Psyc 100 Midterm Practice Quiz 2018

The genetic makeup of an individual, which determines the traits they inherit, is referred to as the genotype. On the other hand, the expression or manifestation of these traits in an individual is known as the phenotype. The genotype is responsible for providing the instructions for the development and functioning of an organism, while the phenotype is the observable result of these instructions.

Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behaviour while adding a stimulus.

Motor neurons are a type of nerve cells that transmit signals from the brain to the muscles and glands in the body. These neurons are responsible for controlling voluntary movements, such as walking or talking, as well as involuntary movements, such as breathing or digestion. Therefore, it is correct to say that motor neurons send signals from the brain to the body.

The graph shows a strong negative correlation because as one variable increases, the other variable consistently decreases. The dots on the graph form a clear downward trend, indicating a strong negative relationship between the two variables.

The given question asks which graph shows greater variability assuming the scales are the same. Since there is no additional information or context provided about the graphs, it is impossible to determine the exact reason why one graph may have greater variability than the other. Variability refers to the spread or dispersion of data points, so without any data or visual representation of the graphs, it is not possible to provide a specific explanation.

A reflex arc is not a part of a neuron. A reflex arc refers to the pathway that allows for a reflex action to occur. It involves a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron, but it is not a physical component of a neuron itself.

This scenario demonstrates classical conditioning, which is a type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflexive or involuntary response. In this case, the individual has developed an association between hearing the song "Brother" and wanting a Coca Cola product due to the previous advertisement. The song, which was initially a neutral stimulus, has now become a conditioned stimulus that elicits the desire for a Coca Cola product, which is the conditioned response.

The nervous system is divided into two main subsystems: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are responsible for processing and coordinating information. The PNS includes all the nerves outside the CNS, which transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body. The correct answer, therefore, is central nervous system; peripheral nervous system.

Male cardinals are vibrant red in color due to sexual selection. This means that female cardinals are more attracted to males with vibrant red plumage, which increases their chances of mating. The preference for red coloration has likely evolved over time because it signals the male's genetic fitness and ability to acquire resources. Although being more visible to predators may seem like a disadvantage, the benefits gained from attracting mates outweigh the risks. Therefore, sexual selection is the most plausible explanation for the vibrant red coloration of male cardinals.

Third-degree relatives include cousins, great-grandparents and great-grandchildren. Aunts and uncles are second-degree relatives.

Data refers to raw facts or measurements that are unprocessed and have no meaning on their own. On the other hand, information is the result of organizing and interpreting data, giving it context and making it meaningful. Therefore, the correct answer states that data represents measurements or simple facts, while information refers to the organization and interpretation of that data.

Second-degree relatives share 25% of alleles with each other. This includes relationships such as half-siblings, grandparents, grandchildren, and aunts/uncles with nieces/nephews. The 25% genetic similarity is due to the fact that second-degree relatives share one out of four grandparents or one out of four great-grandparents. This level of genetic relatedness is lower than that of first-degree relatives (50% shared alleles) but higher than third-degree relatives (12.5% shared alleles).

The parasympathetic nervous system enhances the internal processes related to the digestion of food, such as increasing saliva production and promoting the release of digestive enzymes. On the other hand, the sympathetic nervous system mobilizes one's body for rapid energy bursts, such as the fight or flight response.

Positive punishment decreases the likelihood of a behaviour while adding a stimulus.
(Flame was added and child will most likely not touch the flame again)

Contingency refers to the degree to which the occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is predicted by a conditioned response (CR). In classical conditioning, the contingency between the CR and UCS determines the strength of the conditioned response. If the UCS consistently follows the CR, a strong contingency is established, leading to a more robust conditioned response. Therefore, contingency plays a crucial role in determining the effectiveness of classical conditioning.

Chaining is the process of reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response. This means that each behavior or response is reinforced in a sequence, where the completion of one behavior leads to the opportunity to perform the next behavior. This allows for the development of complex behaviors by breaking them down into smaller, manageable steps and reinforcing each step in the sequence. Shaping, on the other hand, involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior, while acquisition refers to the initial learning of a behavior. Discrimination training involves teaching an individual to respond differently to different stimuli.

This scenario is an example of shaping. Shaping is a technique used in operant conditioning where desired behaviors are reinforced gradually. In this case, the dog is rewarded whenever it does something close to rolling over, encouraging it to eventually perform the complete behavior. This process involves breaking down the desired behavior into smaller steps and reinforcing each step until the final behavior is achieved.

The brain is not involved in the spinal reflex arc. The spinal reflex arc is a pathway that allows for rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli without the involvement of the brain. It involves the integration center, which is typically located in the spinal cord, sensory neurons that transmit sensory information to the integration center, and motor neurons that transmit motor commands from the integration center to the muscles or glands. However, the brain is not directly involved in this reflex arc, as it is bypassed to allow for quick reflexive actions.

"Fixed ratio" and "variable interval" are both categorized as intermittent reinforcement. Intermittent reinforcement refers to a schedule of reinforcement where the desired behavior is only reinforced occasionally or at irregular intervals. In the case of fixed ratio, reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses, while in variable interval, reinforcement is provided after a varying amount of time has passed. Both of these schedules involve intermittent reinforcement because they do not provide reinforcement for every instance of the behavior, but rather at specific intervals or ratios.

Contiguity refers to the close temporal relationship between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US). In classical conditioning, contiguity is essential for the formation of an association between the two stimuli. The CS must consistently precede the US in order for the association to be established. This continuous series of frequent pairings of the CS and US strengthens the association and leads to the acquisition of a conditioned response. Therefore, contiguity is the correct answer as it best describes the process of repeated pairing of the CS and US in classical conditioning.

Participants must be debriefed AFTER the experiment, not before.

This scenario is an example of negative reinforcement because the dog's behavior of raising its paw is strengthened by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus (standing outside in the snow). By allowing the dog to come inside when it raises its paw, you are reinforcing the behavior of raising the paw and increasing the likelihood that the dog will repeat this behavior in the future to avoid standing outside in the snow.