3DX7X Vol 1 UREs 2019

The three major considerations that apply to Cyberspace Operations are Law, Authority, and Policy. Law refers to the legal framework that governs cyberspace operations and ensures that actions taken are in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Authority relates to the authorization and control of cyberspace operations, ensuring that the appropriate entities have the power and responsibility to conduct and oversee these operations. Policy encompasses the guidelines and procedures that dictate how cyberspace operations are conducted, including the establishment of rules and protocols to ensure security and effectiveness.

A keyboard is a device that consists of a series of single-pole, single-throw switches mounted to a circuit board. These switches, also known as key switches, are responsible for sending electrical signals to the computer when a key is pressed. The circuit board is designed in a way that each key corresponds to a specific switch, allowing the user to input characters and commands into the computer. Therefore, a keyboard fits the description of a device with a series of single-pole, single-throw switches mounted to a circuit board.

Norton Utilities includes tools to help recover lost files and protect against computer failure. It is a software suite that offers various tools for optimizing and maintaining computer performance. One of the features of Norton Utilities is the ability to recover lost files, whether they have been accidentally deleted or lost due to a system failure. Additionally, Norton Utilities provides tools for diagnosing and repairing common computer issues, as well as optimizing system performance and protecting against malware and other threats.

Information Superiority refers to the advantage or imbalance in one's favor within the information environment. It means having a superior ability to collect, process, analyze, and disseminate information compared to one's adversaries. This advantage allows for better decision-making, faster response times, and the ability to exploit and disrupt enemy information systems. Information Superiority is crucial in modern warfare as it enables commanders to gain a comprehensive understanding of the battlespace and effectively use information as a weapon.

Incident Response is the correct answer because it involves determining the extent of intrusions, developing courses of action to mitigate threats, and executing response actions. This sub-discipline focuses on quickly and effectively responding to cyber incidents to minimize damage and prevent further attacks. Incident Response teams are responsible for analyzing and containing the incident, investigating the cause, and implementing measures to prevent future incidents.

Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) systems allow for a commonly understood, maintainable, and defendable domain through all federal and non-federal systems. This means that COTS systems are widely used and accepted in both the government and private sectors, making them easily understood and maintained by different organizations. Additionally, COTS systems are typically built with security measures in place, making them defendable against potential threats. Overall, using COTS systems ensures consistency and reliability across different systems and organizations.

The correct answer is 10. The creation of the DOD as an executive component of the government is authorized by United States Code (USC) Title 10. This code outlines the role and responsibilities of the Department of Defense and provides the legal basis for its existence.

When a person uses their position for personal gain, it is considered a misuse of their position. This means that they are exploiting their authority or influence for their own benefit, rather than acting in the best interest of their organization or the public. This behavior is unethical and can lead to negative consequences, such as damage to the organization's reputation or legal repercussions.

The IPv4 reserved address used for loop back is 127.0.0.1. This address is reserved for the loopback interface, which allows a device to send network traffic to itself. It is commonly used for testing and troubleshooting purposes, as it allows a device to verify that its network stack is functioning correctly.

The customer must provide encryption devices for connection to the Secret Internet Protocol (IP) Data service. This means that it is the responsibility of the customer to ensure that they have the necessary encryption devices in order to connect to the service. This may include obtaining and configuring the appropriate hardware or software encryption devices to ensure secure communication over the network.

Before data can be transmitted between clients in a connection-oriented protocol like TCP, a connection must be established. This involves a handshake process where the client and server exchange control messages to negotiate and set up the connection. This ensures that both parties are ready to transmit and receive data and establishes a reliable, ordered, and error-checked communication channel between them.

The Communications Focal Point function is primarily staffed by Client Systems personnel but may have a variety of Air Force Specialty Codes (AFSCs) based upon the unit mission. This means that the personnel working in this function may have different specialties depending on the specific needs and requirements of the unit they are serving.

A patch is a small piece of code that software developers create to address the flaws found in the original code of a program. It is used to fix bugs, vulnerabilities, and improve the overall functionality of the software. Patches are released by the software developers as updates to the existing software, and users are advised to install these patches to ensure their systems are protected from known vulnerabilities.

The correct answer is Physical. Physical topology refers to the physical arrangement of devices and media in a network. It defines how the devices are connected to each other and to the network media, such as cables or wireless connections. This includes the physical location of devices, the type of cables used, and the overall layout of the network.

A star topology consists of cable segments from each computer connected to a centralized component, usually a switch or hub. In this configuration, each computer has its own dedicated cable that connects directly to the central component, forming a star-like pattern. This allows for better performance and reliability, as any issues with one cable or computer do not affect the rest of the network.

Biometrics is the correct answer because it is the identity management process that uses a fingerprint to authenticate a user. Biometrics refers to the measurement and analysis of unique physical or behavioral characteristics, such as fingerprints, to verify a person's identity. By scanning and comparing a person's fingerprint, biometric systems can accurately authenticate individuals, providing a secure and reliable method of identity verification.

Knowledge-based identity management process uses a password to authenticate a user. This process involves the user providing specific information or answering security questions that only they should know. The password acts as a form of authentication and verifies the user's identity.

A modem is a device that modulates and demodulates data signals. This means that it converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals that can be transmitted over telephone lines or other communication channels, and then converts the analog signals back into digital signals at the receiving end. This modulation and demodulation process allows for the transmission of data over long distances using existing infrastructure.

A bridge is a Data Link Layer network device that logically separates a single network into two segments or collision domains in Ethernet networks. It operates by examining the MAC addresses of the data packets it receives and forwarding them only to the segment where the destination MAC address is located, effectively reducing collisions and improving network performance. Unlike a hub, which simply broadcasts all incoming packets to all connected devices, a bridge intelligently filters and forwards packets based on their MAC addresses. A switch is similar to a bridge but operates at a higher speed and can handle more connections. A router, on the other hand, operates at the Network Layer and is used to connect multiple networks together.

The technical solution for a communications and information system requirement includes both the full cost and the recommended course of action. This means that the solution not only provides an estimate of the total cost associated with implementing the system but also suggests the best approach or plan of action to meet the requirement. This comprehensive approach ensures that decision-makers have all the necessary information to make informed decisions regarding the system implementation.

The most common wireless networking standard is 802.11. This standard is widely used for wireless local area networks (WLANs) and provides high-speed wireless connectivity. It is commonly known as Wi-Fi and is used in various devices such as laptops, smartphones, and routers. The 802.11 standard offers different versions, such as 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ax, each with different capabilities and speeds. Overall, 802.11 is the most prevalent and widely adopted wireless networking standard in use today.

The Flight Commander/Chief is responsible for establishing the necessary controls to ensure periodic inspections are accomplished. This includes creating and implementing procedures and protocols to ensure that inspections are conducted regularly and in accordance with established standards. The Flight Commander/Chief is also responsible for overseeing the inspection process and ensuring that any necessary corrective actions are taken. By establishing these controls, the Flight Commander/Chief helps to ensure the safety and compliance of the organization's operations.

The inclusive dates for the Secretary of the Air Force/Chief Information Officer (SAF/CIO) annual awards are from 1 October to 30 September. This means that the awards cover a full year, starting in October and ending in September of the following year.

Supervisors document and maintain completed safety training on AF Form 55. This form is specifically designed for documenting individual training and is used to track an individual's training history. It provides a standardized format for recording training information, including the type of training, date completed, and the name and signature of the person conducting the training. By using AF Form 55, supervisors can easily keep track of their subordinates' safety training and ensure that all required training is completed and documented.

The Integrated Network Operations Security Center (I-NOSC) is the correct answer because it is responsible for monitoring and controlling Air Force network access points, boundary protection devices, and network activity. It provides situational awareness, detecting and reporting any suspicious or malicious activity. The other options, such as the Base Defense Operations Center, 624th Operations Center, and Air Operations Center, do not specifically focus on network monitoring and control.

Under normal conditions, Operation and Maintenance (O&M) funds will cover a maximum amount of $750,000 for minor construction projects.

The correct answer is Connection Oriented and Connectionless Oriented. These are the two classifications of transport protocols. Connection-oriented protocols establish a connection before transmitting data, ensuring reliable and ordered delivery. Connectionless-oriented protocols do not establish a connection and do not guarantee reliable delivery, but they are faster and more efficient for transmitting small amounts of data.

The design of communications network is known as network architecture. Network architecture refers to the overall structure and organization of a network, including its components, protocols, and connectivity options. It involves planning and designing the layout of the network, determining how different devices and systems will be connected, and defining the necessary protocols and technologies to ensure efficient communication. Network architecture plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability, scalability, and performance of a communications network.

The correct answer is Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC). The IEEE divides the OSI Data Link Layers into these two sublayers. The LLC sublayer is responsible for flow control, error control, and framing, while the MAC sublayer is responsible for addressing and accessing the media. These two sublayers work together to provide a reliable and efficient data link layer protocol.

Careful planning is critical to mitigating unintended or undesirable effects and maximizing cyberspace superiority because it allows for a systematic and thoughtful approach. By carefully planning, one can anticipate potential risks and vulnerabilities, develop strategies to address them, and consider the potential consequences of actions taken. This helps to minimize the likelihood of unintended or undesirable effects and ensures that actions taken are aligned with achieving cyberspace superiority. Careful planning also allows for coordination and synchronization of efforts, enabling a more effective response to any challenges or threats that may arise.

Spam is considered more of an annoyance than an attack because it involves the sending of unsolicited and unwanted messages to a large number of recipients. While spam can be disruptive and time-consuming, it typically does not pose a direct threat to the security or integrity of systems or data. On the other hand, viruses, spyware, and phishing attacks are more malicious in nature and can cause significant harm by infecting systems, stealing sensitive information, or tricking users into revealing personal data.

MILCON funds are specifically allocated for the construction, expansion, or relocation of military facilities. This includes the cost of relocating facilities to better serve military operations. MILCON funds are separate from other types of funds, such as MILPERS (which covers personnel costs), O&M (which covers day-to-day operations), and RDT&E (which covers research and development). Therefore, MILCON is the correct answer for covering the cost of relocating facilities.

IPv6 addresses are expressed in colon hexadecimal format to make them more user-friendly. This format uses a combination of numbers and letters in base 16, making it easier for users to read and remember. The use of colons also helps to separate different sections of the address, improving readability. This format is an improvement over the dotted decimal notation used in IPv4 addresses, which can be more difficult to interpret and remember.

The correct answer is "at Headquarters Air Force (HAF)". This means that the Air Force active component manpower planning and programming is centralized at the headquarters of the Air Force. This suggests that decisions and strategies related to manpower planning and programming are made at the highest level of the Air Force command structure.

Program Element Code (PEC) is a subdivision of programmed cost data related to a weapon system or support function. It is a unique code that identifies and tracks specific elements of a program's budget. The PEC helps in organizing and categorizing costs associated with different aspects of the program, such as research, development, production, and sustainment. By using PECs, program managers can effectively monitor and control costs, allocate resources, and make informed decisions about budgeting and funding priorities.

The highest level in which quarterly awards are normally presented is at the Wing level. The options provided are different levels within the military hierarchy, and the Wing is typically higher in rank than the Group, Squadron, and major command. Therefore, it is the most likely level at which quarterly awards would be presented.

The goal of Operational Risk Management (ORM) is to enhance mission effectiveness, integrate ORM into mission processes, and create a culture where everyone is trained and motivated to manage risk. However, the statement "Identify opportunities to decrease Air Force warfighting effectiveness on the battlefield and in the operational aerospace environment, helping to ensure decisive victory in any future conflict at the least possible cost" does not align with the goals of ORM. It suggests actively seeking ways to decrease effectiveness, which goes against the purpose of ORM to preserve assets and safeguard health and welfare.

The correct answer is 32. The procedures and circumstances for Congress to order units into active Federal duty are established in United States Code (USC) Title 32. This code outlines the specific guidelines and requirements for the activation of units by Congress. It is important for Congress to have a clear framework in place to ensure that the decision to activate units is made in a lawful and appropriate manner.

Class C is the correct answer because it is used for networks with approximately 250 nodes. Class C addresses have a default subnet mask of 255.255.255.0, which allows for up to 254 usable host addresses. This makes it suitable for small to medium-sized networks. Class D is used for multicast addresses, Class E is reserved for experimental purposes, and Class F is reserved for future use.

The responsibility of Government Purchase Card (GPC) cardholders includes making authorized transactions, reconciling transactions, and logging transactions. However, funds accountability is not a responsibility of GPC cardholders. This means that GPC cardholders are not responsible for tracking and managing the funds associated with the purchases made using the GPC. This responsibility typically falls on the finance or accounting department within the government organization.

After the board selects the 12 Outstanding Airmen of the Year, the selections are reviewed by the Air Force Chief of Staff. This individual holds a high-ranking position within the Air Force and is responsible for overseeing the entire organization. Their review ensures that the selections align with the overall goals and objectives of the Air Force.

Twisted pair cable is the primary carrier of voice communications because it is made up of pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together, which helps to reduce interference and crosstalk. This makes it ideal for transmitting analog signals, such as voice, over short to medium distances. Twisted pair cables are commonly used in telephone networks and are cost-effective and easy to install, making them a popular choice for voice communication.

Electronic attack is the correct answer because it refers to the use of jamming to disrupt or deny the adversary's use of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). Jamming involves emitting signals or noise to interfere with the enemy's communications, radar systems, or other electronic devices, thereby reducing their effectiveness. This capability is a crucial aspect of electronic warfare, which aims to control and exploit the electromagnetic spectrum in order to gain a tactical advantage in military operations.

The correct answer is "Transporting information groups (packets) through an internetwork." This is because the question asks about two basic routing activities, and out of the given options, transporting information groups (packets) through an internetwork is the only activity that directly relates to routing. The other options either do not mention routing or involve different aspects of networking such as error determination, VPN tunnel determination, or modulation of datagrams.

Dynamic routing automatically calculates the best path between two nodes. It considers factors such as network congestion, link quality, and other metrics to determine the most efficient path for data transmission. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.

The information not contained in Technical Order (TO) 00-5-1 is the Time Compliance Technical Order (TCTO) procedures. The other options, such as resources required to manage and use TOs, infrastructure to manage and use TOs, and training to manage and use TOs, are all included in TO 00-5-1.

Class D is the correct answer because it is the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) class address used for multicast addressing. Multicast addressing allows for the transmission of data to multiple recipients simultaneously, in a group. Class D addresses range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 and are reserved for multicast communication.

The sliding window is a mechanism that regulates how much information can be sent over a TCP connection before the receiving host must send an acknowledgement. It allows the sender to transmit a certain number of packets without waiting for an acknowledgement, improving efficiency and reducing latency. The size of the sliding window determines the amount of data that can be sent before an acknowledgement is required. As the receiver acknowledges the packets, the window slides forward, allowing more packets to be sent. This helps to ensure reliable and efficient transmission of data over the TCP connection.

Operational Risk Management (ORM) involves a systematic approach to identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks in an organization's operations. It typically consists of six steps: identification of hazards, assessment of risks, development of controls and countermeasures, decision-making, implementation of controls, and supervision and review. Therefore, the correct answer is 6.

A workgroup is a simple grouping of computers that typically consists of a smaller number of computers. It is not specified exactly how many computers are in a workgroup, but it is stated that it is "no more than 20." This means that a workgroup can have a maximum of 20 computers, but it could also have fewer than that. Therefore, the correct answer is "No more than 20."