product of force and displacement, not force and energy or force and acceleration. The distance over which the force is applied is a crucial factor in determining the amount of work done.

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154. Which of the following resulted in widespread flooding along the Willamette River in the winter of 1996?  

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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155. Which of the following is true about the radiation that we are exposed to in the everyday environment? 

Explanation

The correct answer is that most radiation is from natural sources such as minerals in the Earth or cosmic rays. This means that the majority of the radiation that we are exposed to in our everyday environment comes from natural sources rather than human-made sources such as nuclear weapons or power plants.

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156. A bird use its wings to push down on the air with a force of 3 N. What is the force from the air that is pushing back on the bird's wings?

Explanation

When a bird uses its wings to push down on the air with a force of 3 N, according to Newton's third law of motion, the air exerts an equal and opposite force on the bird's wings. This means that there is a force of 3 N in the upward direction pushing back on the bird's wings.

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157. A car is heading North at a velocity of 50 m/s. Its velocity decreases to 10 m/s in a time span of 2 s. What it the acceleration of the car?

Explanation

The car is initially heading North at a velocity of 50 m/s and then its velocity decreases to 10 m/s in a time span of 2 s. Since the velocity decreases, there is a change in velocity and therefore acceleration. The change in velocity is from 50 m/s to 10 m/s, which is a decrease of 40 m/s. The time taken for this change is 2 s. Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity divided by the time taken. Therefore, the acceleration of the car is 40 m/s divided by 2 s, which is 20 m/s2. The direction of the acceleration is opposite to the initial direction of motion, so it is toward the South.

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158. Which principle was used to determine the relative age of the dike in the previous question

Explanation

The principle of the Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships was used to determine the relative age of the dike. This law states that a rock or feature that cuts across another rock or feature is younger than the rock or feature it cuts across. In the previous question, the dike was observed to cut across the surrounding rock layers, indicating that it is younger than the rocks it intersects.

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159. Weight is 

Explanation

Weight is the force on an object due to gravity. It is a measure of the gravitational pull exerted on an object by the Earth or any other celestial body. Weight is directly proportional to the mass of the object and the acceleration due to gravity. This force is what gives objects their weight and causes them to fall towards the Earth when dropped. Weight is different from mass, which is the amount of matter in an object.

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160. When the nucleus of an atom ejects a beta particle, the atomic number of that atom 

Explanation

When the nucleus of an atom ejects a beta particle, it means that a neutron in the nucleus is converted into a proton and a beta particle (electron) is emitted. Since a proton has a positive charge and an electron has a negative charge, the atomic number of the atom increases by 1. This is because the atomic number represents the number of protons in the nucleus, and when a neutron is converted into a proton, the number of protons increases by 1.

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161. When you catch a fast-moving baseball with your bare hand, a good idea is to extend the amount of time it takes to bring the ball to rest. Why? 

Explanation

When you catch a fast-moving baseball with your bare hand, extending the amount of time it takes to bring the ball to rest reduces the force of the impact on your hand. This is because the force of impact is equal to the change in momentum divided by the time taken. By increasing the time taken to stop the ball, the change in momentum is reduced, leading to a lower force of impact on your hand.

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162. Limestone would experience the most vigorous chemical weathering in which climate? 

Explanation

Limestone would experience the most vigorous chemical weathering in a tropical climate. This is because tropical climates are characterized by high temperatures and high levels of precipitation, which create ideal conditions for chemical reactions to occur. These reactions, such as dissolution and hydrolysis, break down the minerals in limestone more rapidly, leading to faster weathering. In contrast, temperate, arctic, and desert climates have lower temperatures and/or lower levels of precipitation, which result in slower rates of chemical weathering for limestone.

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Alpha particle radiation is:
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Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of a chemical...
A chemical compound is:
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When an atom ejects an alpha particle from its nucleus, what will...
Radioactivity commonly results from:
You have 40 g of a radioactive isotope. The half-life for that...
A nonconformity is fond where:
Which of following is true?
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Which of the following is NOT true about fossils?
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Unloading is defined as 
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When a 10-kg cart is simultaneously pushed eastward with 20 N and...
The Mississippi River is significantly larger than the Colorado River...
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Your velocity increases from 20 m/s to 50 m/s in a time span of 3s....
An insect experiences a head-on collision with a speeding bus. Which...
Natural levees and flood plains develop from which of the following?
A disconformity is fond where:
A 1,000 kg car is traveling with an initial velocity of 30m/s and is...
A 10 kg cart experiences an acceleration of 5 m/s2. What is the...
The Law of Superposition states that:
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If both the mass and  velocity of an object are doubled, its...
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Which of the following resulted in widespread flooding along the...
Which of the following is true about the radiation that we are exposed...
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