Modern Israel: 1967-2000

During the 1960s, Palestinians started to develop a sense of national identity and unity. This was a significant period for them as they began to organize themselves politically, establish institutions, and assert their rights as a distinct people. The formation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964 and the rise of Palestinian armed resistance movements, such as Fatah, contributed to the consolidation of a Palestinian national consciousness. Therefore, it is true that the 1960s played a crucial role in solidifying a Palestinian national consciousness.

The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union played a significant role in the Six Day War because both superpowers supported different sides in the conflict. The United States backed Israel, providing military aid and support, while the Soviet Union supported Arab countries such as Egypt and Syria. This led to an increase in tensions and the escalation of the conflict. Additionally, the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union influenced the global political landscape and shaped the dynamics of the Six Day War.

The correct answer is Egypt to the south of Israel and Lebanon to the north. This is because the map shows Egypt located below Israel, indicating that it is to the south. Additionally, Lebanon is shown above Israel, indicating that it is to the north.

During the Six-Day War, Israel initiated the conflict by bombing Egypt's airfields. They then engaged in combat with Jordanian forces, pushing them across the Jordan River. Finally, Israel successfully captured and secured the Golan Heights. This statement accurately describes the sequence of events that took place during the war.

United Nations Resolution 242 calls for the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict. The Six Day War, which took place in 1967, is the most recent conflict among the options provided. Therefore, the correct answer is the Six Day War.

The Camp David Accords in 1979 were a significant peace agreement between Egypt and Israel. The agreement resulted in peace between the two countries, ending years of conflict and hostility. As part of the agreement, Egypt agreed to recognize Israel as a legitimate nation, and in exchange, Israel agreed to withdraw its forces from the Sinai Peninsula. This exchange of land was a key component of the peace agreement and helped establish a more stable and peaceful relationship between Egypt and Israel.

The correct answer is that Palestinian civilians were massacred by Lebanese Christian militants while the Israeli military controlled the area. This answer is supported by historical evidence and accounts of the events that occurred at Sabra and Shatila in Lebanon. The massacres were carried out by Lebanese Christian militias with the knowledge and indirect approval of the Israeli military, who had entered the area and surrounded the camps. The Israeli military's control over the area during the time of the massacres implicates them in the responsibility for the atrocities.

The statement is false because U.N. Resolution 242 was not aimed at appeasing any specific group, whether Jews or Arabs. Instead, it was a resolution adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 1967 to address the Israeli-Arab conflict following the Six-Day War. The resolution called for the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the war and emphasized the need for a just and lasting peace in the region, including recognition of the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence of every state in the area. It did not favor one side over the other.

The Oslo Peace Accords, signed in 1993, aimed to establish a framework for peace between Israel and Palestine. The accords outlined a plan that involved building trust and fostering goodwill between the two parties before addressing the Final Status Issues, which include contentious topics like borders, settlements, and the status of Jerusalem. This approach was intended to create a foundation of mutual understanding and cooperation, ultimately leading to a resolution of the long-standing conflict. Therefore, the statement that the Oslo Peace Accords set up a plan to develop trust and increase love between Israelis and Palestinians before discussing the Final Status Issues is true.

The statement is false because in 1977, Israel did not elect a non-socialist government for the first time in her history due to low morale among citizens following the Six Day War. In fact, in 1977, Israel elected the Likud party, which was a right-wing political party, ending the long-standing dominance of the socialist Labor party. This election was a significant political shift in Israel's history, but it was not the first time a non-socialist government was elected.

The Settlement Movement remains an issue in Israeli politics because it hasn't succeeded in changing the demographics in the West Bank and Gaza. This means that despite the establishment of settlements, the Israeli government has not been successful in altering the population balance in these areas. Additionally, Jews continue to settle in the West Bank today, which further fuels the controversy surrounding the issue. Moreover, the Palestinians are offended when Jewish Israelis settle in the West Bank, leading to tensions and conflicts. Lastly, whether settlements increase or decrease Israel's overall security is a controversial topic, further contributing to the ongoing debate.

After the Six-Day War, one of the issues that arose in Israeli politics was whether or not to trade land for peace. This refers to the debate over whether Israel should give up certain territories it had gained during the war in exchange for peace agreements with its neighboring countries. This issue was significant as it involved making difficult decisions about national security, territorial integrity, and the pursuit of peace in the region.

In 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon with the main purpose of ousting the Palestinians and Arafat from the country. The Palestinians, led by Arafat, had established a strong presence in Lebanon and were launching attacks against Israel from there. Israel saw this as a threat to its security and sought to remove the Palestinians and Arafat from Lebanese territory. This invasion was part of Israel's broader strategy to weaken Palestinian resistance and assert its dominance in the region.

The Yom Kippur war resulted in a failure in intelligence and an emotional loss for Israel. This war caught Israel by surprise as they were not prepared for the attack from Egypt and Syria. The Israeli intelligence failed to gather accurate information about the enemy's plans and capabilities, leading to initial losses for Israel. Additionally, the war took a heavy toll on the Israeli people, causing emotional distress and loss due to the high number of casualties and the realization that their country was vulnerable to attack.

The Arab meeting in Khartoum is not significant because it did not establish any parameters for negotiations with Israel after the Suez War in 1956.

During the Black September conflict in 1970, Jordan expelled Palestinian militants from its borders. The conflict arose when the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) attempted to take control of Jordan, leading to a violent confrontation with the Jordanian government. King Hussein of Jordan launched a military operation to suppress the uprising, resulting in the expulsion of the PLO militants. This event significantly weakened the PLO's presence in Jordan and forced them to relocate to other countries, such as Lebanon and Tunisia.

After the Six Day War, Israel did expand its territory by occupying the West Bank, the Sinai and Gaza, but it did not occupy a part of Lebanon. Therefore, the statement is false.

During the first intifada, the Israelis faced a major conflicting issue of how to limit the use of force in the West Bank and Gaza. The intifada was a period of widespread Palestinian protests and uprisings, and the Israeli government had to decide how to respond. Using excessive force could escalate the situation and lead to more violence, while not using enough force could result in a loss of control. Therefore, finding the right balance and limiting the use of force became a crucial issue for the Israelis during this time.

The annexation of the West Bank would threaten Israel's existence because of the demographic implications. If Israel were to remain a democracy, the inclusion of the West Bank would significantly increase the Palestinian population within its borders. This would pose a challenge to the Jewish majority and potentially undermine the idea of Israel as a Jewish state. Therefore, the demographic factor is a crucial consideration in understanding why the annexation of the West Bank would pose a threat to Israel's existence.

The Settlement Movement began because the Labor party's government wanted Jews in the territories for security reasons. This suggests that the government believed that having Jewish settlements in the territories would provide a strategic advantage and enhance the security of Israel. By establishing settlements, they aimed to create a buffer zone and exert control over the territories, thereby ensuring the safety of Israeli citizens.