The 'PSYC 100 Exam Practice' quiz assesses foundational concepts in psychology, covering historical roots, structuralism, functionalism, and the relationship between psychology and biology. It tests understanding of key psychological theories and methodologies, essential for beginners in the field.
Unobservable behaviour; consciousness
Introspection; consequences of behaviour
Elements of consciousness; purpose of consciousness
Consciousness; memory
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Biology
Chemistry
Sociology
Philosophy
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Logic; function
Logic; observation
Analysis; science
Analysis; measurement
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Comparative psychology
Materialism
Rationalism
Psychophysics
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Not objective
Unreliable
Invalid
Too subjective
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Obtaining a broad understanding of how different variables are related to eachother.
Adding the results from one study to those from other studies
How significant the results of the statistical analysis are
Concluding that the results obtained from a sample can also be applied to the larger population
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No forseeable harm; there is a full debriefing
No confounding; information is confidential
Monetary renumeration; prior informed consent
Prior informed consent; no forseeable harm
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Design the study
Formulate a hypothesis
Determine the subjects that he/she would like to use in the experiment
Collect the data for the study
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Participants' scores on the recall test
Number of words
Whether or not the participants have been taught the memory aid
Amount of time that participants took to complete the recall test
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Central tendency; variability
Inferential statistics; descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics; inferential statistics
Variability; relations
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The influence of environmental influences and experiences
Its genotype
The reproductive success of its parents
The interaction of its genotype with the environment
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Large feathers can be used to protect the nest
Evolution through sexual selection
Evolution through natural selection
Genetic drift
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Share the same genotype
Share the same environment
Share the same phenotype
Are biologically related
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Pleasurable, which is reinforcing
Leads to a longer life span and more variability in behaviour
Produces organisms that have the capacity for thinking and language
Leads to genetic diversity, which is adaptive
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Unmarried women tend to seek casual sexual relationships
Men are more likely to seek diversity in their sexual relationships than women
Men tend to be more promiscuous than women
Human sexual behaviour is subject to strong cultural influences
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Variable-ratio, every 10th response reinforced
Variable-ratio, every 5th response reinforced
Fixed-interval, reinforced after 1 minute
Fixed-ratio, every response is reinforced
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Classical Conditioning
Shaping
Habituation
Partial Reinforcement
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Fixed-ratio
Variable-ratio
Variable-interval
Intermittent reinforcement
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One sees an absence of errors in the animal's performance
There is a sudden drop in the learning curve
The animal gives a smooth, continuous performance
A transfer of training occurs
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The number of times the US has elicited the CR
The number of CS-US pairings
The intensity of the CS
The intensity of the CR
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The cerebellum
The limbic system
The hypothalamus
The thalamus
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Identify it verbally; identify it by touch with the left hand
Identify it by touch with the left hand; identify it verbally
Identify it verbally; identify it by touch with the right hand
Identify it by touch with the right hand; identify it verbally
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The environmental richness of the environment in which they grow up is positively correlated with the structural complexity and size of rats' brains
After childhood, the functional organization of the human brain is unchangeable
All learning and memory requires a physical change in the brain
Early-life stress can produce physical changes in the brain
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The left hemisphere receives sensory information from the left side of the body, and the right hemisphere from the right side
The left hemisphere is generally specialized for language function, while the right hemisphere seems to be better at appreciating spatial relationships among objects
The right hemisphere generally has no language ability
The left hemisphere is logical and analytic, whereas the right hemisphere is creative and intuitive
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Temporal/parietal, comprehension; frontal, production
Temporal/parietal, production; frontal, comprehension
Frontal, production; temporal/parietal, comprehension
Frontal, comprehension; temporal/parietal, production
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A small "hole" in a particular region of the left visual field
Slight weakness in the muscles that control the contralateral eye
A tiny lesion is unlikely to have any effects on vision
A small "hole" in a particular region of the right visual field
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Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
Brain; spinal cord
Brain, peripheral nervous system
Left cerebral hemisphere; right cerebral hemisphere
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Interneurons, nuclei, and dendrites
Sensory and motor processes
Glial cells
Cell body, axon, and dendrites
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It will chemically "track" the incoming signals one by one, such that it will produce an action potential each time an excitatory signal arrives at a synapse and will skip an action potential each time an inhibitory signal arrives at a synapse
It will integrate the incoming excitatory and inhibitory signals, with its rate of action potentials depending on the relative amount of each type of signal
It will either produce an action potential or not, depending entirely upon whether it is an excitatory or inhibitory neuron
It will produce an action potential if the number of incoming excitatory signals exceeds a certain threshold number and will not produce one otherwise
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Interneurons
Primary Neurons
Motor Neurons
Sensory Neurons
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Primitive and only existed in dinosaurs
Explains why we avoid painful stimuli
Controlled entirely at the level of the spinal cord
Mediated by the brain
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Stages 3 and 4 are the deepest stages of sleep, when regular, slow waves are evident on an EEG
During stage 4 sleep, our skeletal muscles are almost completely inactive
REM sleep happens once per night
As you transition through the stages of sleep from stage 4 to stage 2, your neural activity oscillates at faster and faster frequencies
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Beta waves --> alpha waves --> delta waves
Alpha waves --> beta waves --> delta waves
Theta waves --> delta waves --> beta waves
Alpha waves --> delta waves --> beta waves
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Attention is required to bind different features together in an object
Searches for targets defined by more than one feature (eg colour and shape) are slow and require attention
Searches for targets defined by a single feature (such as colour, shape, or orientation) can be performed quickly and preattentively
Whereas binding of complex stimulus features requires attention, binding of simple stimulus features (such as colour, shape, or orientation) does not
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Becomes zero (REM eventually drops out of the sleep cycle)
Increases
Decreases
Becomes 100% (the last few hours of sleep before regular waking time are entirely REM)
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Impossible - the three states are indistinguishiable
Difficult since contingencies between stimuli and behaviour can be difficult to observe in all three
Difficult since the individual doesn't exhibit any behaviour in all three
Difficult to distinguish minimally conscious and locked-in states because the individual has their eyes open in both, but since eyes are closed in the vegetative state, it's easy to distinguish that one
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Search is parallel for conjunctions of features, but serial for single features
Search is always conducted in serial
Search is always conducted in parallel
Search is serial for conjunctions of features, but parallel for single features
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Similar objects are more easily perceived than different objects
Similar elements are perceptually grouped together
Similar objects are closer to each other than different objects
Near objects are perceived as being smaller than distant objects
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The retinal signal generated in response to the shirt is the same in both environments
The Gestalt principle of similarity
The shirt reflects the same amount of light in both environments
Lightness constancy compensates for a different in the amount of light reflected
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Leads us to be aware of the stable aspects of our environment
Allows our attention to focus on the changes that occur in our environment
Allows us to vary our attention between the changing and stable aspects of our environment
Allows us to feel more attuned to our environment
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Absolute threshold; difference threshold
Signal detection; response bias
JND; magnitude of the stimulus
Signal; noise
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Just-noticible differences
Your response bias
Your absolute threshold
Weber's fraction
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Each cone synapses directly onto a single ganglion cell and there is a concentration of cones in the fovea
The fovea has no blind spot
The distance between the retina and the optic nerve is minimized at the fovea
There are fewer bipolar and ganglion cells in the area surrounding the fovea than there are in the area surrounding the retina's periphery
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The density of cones at the fovea
The size of objects
Retinal Disparity (difference between the left and right retinal image)
Occlusion (objects blocking on another)
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Limbic system; occipital lobe
Cingulate gyrus; occipital cortex
Thalamus; primary visual cortex
Hypothalamus; primary visual cortex
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Most people have three types of photoreceptors
When people see green, it is because there is activity in the 'green' photoreceptors uniquely; other photoreceptor types are not active
The layer of the retina where the photoreceptors are found is closest to the lens of the eye, and photoreceptors send their information to deeper layers, closer to the back of the retina, where the bipolar and ganglion cells are found
Colour vision is the result of the relative firing of the cone receptors
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To the left visual cortex in the parietal lobe
To the right visual cortex in the occipital lobe
To the left visual cortex in the occipital lobe
To the right visual cortex in the parietal lobe
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Colour; brightness
Brightness; colour
Brightness; intensity
Colour; intensity
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