4dd MCQs 204 Oral Surgery Assi-prof. Prak Srun 2019

Diabetic hypoglycemia is a condition where blood sugar levels drop too low in individuals with diabetes. Symptoms of diabetic hypoglycemia include coma, vertigo, and sweating. Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth, is not typically associated with diabetic hypoglycemia. Therefore, xerostomia is the correct answer as it is the only symptom that is not characteristic of diabetic hypoglycemia.

Chronic renal failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by permanent damage of the kidney. This means that the kidneys have sustained irreversible damage, leading to a decrease in their ability to function properly. This can result in a variety of symptoms and complications, such as fluid retention, electrolyte imbalances, and the buildup of waste products in the body. Treatment options for chronic renal failure may include dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Patients with tuberculosis typically do not experience abdominal pain as a sign or symptom. Tuberculosis primarily affects the lungs, causing symptoms such as cough, fever, and weight loss. Abdominal pain is more commonly associated with other conditions such as gastrointestinal issues or appendicitis. Therefore, abdominal pain would be an incorrect sign or symptom of tuberculosis.

The second phase of an epileptic seizure is the convulsion phase. During this phase, the individual experiences involuntary muscle contractions, resulting in jerking movements of the body. These convulsions are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain and can vary in intensity and duration. It is important to note that not all individuals with epilepsy experience convulsions during a seizure, as seizures can manifest in different ways depending on the individual and the type of epilepsy they have.

The third phase of an epileptic seizure is the post-convulsion phase. This phase occurs after the convulsion phase and is characterized by a period of recovery and relaxation. During this phase, the individual may experience symptoms such as confusion, fatigue, headache, muscle soreness, and memory loss. It is important for individuals experiencing this phase to rest and take care of themselves, as it can be physically and mentally exhausting.

Aspirin is considered to be responsible for most allergic reactions among analgesics. This is because aspirin belongs to a class of medications called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which can trigger allergic reactions in some individuals. These reactions can range from mild symptoms like rash and itching to severe reactions such as difficulty breathing or anaphylaxis. It is important for individuals with known allergies to aspirin or other NSAIDs to avoid taking these medications and consult with a healthcare professional for alternative pain relief options.

The incorrect fundamental rule concerning incision and flap is that the base of the flap must be narrower than the free gingival margin. This is not true because the base of the flap should actually be wider than the free gingival margin in order to provide adequate blood supply to the flap and promote proper healing. A narrower base would restrict blood flow and hinder the healing process.

The correct answer is "Tie the sutures very tightly to avoid ischemia of the wound edge." This is not a basic principle of suturing technique because tying the sutures too tightly can lead to ischemia, which is the restriction of blood supply to the wound edge. It is important to tie the sutures with appropriate tension to ensure proper healing and blood flow to the wound.

Number 15 scalpel blade is universally useful for oral surgical procedures because it has a medium size and a curved shape, allowing for precise and controlled incisions in oral tissues. It is commonly used for procedures such as incisions, excisions, and tissue dissection in oral surgery.

The primary indication for performing a coronectomy instead of a full extraction of a mandibular third molar is the close proximity of the tooth roots to the inferior alveolar nerve. This procedure is chosen to reduce the risk of nerve damage, which can result in permanent numbness or other sensory deficits. By removing only the crown and leaving the roots in place, the risk to the nerve is minimized while still addressing the problem with the tooth.

During the extraction of the maxillary 1st molar, there is a higher chance of displacement of the root into the maxillary sinus. This is because the roots of the maxillary 1st molar are often close to the floor of the sinus, making it more likely for them to be accidentally pushed into the sinus during the extraction process.

The laboratory test most valuable in evaluating the surgical risk for a patient on aspirin therapy, especially before a tooth extraction, is "Bleeding time." Aspirin affects platelet function, which plays a crucial role in blood clotting. Assessing bleeding time helps determine the patient's potential for excessive bleeding during and after the surgical procedure. INR (International Normalized Ratio), clotting time, and complete blood cell count are important but may not specifically reflect the impact of aspirin on platelet function.

The Warwick James elevator fits well in the operator's hand and can be rotated quickly between the thumb and finger.

Extraction of teeth is contraindicated in patients who have experienced a myocardial infarction (MI) within the past 4 months. This is because the healing process after an MI takes time, and any stress or trauma to the body, such as tooth extraction, can potentially worsen the condition or cause complications. It is important to ensure that the patient's cardiovascular health is stable before performing any invasive procedures like tooth extraction.

The best time to administer an analgesic is before anesthesia wears off because it allows the medication to take effect while the patient is still under the influence of anesthesia, ensuring that they do not experience any pain or discomfort during the extraction procedure. Administering the analgesic prior to extraction or when pain is moderate to severe may not provide adequate pain relief, while administering it after anesthesia wears off may result in the patient experiencing pain before the medication takes effect. Therefore, administering the analgesic before anesthesia wears off is the most appropriate timing.

When multiple adjacent teeth need to be extracted, an elevator can be used to advantage. This is because an elevator is a dental instrument that is specifically designed to loosen and lift teeth from the socket. By using an elevator, the dentist can apply controlled force to the teeth, gradually loosening them and making the extraction process easier and less traumatic. This is particularly beneficial when multiple teeth need to be extracted in close proximity, as the elevator allows for precise and efficient removal of the teeth.

Radiographs are useful in diagnosing various dental conditions, such as impacted teeth, abnormal shape of roots, and ankylosis. However, a tooth with a deep periodontal (PD) pocket does not require radiographs for diagnosis. PD pockets can be assessed through clinical examination and probing depth measurements. Radiographs are typically used to visualize structures that cannot be seen clinically, such as impacted teeth or abnormalities in root shape. Therefore, the correct answer is Tooth with deep PD pocket.

Thyrotoxic patients commonly experience symptoms such as anxiety, hyperactivity, and irritability due to the excessive production of thyroid hormones. However, extreme headache is not typically associated with thyroid dysfunction. This could be because headaches are more commonly linked to other conditions or factors, and are not directly caused by the overactive thyroid gland.

Diabetic patients should avoid using aspirin for good wound healing. Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that can inhibit blood clotting. Diabetics often have impaired blood circulation, and blood clotting is crucial for proper wound healing. By inhibiting clotting, aspirin can delay the formation of a stable blood clot, leading to prolonged bleeding and slower wound healing. Therefore, avoiding the use of aspirin can help diabetic patients promote better wound healing.

Long appointments with little pain is an incorrect preventive measure for patients with asthma because it does not address the specific needs and challenges of asthma management. Asthma requires regular monitoring, medication adherence, and proper education on triggers and self-management techniques. Long appointments with little pain may not provide enough time for thorough assessment, education, and personalized treatment plans. It is important to focus on taking a detailed medical history, controlling pain, and administering appropriate medication to effectively manage asthma symptoms and prevent exacerbations.

The most common suturing technique is the interrupted suture. This technique involves individually placing and tying separate sutures, which provides good wound edge approximation and allows for better control of tension. It is commonly used in various surgical procedures and wound closures. Vertical and horizontal mattress sutures involve placing sutures in a specific pattern to provide additional support and tension control. Continuous sutures involve a continuous loop of suture material, which is less commonly used compared to interrupted sutures.

Blade no. 11 is the most common blade for small incisions, such as incising abscesses. This blade is specifically designed for making precise and controlled incisions. It has a pointed tip and a small curved cutting edge, which allows for easy penetration and maneuverability in tight spaces. Blade no. 11 is commonly used in various medical procedures, including dermatology, plastic surgery, and general surgery, making it the correct choice for small incisions like incising abscesses.

The correct answer is "Rinsing of mouth do not allow for the first 72 hours." This means that after a postoperative surgical procedure, it is not recommended to rinse the mouth for the first 72 hours. This is likely because rinsing the mouth can disrupt the healing process and increase the risk of infection. It is important to follow this instruction to ensure proper healing and minimize complications.

Gauze soaked in hydrogen peroxide is not used for packing wounds because hydrogen peroxide can damage healthy tissues and delay the wound healing process. It is no longer recommended as a wound cleanser or antiseptic due to its cytotoxic effects. Instead, sterile saline or other wound cleansers are preferred for wound irrigation.

When a patient is taking hydrocortisone, it is important to consider the stress of a dental extraction. During times of stress, the body's demand for cortisol increases. Hydrocortisone is a synthetic form of cortisol, so increasing the dose during times of stress is necessary to meet the body's demand. Therefore, the correct answer is to double the dose of hydrocortisone on the day of extraction.

The root tip elevator utilizes the principle of a wedge. A wedge is a simple machine that is used to separate or lift objects apart. In the case of a root tip elevator, it is used to separate the root tip from the surrounding tissues during dental procedures. The shape of the elevator resembles a wedge, with a sharp edge that can be inserted between the root and the surrounding tissue, allowing for easy extraction.

The diagnosis of an infection socket is primarily done through a thorough history of the patient. This includes gathering information about any previous dental procedures, symptoms experienced, and any recent trauma or injury to the area. The history helps in identifying potential risk factors and determining the likelihood of an infection. Clinical examination, radiographs, and blood tests may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of the infection, but the initial diagnosis is primarily based on the patient's history.

The correct answer is "To expose maximum dimension of tooth." When extracting a lower impacted right molar, removing the bone allows for better access and visibility of the tooth. This ensures that the tooth can be fully exposed, allowing the dentist to assess its condition and plan for its extraction more effectively. By removing the bone, the dentist can also determine the size and shape of the tooth, which can be helpful in planning the extraction procedure.

When a dentist plans to remove an impacted tooth, a CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) view is the best radiograph to use. CBCT provides a three-dimensional image of the tooth and its surrounding structures, allowing the dentist to accurately assess the position, size, and relationship of the impacted tooth to adjacent structures such as nerves and sinuses. This information is crucial for planning a safe and effective tooth extraction procedure. Other radiographs mentioned, such as periapical film, bite wing, and lateral view, may not provide the same level of detail and information as CBCT.

The correct answer is trauma by opposing tooth. Pericoronitis is inflammation of the tissue surrounding a partially erupted tooth, typically the third molar. Trauma caused by an opposing tooth can lead to irritation and inflammation of the surrounding tissue, increasing the risk of pericoronitis. This trauma can occur during chewing or biting, causing repeated injury to the area. Other factors such as previous radiation therapy, systemic disease, or an infected follicular cyst may contribute to the development of pericoronitis, but trauma by an opposing tooth is the most significant contributory factor.

The correct answer is OKC (Odontogenic Keratocyst). OKC is a cyst that originates from the dental lamina and is lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. It appears as a creamy white suspension of keratin, resembling pus without an offensive smell. Dentigerous cysts, primordial cysts, and periapical cysts do not typically exhibit this characteristic appearance.

The expected surgical procedure most frequently indicated for an odontogenic cyst is enucleation. Enucleation involves the complete removal of the cystic lesion, including the cystic lining, to prevent recurrence. This procedure is commonly performed for odontogenic cysts as it ensures the removal of the entire cyst and reduces the risk of complications. Incision drainage is not typically indicated for odontogenic cysts as it may not completely remove the cystic lining. Sclerosing solution and marsupialization are alternative treatments for certain types of cysts but are not the most frequently indicated procedure for odontogenic cysts.

Congestive heart failure is a condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. This can lead to symptoms such as dyspnea (shortness of breath), hyperventilation (rapid breathing), and cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin). However, extreme headache is not typically associated with congestive heart failure. Headaches may occur due to other factors such as high blood pressure, but they are not a direct symptom of congestive heart failure.

Long painless appointments can be detrimental for a patient with congestive heart failure because they can cause prolonged stress and anxiety, which can worsen the condition. Patients with congestive heart failure may have difficulty sitting or lying down for extended periods of time, and long appointments can lead to fluid buildup in the lungs and increased strain on the heart. Therefore, it is important to minimize the duration of appointments and provide breaks if needed to ensure the patient's comfort and safety.

Scheduling a surgical procedure for evening hours is an incorrect preventive measure for patients with hemorrhagic diathesis. This is because patients with this condition are prone to excessive bleeding and scheduling a surgery in the evening may lead to complications. It is important to schedule surgeries during daytime hours when medical staff and resources are readily available.

Thyrotoxic patients may experience various symptoms due to the excessive production of thyroid hormones. Blurred vision is not typically associated with hyperthyroidism. However, patients with hyperthyroidism commonly present with symptoms such as exophthalmos (bulging eyes), weakness, and increased blood pressure.

During an asthma attack, the airways become inflamed and narrowed, making it difficult for the patient to breathe. Symptoms of an asthma attack include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Nausea or the desire to vomit is not typically associated with asthma attacks. Therefore, the statement "The patient wants to vomit" is incorrect in relation to the symptoms of an asthma attack.

The correct answer is Aura. The first phase of an epileptic seizure is called the aura. It is a warning sign or sensation that occurs before the seizure begins. Auras can vary from person to person and may include feelings of déjà vu, tingling, dizziness, or a strange taste or smell. These sensations can give the person experiencing them time to prepare or seek a safe environment before the seizure progresses to the convulsion phase.

Delayed-type hypersensitivity is a type of immune response that occurs several hours to days after exposure to an antigen. It is characterized by the activation of T cells and the release of cytokines, leading to inflammation at the site of antigen exposure. Unlike allergic reactions, which involve the production of IgE antibodies and immediate hypersensitivity reactions, delayed-type hypersensitivity does not involve the release of histamine or other mediators from mast cells. Therefore, delayed-type hypersensitivity does not belong to allergic reactions.

Instruments that are repeatedly opened are more likely to come into contact with bacteria and other pathogens. Sterilizing them at least once a week helps to eliminate any potential contamination and maintain a clean and safe environment. This frequency ensures that the instruments are consistently sterilized and ready for use, reducing the risk of infections and promoting patient safety.

The given answer states that all of the requirements for a flap are correct. This means that the flap must be designed in a way that allows for sufficient visibility of the surgical site. Additionally, it should have a broad base and a good vascular supply to ensure its viability. When the flap is placed back, it should rest on healthy bone to promote proper healing and integration. Overall, all of these requirements are necessary for a successful flap procedure.

The main disadvantage of an envelope flap is poor accessibility. This means that it is difficult to access or reach the contents of the envelope when using this type of flap. Unlike the other options listed, the envelope flap does not provide easy access to the contents inside, making it less convenient to use.

The soft tissue incision used to remove mandibular Tori should be placed over the edentulous crest or gingival crevice around the dentition. This is because the torus is a bony growth that occurs on the lingual surface of the mandible, and placing the incision over the edentulous crest or gingival crevice allows for better access and visibility during the removal procedure. Placing the incision directly over the torus or inferior to it in the floor of the mouth may not provide adequate access and may increase the risk of complications.

Catgut is a type of suture material made from the intestines of sheep or cows. It is known for its strength and durability, making it an advantageous choice over plain sutures. The greater strength of catgut allows for better wound closure and reduces the risk of the suture breaking or tearing. This is particularly important in areas of the body that experience tension or stress, where a stronger suture is needed for optimal healing. Additionally, the strength of catgut allows for a more secure closure, minimizing the risk of wound dehiscence or reopening.

When a patient undergoing anticoagulant therapy requires dental surgical treatment, it is important for the dental surgeon to consult the patient's physician for a joint decision. Anticoagulant therapy can increase the risk of bleeding during dental procedures, so it is crucial to have the input and guidance of the physician who is managing the patient's anticoagulant therapy. By consulting the physician, both the dental surgeon and the physician can work together to determine the best course of action for the patient, ensuring their safety and well-being.

Using an air-motor at 30,000 rpm for an impacted molar can lead to emphysema. Emphysema is a condition where air gets trapped in the tissues, causing them to expand and become damaged. The high speed of the air-motor can create excessive air pressure, which can force air into the surrounding tissues. This can result in the development of emphysema, causing discomfort and potentially leading to complications if not treated promptly.

The most difficult impaction of the 3rd molar is distoangular. This refers to a situation where the 3rd molar is angled towards the back of the mouth. It is considered difficult because it can cause complications such as damage to the adjacent tooth, increased risk of infection, and difficulty in extraction due to limited access and visibility.

Congestive heart failure is a condition where the myocardium, which is the heart muscle, is unable to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the needs of the body. This means that the heart is not able to effectively circulate blood, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention. It is a chronic and progressive condition that can be caused by various factors, including damage to the heart muscle from conditions like coronary artery disease or high blood pressure. Treatment for congestive heart failure aims to improve heart function and manage symptoms.

Diabetic hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by low blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. Symptoms of hypoglycemia typically include pallor, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. Dyspnea, which refers to difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, is not typically associated with diabetic hypoglycemia. Therefore, the correct answer is dyspnea.

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Certain factors can trigger or precipitate seizures in individuals with epilepsy. Rich meals are not typically considered a precipitating factor for seizures. However, surgical procedures, alcoholic drinks, and administration of large doses of local anesthesia can potentially trigger seizures in some individuals with epilepsy.

During the first phase of an epileptic seizure, various symptoms may manifest. These symptoms can include anxiety, characteristic smells, and yawning. However, feeling hungry is not typically associated with the initial phase of an epileptic seizure. It is important to note that epilepsy can present differently in individuals, and while feeling hungry may not be a common symptom, it is not entirely impossible.

The anxiety phase does not exist in epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures are characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can cause a variety of symptoms including convulsions, auras, and post-convulsion phases. However, anxiety is not a specific phase associated with epileptic seizures.

The statement "It is a risk of ischemia of the area" is not true about continuous sutures. Continuous sutures are known for their ability to evenly distribute tension along the wound, reducing the risk of ischemia (lack of blood flow) to the area. This is because the continuous suture technique involves a single, uninterrupted thread that is woven through the tissue, creating a secure closure. Therefore, continuous sutures do not pose a risk of ischemia to the area being sutured.

Teeth with very small roots do not typically require surgical tooth extraction. Surgical extraction is usually necessary for teeth with large bulbous roots, broken root tips that have remained in the alveolar bone, and teeth with roots in the maxillary sinus. However, teeth with very small roots can often be extracted using a simple extraction technique, which does not require surgical intervention.

The best way to palpate the submandibular gland is by using a bimanual simultaneous intra and extraoral technique. This involves using both hands, with one hand placed inside the mouth to apply pressure from the inside, and the other hand placed on the outside of the jaw to feel for any abnormalities or changes in the submandibular gland. This technique allows for a thorough examination of the gland and provides a more accurate assessment of its condition.

Rotatory movement is used for the extraction of Maxillary central incisors. This means that when extracting the Maxillary central incisors, a rotary motion is applied to remove the teeth from the socket. This technique is commonly used in dental procedures to efficiently and effectively extract teeth.

The maxillary canine is a relatively difficult tooth to extract because it has a long root and is located in the upper jaw, which can make access and visibility challenging. Additionally, the maxillary canine is often close to the maxillary sinus, which increases the risk of complications during extraction.

Trismus refers to difficulty in opening the mouth fully. In this case, the most likely cause of trismus following a lower molar extraction after 4 weeks is the breakage of a needle in the pterygomandibular space. The pterygomandibular space is located near the lower molars and is a potential space where instruments may accidentally break during dental procedures. The breakage of a needle in this space can lead to inflammation and scarring, resulting in limited mouth opening. The other options, such as hematoma of TMJ, submasseteric space abscess, or root stump in socket, are less likely to cause trismus in this scenario.

Reactionary hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs within 24 hours after surgery. This type of hemorrhage is often caused by the body's reaction to the surgical procedure, such as the release of clotting factors or changes in blood pressure. It is important for medical professionals to monitor patients closely during this time period to identify and address any signs of bleeding.

Postoperative ecchymosis refers to the formation of blue-black spots on the skin after a surgical procedure. This occurs due to bleeding under the skin, resulting in the pooling of blood and discoloration. In this case, the extraction of the teeth may have caused some trauma and bleeding in the mouth, leading to the development of these spots on the patient's neck. Therefore, the presence of blue-black spots on the neck indicates postoperative ecchymosis.

Secondary haemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs after a few days following a tooth extraction due to wound sepsis. This can be caused by an infection in the extraction site, which leads to the breakdown of blood clots and subsequent bleeding. It is important to manage and treat the infection to prevent further complications and promote proper healing.

Ammonia acts as a respiratory stimulant in syncope. When a person faints or experiences syncope, their breathing may become shallow or stop temporarily. Ammonia inhalants are commonly used to stimulate the respiratory system and help the person regain consciousness. The strong smell of ammonia triggers a reflex in the brain that stimulates the respiratory center, leading to increased breathing and oxygen intake. This helps to restore normal breathing patterns and consciousness in individuals who have fainted.

The chair position during extraction of maxillary teeth should be 16 cm below the shoulder level of the operator. This is important for maintaining proper ergonomics and reducing strain on the operator's back and shoulders. By positioning the chair at this level, the operator can have better visibility and access to the patient's mouth, allowing for more precise and comfortable extraction procedures.

During the process of extraction, it is important to prioritize certain factors. This includes considering the location of the teeth, whether they are anterior (front) or posterior (back). The correct answer states that anterior teeth should not be given priority over posterior teeth. This means that when extracting teeth, the posterior teeth should be given priority over the anterior teeth.

A globulomaxillary cyst is commonly found between the lateral upper incisor and canine. This cyst is derived from the epithelial remnants of the nasopalatine duct and typically presents as a unilocular radiolucency. It is often asymptomatic and may cause displacement of adjacent teeth. Treatment usually involves surgical enucleation of the cyst.

A cyst that forms around an erupting tooth is called a dentigerous or eruption cyst. This type of cyst occurs when the tooth is unable to fully emerge from the gum tissue, causing fluid to accumulate and form a cystic sac. Dentigerous cysts are usually painless and can be identified through dental X-rays. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cyst and extraction or exposure of the impacted tooth.

Angina pectoris is a condition characterized by chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't receive enough blood flow. The painful symptoms of angina pectoris are typically triggered by physical exertion or emotional stress. Coughing is not typically associated with angina pectoris, as it is not a direct symptom of reduced blood flow to the heart. On the other hand, perspiration, extreme anxiety, and a feeling of imminent death are commonly reported symptoms of angina pectoris.

Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, is characterized by symptoms such as burning sensation, extreme tightness, and pressure in the chest. These symptoms typically last for a longer duration, usually more than 10 minutes. Therefore, the exception in this case is pain lasting from 5 to 10 minutes, as it is not a typical characteristic of a myocardial infarction.

The correct answer is "Is any periodic variation in the normal rhythm of the heart." This is because cardiac arrhythmia refers to any abnormality or irregularity in the heart's normal rhythm. It can manifest as a fast or slow heartbeat, skipped beats, or irregular patterns. This variation in rhythm can disrupt the heart's ability to pump blood effectively and may require medical intervention.

Continuous suturing is a technique used in wound closure that involves using a single, uninterrupted thread to stitch the wound. It is known for its efficiency and speed, as it allows for quick and continuous suturing without the need to individually tie each stitch. Therefore, the statement "It takes a lot of time to complete the suturing" is not true, as continuous suturing actually saves time compared to other suturing techniques.

Blade no. 12 is the most common blade for incisions in the gingival sulcus and incisions posterior to the teeth, especially in the tuberosity area. This blade is specifically designed for making precise and controlled incisions in these areas. It has a curved shape that allows for easy access and maneuverability in tight spaces. Additionally, blade no. 12 has a medium size and sharp tip, making it suitable for making incisions in the gingival sulcus and posterior areas.

The difficulties of extracting maxillary canines include firm anchorage in the alveolar bone, long root, and curvature at the root tip. However, the presence of thick alveolar bone covering the labial surface of the tooth's root does not pose a difficulty in extraction.

The correct answer is "Diet should not consist of cold, liquid food". This is because after a postoperative surgical procedure, it is generally recommended to have a soft or liquid diet to avoid putting strain on the surgical site. Cold, liquid food may also cause discomfort and sensitivity in the area. The other options, such as resting at home, biting on gauze, and taking painkillers, are commonly advised after surgery to promote healing and manage pain.

Aneurysmal bone cyst is the correct answer because it is a non-neoplastic, blood-filled cystic lesion that occurs in the bone and does not have an epithelial lining. Unlike the other options listed, which are all cysts that do have an epithelial lining, aneurysmal bone cyst is characterized by the presence of blood-filled spaces within the bone, without any lining of epithelial cells.

Reactionary hemorrhage occurs after extraction because of high blood pressure. High blood pressure can cause the blood vessels to become more fragile and prone to bleeding. This can lead to bleeding after a tooth extraction.

The use of medical history in extracting a patient is to determine bleeding disorders. This information is crucial in order to ensure the safety and well-being of the patient during the extraction process. By understanding the patient's medical history, the dentist or healthcare professional can identify any potential risks or complications that may arise due to bleeding disorders. This allows them to take appropriate precautions and provide necessary treatments or interventions to minimize the risk of excessive bleeding during the extraction procedure.

The ideal treatment for alveolar osteitis, also known as dry socket, after dental extraction is debridement of the socket and application of a sedative dressing. Alveolar osteitis occurs when the blood clot in the socket is dislodged or dissolves, leading to severe pain and delayed healing. Debridement involves removing any debris or infected tissue from the socket, while the sedative dressing helps to alleviate pain and promote healing. Topical and systemic antibiotics are not typically recommended for the treatment of alveolar osteitis, and curettage to induce fresh bleeding is not necessary in this case.

The beaks of mandibular tooth forceps are at a 90-degree angle to the handle. This angle allows for better access and grip on the tooth during extraction. It provides a secure and stable position for the forceps, making it easier to apply the necessary force to remove the tooth effectively.

When planning to remove an impacted tooth, a periapical film will be all that is required. This type of radiograph provides a detailed view of the entire tooth, including the root and surrounding structures. It allows the dentist to assess the position, orientation, and proximity of the impacted tooth to adjacent teeth and vital structures such as nerves and sinuses. A bite wing is used to detect cavities between the teeth and is not necessary for assessing an impacted tooth. A lateral view or anteroposterior view may be useful in certain cases, but a periapical film is typically sufficient for planning the removal of an impacted tooth.

During bone cutting, the direction of bevel of the chisel is away from the bone to be sacrificed. This is because the bevel helps to create a wedge-shaped cut, allowing for easier removal of the bone. By directing the bevel away from the bone to be sacrificed, the chisel can effectively penetrate and cut through the bone, minimizing the risk of damaging surrounding tissues or causing unnecessary trauma.

The most common impacted teeth are mandibular third molars. Impacted teeth occur when there is not enough space in the mouth for them to fully emerge or when they are blocked by other teeth. Mandibular third molars, also known as wisdom teeth, are the most commonly impacted because they are the last teeth to erupt and often there is not enough space for them to come in properly. This can lead to various problems such as pain, infection, and damage to adjacent teeth, which often requires their removal.

The incorrect preventive measure before the surgical procedure for a patient with angina pectoris is oral premedication, usually 20-50mg diazepam. Diazepam is a benzodiazepine medication that is commonly used as a sedative or muscle relaxant. However, it is not recommended for patients with angina pectoris because it can cause respiratory depression and may interact with other medications that the patient is taking for their heart condition. Therefore, it is important to avoid using diazepam as a premedication for these patients to prevent any potential complications during the surgical procedure.

Myocardial infarction typically has a sudden onset with severe pain anterior to the sternum. This is because myocardial infarction refers to the ischemic necrosis of an area of the heart, which occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked. The pain experienced during a myocardial infarction is usually more severe than that of angina pectoris, which is chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart. Additionally, the pain of a myocardial infarction typically lasts longer than 15 minutes, as it is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition.

The pain of myocardial infarction can radiate to various regions of the body due to the shared nerve pathways. However, the lip is not innervated by the same nerves that transmit pain signals from the heart. Therefore, pain from a myocardial infarction would not typically be felt in the lip.

Patients with controlled diabetes require diet change because maintaining a healthy diet is crucial for managing blood sugar levels. By making dietary adjustments, such as reducing the intake of sugary and high-carbohydrate foods, patients can better control their diabetes and prevent complications. Diet change is an essential aspect of diabetes management and can help improve overall health and wellbeing.

Epilepsy is indeed a clinical manifestation of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Epileptic patients may present with epileptic seizures under certain circumstances, and certain patients may also experience status epilepticus, which is a prolonged seizure or a series of seizures without full recovery in between. However, epilepsy does not necessarily lead to sensory activity and altered states of consciousness. While seizures can cause changes in consciousness, not all individuals with epilepsy experience this symptom.

Reflecting mucosa before periosteum is the incorrect fundamental rule concerning incision and flap. This is because the correct order is to reflect the periosteum first, followed by the mucosa. The periosteum is the connective tissue that covers the bone, and it needs to be reflected first in order to expose the underlying bone for surgical procedures. Reflecting the mucosa before the periosteum can lead to complications and difficulty in properly accessing and manipulating the underlying bone.

Silk is the only non-absorbable suture material among the options given. Absorbable sutures are designed to break down and be absorbed by the body over time, eliminating the need for suture removal. Catgut, polyglycolic, and polyglactin are all examples of absorbable suture materials commonly used in medical procedures. Silk, on the other hand, is a non-absorbable material that requires removal after the appropriate healing period.

In patients with liver disease, bleeding is a possible complication during extraction. The liver plays a crucial role in blood clotting, and liver disease can impair this function, leading to an increased risk of bleeding. Therefore, it is important to be cautious during extractions in these patients to minimize the risk of excessive bleeding.

Cowhorn forceps are specifically designed to extract mandibular molars. These forceps have curved, rounded tips that resemble the shape of a cow's horn, hence the name. The curved shape allows for better access and grip on the molar teeth, making it easier to extract them from the jaw. Cowhorn forceps are not commonly used for extracting other types of teeth, such as premolars or incisors, as they are not as effective in gripping and applying the necessary force for extraction.

The mandibular third molar is located in the lower jaw, and its roots extend into the surrounding spaces. In this case, since the distal root is missing, it is likely that the root tip has migrated into the submandibular space. The submandibular space is located beneath the mandible and contains important structures such as the submandibular gland, lymph nodes, and blood vessels. Therefore, it is a plausible location for the root tip to be found.

The best treatment for pericoronitis involving an impacted mandibular third molar is the extraction of the involved third molar. Pericoronitis is inflammation of the gum tissue surrounding a partially erupted tooth, and it commonly occurs around impacted third molars. Extraction of the impacted tooth eliminates the source of infection and inflammation, providing long-term relief and preventing future episodes of pericoronitis. Antibiotic and analgesic therapy may be used as adjunctive treatment, but the definitive treatment is the extraction of the third molar. Operculectomy, which involves removing the flap of gum tissue covering the tooth, may provide temporary relief but does not address the underlying issue. Gentle application of heat and cold simultaneously may help alleviate symptoms temporarily but does not treat the underlying cause of pericoronitis.

Administering intravenous corticosteroids: While corticosteroids may help reduce inflammation, they are not the first line of treatment for an infection like Ludwig's angina.

Immediate incision and drainage under local anesthesia: This may be necessary but is not the first step. It is usually performed after the infection is controlled.

Initiating broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics: This is the most appropriate initial step to control the severe bacterial infection and prevent the spread of the infection.

Performing a tracheostomy: This is reserved for cases where airway obstruction is imminent or already present, but it is not the initial management step.

Marsupialization is a surgical technique used to treat certain types of cysts or abscesses. It involves creating a small incision and then suturing the edges of the incision to form a pouch or "marsupium." This allows the cyst or abscess to drain continuously, promoting healing from the inside out. The advantages of marsupialization include exposure of very little bone, preservation of vital structures, and conservation of surgical structures. However, rapid healing is not an advantage of marsupialization, as the process is intended to promote gradual healing by allowing the wound to drain and heal from the inside.

Hemoglobin disorders are not considered a group of bleeding disorders because they do not directly affect the clotting process or the ability of blood to form clots. Hemoglobin disorders, such as sickle cell disease or thalassemia, involve abnormalities in the structure or production of hemoglobin, the protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells. While these disorders can lead to complications and health issues, they do not typically cause bleeding or affect the clotting mechanism.

Felypressin is considered the safest vasoconstrictor for patients with hyperthyroidism. This is because it has minimal effects on the cardiovascular system and does not stimulate the release of thyroid hormones. Adrenaline and noradrenaline can potentially worsen the symptoms of hyperthyroidism by increasing heart rate and blood pressure. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic and does not have vasoconstrictive properties. Therefore, Felypressin is the best choice for vasoconstriction in patients with hyperthyroidism.

The given answer is the correct answer because it describes a surgical technique that involves removing part of the lingual bone to facilitate the luxation (dislocation) of the root in a lingual direction. The other options describe different surgical techniques for root removal, such as opening a window on the buccal bone, creating a groove on the root surface after removing buccal bone, and creating a groove between the root and bone for elevator access.

Vicryl is classified as an absorbable synthetic suture. This means that it is made from synthetic materials that are designed to break down and be absorbed by the body over time. This type of suture is commonly used in surgeries where the sutures do not need to be removed because they will naturally dissolve on their own. Vicryl is a popular choice for absorbable sutures due to its strength and ability to hold tissue together during the healing process.

Tachycardia, or a rapid heart rate, is an early sign of the need for oxygen. When the body is not receiving enough oxygen, the heart beats faster in an attempt to compensate and deliver more oxygen to the organs and tissues. This increased heart rate is a physiological response to the low oxygen levels and serves as an indicator that the body is in need of more oxygen. Cyanosis, sternal relaxation, and constricted pupils are not specific early signs of oxygen need, making tachycardia the correct answer.

Surgical needles and sutures are usually sterilized in manufacturing units using gamma radiation. Gamma radiation is a high-energy form of electromagnetic radiation that can penetrate materials and kill microorganisms. It is commonly used for sterilization because it is effective in destroying bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens without leaving any residue on the sterilized items. Gamma radiation can penetrate packaging materials and reach all areas of the surgical needles and sutures, ensuring complete sterilization. X-rays are not typically used for sterilization as they have lower energy and cannot penetrate materials as effectively as gamma radiation. Boiling and dry heat sterilization may be suitable for some medical instruments, but they may not be suitable for surgical needles and sutures due to their delicate nature.

The basic principles of extraction involve the expansion of the bony socket, the application of lever and fulcrum, and the insertion of a wedge. These techniques are used to effectively remove a tooth without causing trauma to the surrounding bone and mucosa. Therefore, the correct answer is "No trauma to bone and mucosa" because it is not one of the basic principles of extraction.

The fulcrum is taken from the interdental bone while using elevators. The interdental bone refers to the bone that lies between two adjacent teeth. In dental procedures, elevators are used to loosen and lift the tooth from its socket. The interdental bone provides a stable support for the elevator, allowing controlled and efficient extraction of the tooth. By placing the fulcrum on the interdental bone, the dentist can apply the necessary force to dislodge the tooth without causing excessive trauma to the surrounding tissues.

Operculectomy is the best treatment for pericoronitis involving impacted mandibular 3rd molar with thin periosteum because it involves the removal of the operculum, which is the flap of gum tissue that partially covers the impacted tooth. By removing the operculum, the area becomes easier to clean, reducing the chances of infection and inflammation. Antibiotics and analgesics may be used to manage the symptoms, but they do not address the underlying issue of the impacted tooth and thin periosteum. Extraction of the opposite 3rd molar is not necessary for treating pericoronitis involving the impacted mandibular 3rd molar with thin periosteum.

When designing a flap, the most desirable incision is vertical. This is because a vertical incision allows for better blood supply to the flap, as it follows the natural orientation of the blood vessels. Additionally, a vertical incision provides better access to the surgical site and allows for easier closure of the incision after the procedure. Horizontal, curved, and elliptical incisions may not provide the same level of blood supply or access, making them less desirable options.