A Quiz On Human Health And Economics.

Smoking is a known risk factor for lung cancer. It is estimated that smoking accounts for about 85% of all cases of lung cancer. The harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke damage the cells in the lungs, leading to the development of cancerous tumors. Smoking also increases the risk of other types of cancer, such as throat, mouth, esophageal, and bladder cancer. However, there is no direct link between smoking and diabetes, hypertension, or measles.

Comorbidity refers to the presence of multiple medical conditions or diseases in an individual simultaneously. It means that the person is affected by more than one disease at the same time. This can have significant implications for diagnosis, treatment, and overall health management.

Equity refers to a fair distribution of resources among individuals or groups. It ensures that everyone has equal access to opportunities and benefits, regardless of their background or circumstances. This concept promotes fairness and justice in society by addressing inequalities and striving for equal outcomes. Maximizing benefits from available resources and ranking problems, needs, or solutions are not accurate definitions of equity.

The concept of universal coverage in healthcare focuses on ensuring that all individuals have access to healthcare services when they need them, regardless of their personal characteristics or circumstances. Equity in access and equity in financing are both important components of universal coverage, as they aim to eliminate disparities in healthcare access and financial burden. However, being concerned with specific people does not align with the principle of universal coverage, as it suggests a selective approach rather than providing healthcare for all individuals.

The basic economic problem that arises because people have unlimited wants is scarcity. Scarcity refers to the limited availability of resources in relation to unlimited wants and needs. It means that there are not enough resources to satisfy all the desires and demands of individuals and society as a whole. This scarcity forces individuals and societies to make choices about how to allocate their limited resources, leading to trade-offs and opportunity costs. Poverty, efficiency, effectiveness, and equity are all related concepts but do not directly address the fundamental issue of scarcity.

The ageing population is a tough and complex challenge for the health system because it leads to an increased demand for healthcare services. As people age, they are more likely to develop chronic diseases and require long-term care. This puts a strain on healthcare resources and requires the system to adapt and allocate more resources to meet the needs of the ageing population. Additionally, the ageing population often requires specialized care and support, which further adds to the complexity of the challenge.

The correct answer is C and D because both physicians and economists rely on quantitative information and deal with numbers. This means that they both use data and statistical analysis to inform their work and make decisions. Additionally, both professions are concerned with both large populations and individual patients, indicating a shared focus on the well-being and health of individuals and communities.

The correct answer is "All of above." This is because a good spending in health can lead to lower infant mortality, lower maternal mortality, and increased life expectancy. When a country invests in healthcare, it can improve access to prenatal care, vaccinations, and medical treatments, resulting in better outcomes for both mothers and infants. Additionally, healthcare investments can contribute to advancements in medical research, technology, and infrastructure, leading to overall improvements in life expectancy for the population. Therefore, all of the given options are valid outcomes of good spending in health.

The given statement states that hospital-based curative-oriented care is usually based on high technology, limited to people with advanced disease, doesn't always cure disease, and has limited coverage. The correct answer, "All of the above are true," indicates that all of these statements are accurate. In other words, hospital-based curative-oriented care typically relies on advanced technology, is restricted to individuals with advanced disease, does not guarantee a cure, and has limited reach in terms of population coverage.

The correct answer is "Consider health as a human right." The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 was a significant international declaration that emphasized the importance of health as a fundamental human right. It aimed to promote primary healthcare and ensure access to healthcare services for all individuals worldwide. The declaration was adopted in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, not in Berlin, and it focused on primary healthcare rather than secondary healthcare.

Universal Health Coverage Day is observed on 12th December. This day is dedicated to raising awareness about the importance of universal health coverage and advocating for the right to access quality healthcare for all individuals, without facing financial hardship. It aims to highlight the need for countries to work towards achieving universal health coverage as a key component of sustainable development and to ensure that no one is left behind in accessing healthcare services.

Physicians and economists both deal with human life, as they are involved in making decisions that can impact people's health and well-being. They also both deal with numbers, as they analyze data and use statistics to inform their decisions. Additionally, both physicians and economists compare benefits and risks when making decisions. However, the one area where they differ is in dealing with large numbers of people. While economists are concerned with large aggregations and population-level trends, physicians primarily focus on individual patients and their specific health needs.

The given answer states that costs increase when there are fewer people with long-term health conditions. However, this statement is not true. In reality, having fewer people with long-term health conditions would actually decrease costs because there would be fewer individuals requiring expensive long-term treatments and care. Therefore, the correct answer is that "None of the above is true."

Anxiety is not considered a chronic illness. While it is a common mental health condition, chronic illnesses typically refer to physical conditions that last for a long time and require ongoing management or treatment. Malaria, cholera, AIDS, and blindness are all examples of chronic illnesses as they can persist for extended periods and often require medical intervention.

Good health care spending is reflected in a healthier population by increased life expectancy. This means that when a country invests in its healthcare system and provides quality healthcare services, it leads to better overall health outcomes for the population. When people have access to effective healthcare, they are more likely to live longer and have a higher life expectancy. This indicates that the healthcare spending is being utilized effectively and is positively impacting the health of the population.

National income has a direct effect on the development of the health system through insurance coverage and public spending. A higher national income allows for more resources to be allocated towards health insurance coverage, ensuring that more individuals have access to healthcare services. Additionally, increased national income enables governments to invest more in public spending on healthcare infrastructure, facilities, and services, leading to improved healthcare outcomes and development of the health system. Therefore, options A and C, which include insurance coverage and public spending, are both correct explanations for the direct effect of national income on the development of the health system.

The correct answer is "A and B." This means that economics is concerned with both costs and efficiency. Costs refer to the expenses incurred in producing goods and services, while efficiency relates to the optimal use of resources to achieve maximum output. By considering both costs and efficiency, economics aims to analyze and improve the allocation of resources to maximize societal welfare.

The correct answer is "Studies the functioning of the health care systems as well as health-affecting behaviors such as smoking." This answer is supported by the statement in the question that health economics studies the functioning of health care systems and health-affecting behaviors. It implies that health economics focuses on understanding how health care systems operate and how individual behaviors, such as smoking, can impact health outcomes. This aligns with the broader field of health economics, which aims to analyze and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of health care delivery.

The given statement states that health care is easily accessible to every part of society. However, this is not entirely true as there are many barriers to accessing health care, such as financial constraints, geographical limitations, and lack of health care facilities in certain areas. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.

The primary perspective of health economics is equity. This means that health resources and services should be distributed fairly among individuals and populations, regardless of their socioeconomic status or other factors. Equity in health economics aims to reduce health disparities and ensure that everyone has equal access to healthcare and opportunities for good health outcomes. This perspective recognizes the importance of social justice and fairness in the allocation of healthcare resources.