Psyc 100 Exam Practice

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1. Which is most accurate?

Explanation

This answer is the most accurate because it encompasses the broad scope of psychology. Psychologists do study the human psyche, but this answer goes beyond that by including the study of mental processes and behavior. This includes understanding cognitive processes, emotions, perception, memory, and how individuals interact with their environment. Additionally, this answer acknowledges that psychologists study not only human behavior but also animal behavior, as comparative psychology examines the behavior of various species.

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About This Quiz
Psyc 100 Exam Practice - Quiz

The 'PSYC 100 Exam Practice' quiz assesses foundational concepts in psychology, covering historical roots, structuralism, functionalism, and the relationship between psychology and biology. It tests understanding of key... see morepsychological theories and methodologies, essential for beginners in the field. see less

2. Only ____________ involve the manipulation of independent variables.

Explanation

Experiments involve the manipulation of independent variables. In an experiment, researchers deliberately manipulate one or more independent variables to observe the effects on the dependent variable. This allows them to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. In contrast, correlational studies examine the relationship between variables without manipulating them, case studies focus on a single individual or group without manipulating variables, and studies using naturalistic observation simply observe and describe behavior without manipulating variables. Therefore, only experiments involve the manipulation of independent variables.

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3. Psychology arose in the 19th century from developments in a number of areas, primarily:

Explanation

Psychology emerged in the 19th century as a result of advancements in both science and philosophy. Scientific methods and principles were being applied to understand human behavior and mental processes, leading to the establishment of psychology as a scientific discipline. At the same time, philosophers were also exploring questions related to the mind, consciousness, and human nature, which contributed to the development of psychological theories and concepts. The combination of scientific inquiry and philosophical reflection played a crucial role in the formation and growth of psychology as a field of study.

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4. The placement of our ears on opposite sides of the head is crucial to our ability to:

Explanation

The placement of our ears on opposite sides of the head allows us to figure out where a sound is coming from. This is because sound waves reach each ear at slightly different times and intensities, allowing our brain to process this information and determine the direction of the sound source.

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5. Neurons are made up of:

Explanation

Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system and are composed of three main parts: the cell body, axon, and dendrites. The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles necessary for the neuron's functioning. The axon is a long, slender projection that carries electrical signals away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles. Dendrites are shorter, branch-like projections that receive incoming signals from other neurons. Together, these three components allow neurons to transmit and process information throughout the body.

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6. Grace was out on a crowded dance floor when the person dancing next to her accidentally kicked her in the leg. Which type of neuron carried the pain information from her leg to the central nervous system?

Explanation

Sensory neurons are responsible for carrying pain information from the leg to the central nervous system. These neurons are specialized to detect and transmit sensory information, including pain, from various parts of the body to the brain. In this case, when Grace was kicked in the leg, the sensory neurons in her leg would have detected the pain stimulus and transmitted the information to the central nervous system, allowing her to perceive the pain sensation.

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7. People who live in cities often do not respond to night sounds while asleep. This is an example of:

Explanation

Habituation refers to the process of becoming accustomed to a stimulus over time, resulting in a decreased response to it. In this case, people who live in cities are exposed to various night sounds on a regular basis, causing them to become habituated to these sounds while asleep. As a result, their response to these sounds diminishes, allowing them to continue sleeping undisturbed. This demonstrates the concept of habituation as the explanation for why city dwellers often do not respond to night sounds while asleep.

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8. A researcher has 2 groups of subjects - one that has been taught a memory aid, and another that has not. Both groups are then asked to learn a list of 20 nouns in 2 minutes, and both are then given a recall test. What is the independent variable?

Explanation

The independent variable in this experiment is whether or not the participants have been taught the memory aid. This is the variable that the researcher manipulates in order to determine its effect on the participants' performance on the recall test. The researcher is interested in examining whether teaching the memory aid has an impact on the participants' ability to recall the list of 20 nouns.

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9. The fact that male peacocks have evolved large tail feathers (even though large feathers appear to be an impediment for survival) is best explained by:

Explanation

The evolution of large tail feathers in male peacocks can be best explained by evolution through sexual selection. This theory suggests that certain traits evolve because they increase an individual's chances of mating and reproducing, even if they may have negative effects on survival. In the case of peacocks, the large and colorful tail feathers are attractive to females and play a crucial role in mate selection. Therefore, over time, males with larger and more elaborate tail feathers have a higher chance of mating and passing on their genes, leading to the evolution of this trait.

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10. Natural selection has favoured species that reproduce sexually because sexual reproduction:

Explanation

Sexual reproduction leads to genetic diversity, which is adaptive. This is because sexual reproduction involves the exchange and recombination of genetic material between two parents, resulting in offspring that have a combination of traits from both parents. This genetic diversity allows for a greater range of variation within a population, which can be beneficial for survival and adaptation to changing environments. It increases the chances of some individuals having traits that are advantageous in certain conditions, ensuring the survival of the species as a whole.

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11. Essay questions tend to be more difficult than multiple choice because with an essay quesiton: 

Explanation

Essay questions tend to be more difficult than multiple-choice questions because they require recall rather than recognition. In essay questions, students need to actively retrieve information from their memory and generate a response, whereas in multiple-choice questions, they only need to recognize the correct answer among the given options. This recall process is more challenging as it requires a deeper understanding of the material and the ability to organize and articulate thoughts effectively. In contrast, recognition tasks rely on familiarity and can be aided by cues or context provided in the options.

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12. In psychological research, the term generalization refers to:

Explanation

The term generalization in psychological research refers to the process of applying the results obtained from a sample to the larger population. This means that researchers can draw conclusions about the entire population based on the findings from a smaller group. Generalization allows researchers to make broader statements and predictions about human behavior and psychological processes. It is an important aspect of research as it helps to establish the external validity and generalizability of the findings.

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13. The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the ____________ and the ____________. 

Explanation

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and the spinal cord. These two components work together to process and coordinate information throughout the body. The brain is responsible for higher-level functions such as thinking, memory, and emotions, while the spinal cord acts as a pathway for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Together, they form the central command center of the nervous system, controlling and regulating various bodily functions.

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14. The Gestalt law of similarity predicts that:

Explanation

The Gestalt law of similarity states that similar elements are perceptually grouped together. This means that when presented with a group of objects or elements, our brain tends to perceive those that are similar in terms of shape, color, size, or other attributes as belonging to the same group or category. This grouping helps us organize and make sense of the visual information we receive, allowing us to perceive patterns and relationships between objects.

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15. Due to a minor stroke, Kerry has a tiny lesion in the left primary visual cortex. The most likely result will be:

Explanation

The left primary visual cortex is responsible for processing visual information from the right visual field. Therefore, a lesion in this area would result in a small "hole" in a particular region of the right visual field.

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16. After being in a car accident, Geoff began having problems concetrating, and paying attention to things. His wife noticed that this normally tidy man was messy and disorganized, and a colleague at work recently complained that Geoff behaved inappropriately towards her. Which of the following lobes was most likely damaged?

Explanation

After a car accident, Geoff's change in behavior and cognitive abilities suggest damage to the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is responsible for executive functions such as attention, concentration, organization, and impulse control. Geoff's difficulty in concentrating, being messy and disorganized, and behaving inappropriately towards his colleague align with frontal lobe dysfunction. The other lobes (parietal, occipital, and temporal) are not primarily associated with these symptoms.

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17. A structure within the limbic system that plays an important role in the formation of memories is the:

Explanation

The hippocampus is a structure within the limbic system that is responsible for the formation of memories. It plays a crucial role in converting short-term memories into long-term memories and in spatial navigation. Damage to the hippocampus can result in memory loss and difficulties in forming new memories, as seen in conditions like Alzheimer's disease.

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18. Which of the following is NOT true?

Explanation

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19. Information from the right visual field is conveyed: 

Explanation

Information from the right visual field is conveyed to the left visual cortex in the occipital lobe because the visual pathways in the brain cross over at the optic chiasm. This means that the right visual field is processed by the left side of the brain. The occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual information, so the correct answer is that information from the right visual field is conveyed to the left visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

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20. The first step of the scientific method specifies that a researcher:

Explanation

The first step of the scientific method is to formulate a hypothesis. This involves identifying a specific question or problem that the researcher wants to investigate and then proposing a possible explanation or prediction for that question or problem. By formulating a hypothesis, the researcher is able to guide their study and design experiments or collect data that will help them test and evaluate the validity of their hypothesis. This step is crucial as it sets the foundation for the entire scientific research process.

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21. Mean is to ____________ as standard deviation is to _____________. 

Explanation

The mean is a measure of central tendency, representing the average value of a set of data. Similarly, the standard deviation is a measure of variability, indicating how spread out the data points are from the mean. Therefore, the relationship between mean and standard deviation can be described as central tendency and variability.

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22. Visual acuity is sharpest when images cast by environmental stimuli fall directly on the fovea because:

Explanation

The fovea is the central area of the retina where visual acuity is the sharpest. This is because each cone in the fovea directly connects to a single ganglion cell, allowing for a more precise transmission of visual information. Additionally, the fovea contains a high concentration of cones, which are responsible for color vision and detailed visual perception. This concentration of cones in the fovea further enhances visual acuity in this area.

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23. Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that:

Explanation

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that retrieval cues can bias eyewitness accounts. This means that the way information is retrieved from memory can be influenced by external cues, leading to inaccuracies in the eyewitness's recollection of the event. These cues can include leading questions, suggestive language, or even the presence of other people who may inadvertently influence the witness's memory. This finding highlights the importance of careful questioning techniques and the need to consider the potential impact of retrieval cues on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony.

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24. Azmy is participating in an experiment in which he just heard a list of 15 words, and is now being asked to recall them. He will probably

Explanation

This phenomenon is known as the serial position effect. The beginning of the list is associated with the primacy effect, where items are more likely to be transferred into long-term memory. The end of the list is associated with the recency effect, where items are still in short-term memory. The middle items are more likely to be forgotten as they are neither in the beginning nor at the end. Therefore, Azmy is more likely to remember items from the beginning and end of the list, but not so many from the middle.

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25. Suppose you stared at a blue balloon, then shifted your eyes to a white surface and saw a yellow afterimage of the balloon. This afterimage would be explained by the fact that retinal neurons that respond most to blue-appearing light ____________, while those that respond to yellow-appearing light ____________. 

Explanation

The afterimage of the yellow balloon on the white surface suggests that the retinal neurons that respond most to blue-appearing light became fatigued, while those that respond to yellow-appearing light still responded strongly. This is because prolonged exposure to a particular color can cause the corresponding retinal neurons to become fatigued, resulting in an afterimage of the complementary color. In this case, the blue-responding neurons became fatigued, leading to the perception of a yellow afterimage. However, the yellow-responding neurons remained responsive, which is why they still responded strongly to the white surface.

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26. Through their research on human responses to physical stimuli, both von Helmholtz and Fechner contributed to the beginnings of:

Explanation

Von Helmholtz and Fechner's research on human responses to physical stimuli laid the groundwork for psychophysics. Psychophysics is the branch of psychology that studies the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce. By examining how humans perceive and respond to different stimuli, von Helmholtz and Fechner helped establish the field of psychophysics, which continues to explore the complex relationship between the physical world and our subjective experiences.

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27. For sound waves, amplitude is to _____________ as frequency is to ______________. 

Explanation

Amplitude refers to the intensity or strength of a sound wave, similar to how loudness refers to the volume or perceived intensity of a sound. On the other hand, frequency refers to the number of cycles or vibrations per second in a sound wave, which determines the pitch or how high or low a sound is perceived. Therefore, the correct analogy is that amplitude is to loudness as frequency is to pitch.

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28. The sensory homunculus in primary somatosensory cortex:

Explanation

The sensory homunculus in the primary somatosensory cortex represents different body parts based on their sensitivity and importance. It overrepresents body parts that have a high density of sensory receptors and require precise discrimination, such as the hands, lips, and face. On the other hand, it underrepresents body parts with lower sensory acuity, such as the torso and limbs. This representation is not fixed and can change with experience and training, contrary to the statement that it is impervious to change in adult animals.

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29. The receptors for hearing are: 

Explanation

The receptors for hearing are hair cells on the basilar membrane. These hair cells are responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The basilar membrane is a structure within the cochlea, which is part of the inner ear. The fluid-filled ducts in the cochlea, the auditory nerve, and the basilar and tectorial membranes are all important components of the auditory system, but they do not directly function as the receptors for hearing.

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30. Suppose that you have just finished working out and decide to take a shower. You are also expecting an important phone call, and so decide that you will listen extra carefully for the ringing of the phone. Two or three times, you pop your head out of the shower thinking that you hear the phone, but it didn't really ring. Your experience of listening to the phone has to do with:

Explanation

The correct answer is "your response bias". In this scenario, the person's expectation of an important phone call causes them to be more alert and attentive to any potential ringing sound. As a result, they may perceive non-existent ringing sounds and pop their head out of the shower. This is an example of a response bias, where their expectation influences their perception and response to a stimulus. The other options, such as just noticeable differences, absolute threshold, and Weber's fraction, do not accurately explain the person's experience in this situation.

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31. __________ is a learning procedure that utilizes reinforcement to guide a response in closer and closer approximations to a desired behaviour.

Explanation

Shaping is a learning procedure that utilizes reinforcement to guide a response in closer and closer approximations to a desired behavior. This means that instead of waiting for the desired behavior to occur naturally, shaping involves reinforcing small steps or behaviors that are similar to the desired behavior, gradually shaping the individual towards the desired behavior. Through this process, the individual learns and develops the desired behavior through reinforcement and repetition.

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32. Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?

Explanation

This is the best example of operant conditioning because the student's behavior of studying extra hard for the next exam is a result of receiving positive reinforcement (getting a mark of 90%). The positive reinforcement of receiving a high mark increases the likelihood of the behavior (studying extra hard) being repeated in the future.

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33. How does perception differ from sensation?

Explanation

Sensation refers to the process of detecting stimuli through our senses, while perception involves the interpretation and understanding of those sensations based on our prior experiences. Sensation is a basic physiological process that occurs without any prior knowledge or experience. On the other hand, perception relies on our previous experiences, knowledge, and expectations to give meaning to the sensations we experience. Therefore, the answer correctly states that sensation requires no experience, whereas perception implies prior experience which gives a sensation its meaning.

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34. Dr. Lemieux wants to determine if a group of participants reading on computer screens will read more pages of text in 1 hour than a group of participants reading on paper. She assigns students sitting at the front to be the "computer" condition, and the students sitting at the back to be the "paper" condition. In this experiment, seating location is:

Explanation

Seating location is considered a confounding variable in this experiment because it is not the intended independent variable being studied (which is the medium of reading - computer screens or paper). Seating location may have an impact on the participants' reading speed or comprehension, which could potentially influence the results. It is important to control for confounding variables in order to accurately determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

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35. A recessive allele will influence the expression of a trait only when it:

Explanation

When a recessive allele is paired with another recessive allele, it will influence the expression of a trait. This is because recessive alleles are only expressed when there are no dominant alleles present. In a homozygous recessive gene combination, both alleles are recessive, and therefore the trait associated with the recessive allele will be expressed.

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36. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding human sexual behaviour?

Explanation

The statement "Unmarried women tend to seek casual sexual relationships" is false. Research suggests that both men and women, regardless of marital status, have similar desires for casual sexual relationships. The idea that unmarried women are more likely to seek casual sexual relationships is a stereotype that is not supported by empirical evidence.

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37. For light waves, amplitude is to ___________ as wavelength is to _____________. 

Explanation

Amplitude is a measure of the intensity or brightness of a light wave, while wavelength determines the color of the light. The greater the amplitude, the brighter the light appears, and the shorter the wavelength, the bluer the light appears. Therefore, the correct answer is "brightness; colour."

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38. Structuralism is to ______ as functionalism is to ____________.

Explanation

Structuralism and functionalism are two different approaches in psychology. Structuralism focuses on analyzing the different elements of consciousness, while functionalism focuses on understanding the purpose and function of consciousness. Therefore, the correct answer is "elements of consciousness; purpose of consciousness."

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39. Rationalism is to ___________ as empiricism is to _____________. 

Explanation

Rationalism is a philosophical belief that knowledge is primarily acquired through reason and logical thinking. Similarly, empiricism is the belief that knowledge is primarily acquired through sensory experience and observation. Therefore, the correct answer is "logic; observation" because it accurately pairs the concepts of rationalism and empiricism with their respective methods of acquiring knowledge.

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40. Which of the following is FALSE about brain plasticity?

Explanation

The statement that "After childhood, the functional organization of the human brain is unchangeable" is FALSE. Brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt throughout life. Even after childhood, the brain can still reorganize its neural connections and modify its functional organization in response to learning, experiences, and environmental influences. This phenomenon is known as neuroplasticity and has been observed in various studies. Therefore, the functional organization of the human brain is not fixed and can be modified throughout adulthood.

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41. Which of the following is TRUE about hemispheric specialization?

Explanation

The left hemisphere is generally specialized for language function, while the right hemisphere seems to be better at appreciating spatial relationships among objects. This is supported by research on hemispheric specialization, which has shown that language processing, such as speech production and comprehension, is primarily localized in the left hemisphere. On the other hand, the right hemisphere is involved in processing visual-spatial information and is better at tasks like recognizing faces and understanding spatial relationships between objects. This division of functions between the two hemispheres is known as hemispheric specialization or lateralization.

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42. Which of the following is NOT true about sleep?

Explanation

During REM sleep, our skeletal muscles are almost completely inactive. This is because REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements and vivid dreaming, while our skeletal muscles experience temporary paralysis, known as REM atonia. This prevents us from physically acting out our dreams and potentially harming ourselves or others. Therefore, the statement "REM sleep happens once per night" is not true, as we cycle through multiple REM and non-REM sleep stages throughout the night.

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43. The CNS is made up of two general classes of cells:

Explanation

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of two general classes of cells: neurons and glia. Neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical signals and information throughout the body, while glia provide support and protection to the neurons. Together, these cells play a crucial role in the functioning of the CNS, allowing for the processing and coordination of sensory information, motor control, and cognitive functions.

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44. Psychology is most closely related to:

Explanation

Psychology is most closely related to biology because both fields study the human mind and behavior. Biology explores the biological basis of behavior, including the brain, genetics, and hormones, while psychology focuses on understanding and explaining human thoughts, emotions, and actions. The two disciplines often intersect, as psychological processes are influenced by biological factors. For example, studying how neurotransmitters affect mood and behavior is a common area of research in both fields. Understanding the biological foundations of psychology is crucial for comprehending human behavior and mental processes.

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45. Most traits and disorders are caused by:

Explanation

Most traits and disorders are caused by a combination of multiple genes and the environment. This means that there is not just one gene responsible for a particular trait or disorder, but rather a complex interaction between multiple genes and environmental factors. Genetic variations in multiple genes can contribute to the development of a trait or disorder, but the expression of these genes can also be influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and exposure to toxins. Therefore, both genetic and environmental factors play a role in determining the manifestation of traits and disorders.

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46. Which of the following is FALSE?

Explanation

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47. An organism's phenotype is the result of: 

Explanation

An organism's phenotype is the observable characteristics or traits that are determined by both its genotype (genetic makeup) and the environment it interacts with. While the genotype provides the genetic instructions, the environment plays a crucial role in how those genes are expressed. Environmental factors such as nutrition, temperature, and social interactions can influence the development and expression of certain traits. Therefore, the interaction between an organism's genotype and the environment is what ultimately shapes its phenotype.

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48. Which of the following is true about colour receptors?

Explanation

The correct answer states that any wavelength of light will stimulate all three types of color receptors, but the stimulation will not be equal. This means that each type of receptor is sensitive to a range of wavelengths, but the extent of stimulation will vary depending on the specific wavelength. Therefore, different colors will elicit different levels of response from each type of receptor, resulting in the perception of unequal stimulation.

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49. As sleep cycles progress over the course of an average night, the amount of time spent in REM sleep:

Explanation

As sleep cycles progress over the course of an average night, the amount of time spent in REM sleep increases. This is because REM sleep, also known as rapid eye movement sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by vivid dreaming and heightened brain activity. REM sleep typically occurs in shorter intervals at the beginning of the night and becomes longer and more frequent as the night progresses. Therefore, the correct answer is that the amount of time spent in REM sleep increases over the course of the night.

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50. Visual information is sent via the optic nerve to the ___________, which, in turn, sends it to the _________. 

Explanation

The visual information is first sent via the optic nerve to the thalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station and processes the information before sending it to the primary visual cortex, which is located in the occipital lobe. The primary visual cortex is responsible for further processing and interpreting the visual information.

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51. Evidence of the theory that sleep helps us to consolidate memories comes from research indicating that:

Explanation

Research has shown that cells in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory formation, are activated both during the learning process and during sleep. This suggests that sleep plays a role in consolidating memories. The activation of hippocampal cells during sleep may help to strengthen and integrate the information learned during wakefulness, leading to improved memory recall. This evidence supports the theory that sleep aids in memory consolidation.

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52. Which of the following most convincingly demonstrates contingency?

Explanation

This answer convincingly demonstrates contingency because it shows a consistent relationship between a specific event (a family member walking into the room) and a specific behavior (the brain-damaged patient moving their left foot). This behavior is not observed to the same extent at other times, indicating that it is contingent upon the presence of the family member.

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53. After studying the planets for his astronomy exam for hours, John received a phone call from his friend who asked him to guess what kind of car he just bought. John immediately replied, "A Saturn." That John's prior exposure to stimuli related to planets influenced his response to his friend's question is called:

Explanation

Priming refers to the phenomenon where prior exposure to a stimulus influences the response to a related stimulus. In this scenario, John's prior studying of planets likely activated his knowledge and associations related to planets. When his friend asked about the kind of car he bought, John's immediate response of "A Saturn" suggests that his prior exposure to the planet Saturn influenced his answer. This demonstrates the concept of priming, where previous experiences or information can affect subsequent responses or behavior.

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54. The spinal reflex arc is:

Explanation

The correct answer is "controlled entirely at the level of the spinal cord." The spinal reflex arc refers to the pathway that allows for a quick and automatic response to a stimulus without the involvement of the brain. This reflex arc is mediated by neurons in the spinal cord, which receive sensory input and send motor output to produce a reflexive response. The absence of brain involvement allows for a rapid response, such as quickly withdrawing a hand from a hot surface, without the need for conscious thought or decision-making.

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55. Which of the following lists is the easiest to remember?

Explanation

The list "8642097531" is the easiest to remember because it follows a simple pattern of ascending numbers from 0 to 9. This pattern makes it easier for our brains to recall and retain the information compared to the other lists that do not follow a clear pattern.

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56. Intelligence has a heritability estimate of .50 in a North-American Caucasian population. This means that:

Explanation

The heritability estimate of .50 in a North-American Caucasian population means that about 50% of the variance in intelligence in a group of Caucasian-Canadians can be attributed to genetic inheritance. This suggests that genetic factors play a significant role in determining intelligence within this specific population. However, it does not imply that the same percentage of variance in intelligence can be explained by genetic inheritance in any group of people, or that there will be a correlation between IQ scores of Caucasian individuals from North America and their adoptive or biological parents' IQ scores.

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57. The quantitative dimension of a stimulus (such as the brightness of a light, the loudness of a sound) is coded at the level of sensory neurons by:

Explanation

The quantitative dimension of a stimulus, such as brightness or loudness, is coded at the level of sensory neurons by the rate of neurons firing. This means that the more intense the stimulus, the higher the rate of neurons firing. The rate of firing provides information about the intensity or strength of the stimulus, allowing the brain to perceive and differentiate between different levels of brightness or loudness.

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58. Neurons communicate

Explanation

Neurons communicate through electrical signals within a single neuron and chemical signals between different neurons. Within a neuron, electrical impulses travel along the axon, allowing for rapid communication within the cell. Between neurons, chemical neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of one neuron and received by the dendrites of another, facilitating communication between cells. This combination of electrical and chemical signaling allows for the transmission of information throughout the nervous system.

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59. People with truly exceptional memories generally have

Explanation

People with truly exceptional memories generally have learned techniques for organizing information. This means that they have developed strategies to effectively store and retrieve information, such as using mnemonic devices, creating mental associations, or categorizing information. These techniques allow them to encode and retrieve information more efficiently, leading to better memory performance. The other options, such as unusually large sensory memory capacity or substituted memory based on images, may contribute to memory abilities but are not necessarily indicative of exceptional memory skills. Additionally, while genetics may play a role in memory abilities, it is not the sole determining factor.

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60. If psychology can be defined as the science of behaviour and the mind, why is the data in psychology always drawn from behaviour?

Explanation

The answer suggests that the data in psychology is always drawn from behavior because behavior can be observed, while the mind cannot. In other words, psychologists cannot directly access or measure the mind, but they can observe and analyze behaviors as indicators of mental processes. This is why behavior becomes the main source of data in psychology, allowing researchers to make inferences and draw conclusions about the mind based on observable actions and patterns.

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61. Distinguishing a severely brain damaged individual as being in a vegetative state, compared to a minimally conscious state, or locked-in state, is:

Explanation

The answer is difficult since contingencies between stimuli and behavior can be difficult to observe in all three states. This means that it is challenging to determine the specific state a severely brain damaged individual is in because the relationship between the stimuli they receive and their resulting behavior is not easily observable. This difficulty applies to distinguishing between a vegetative state, a minimally conscious state, and a locked-in state.

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62. Which of the following does NOT contribute to our depth perception?

Explanation

The density of cones at the fovea refers to the concentration of cone cells in the central part of the retina, which is responsible for detailed vision. This high density of cones contributes to our depth perception by providing clear and precise visual information. Therefore, the density of cones at the fovea does contribute to our depth perception, making it the correct answer for what does NOT contribute to it.

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63. Minor deception may be permitted in research providing there is ___________ and _____________. 

Explanation

Minor deception may be permitted in research providing there is no foreseeable harm and there is a full debriefing. This means that if the deception used in the research study does not pose any potential harm to the participants and if they are provided with a thorough explanation and discussion of the study after their participation, then it may be considered acceptable. This ensures that participants are not negatively affected by the deception and are fully informed about the purpose and procedures of the study.

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64. Altruistic behaviour toward non-relatives can be explained by:

Explanation

Reciprocal altruism refers to the idea that individuals may engage in altruistic behavior towards non-relatives because they expect to receive benefits in return in the future. This behavior can be explained by the concept of reciprocal altruism as it suggests that individuals are more likely to help others if they believe that their assistance will be reciprocated at a later time. This reciprocal exchange of favors can enhance the survival and reproductive success of both individuals involved, ultimately promoting the evolution of altruistic behavior towards non-relatives.

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65. Rehearsal works best to encode information into long-term memory when:

Explanation

Rehearsal works best to encode information into long-term memory when it is used to link new information with existing memories and knowledge. This is because when we connect new information with what we already know, it creates a stronger and more meaningful memory trace. By relating new information to existing knowledge, we are able to better understand and remember it. This process helps to create associations and connections in the brain, making the memory more easily retrievable in the future.

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66. Which of the following is NOT a reason why we sleep?

Explanation

Sleep does not directly contribute to the building of muscle spindles. Muscle spindles are sensory receptors within muscles that detect changes in muscle length and help regulate muscle tone and coordination. While sleep is important for muscle repair and growth, the process of building muscle spindles occurs during wakefulness through physical activity and exercise. Therefore, the statement "Allows the body to build muscle spindles" is not a reason why we sleep.

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67. Inferential statistics are useful in telling researchers whether the results of their experiments are:

Explanation

Inferential statistics are useful in determining whether the results of experiments are due to chance. This means that researchers can use inferential statistics to analyze their data and determine if the observed effects or relationships are statistically significant or if they could have occurred by random chance alone. By using inferential statistics, researchers can make conclusions about the general population based on the data collected from a sample, providing a more accurate understanding of the true effects or relationships being studied.

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68. Weber fractions relate the ____________ to the ______________. 

Explanation

Weber fractions relate the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) to the magnitude of the stimulus. The JND refers to the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected by a person. The Weber fraction is a constant ratio that determines the relationship between the JND and the magnitude of the stimulus. It helps explain how sensitive we are to changes in stimuli and how our perception is influenced by the magnitude of the stimulus.

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69. Maria's ability to remember where she was on her 17th birthday illustrates __________ memory, whereas her ability to remember how to play Fur Elise on the piano illustrates _________ memory. The former is more _________ whereas the latter is more __________. 

Explanation

Maria's ability to remember where she was on her 17th birthday illustrates episodic memory because it involves recalling specific personal events from the past. On the other hand, her ability to remember how to play Fur Elise on the piano illustrates procedural memory because it involves remembering how to perform a specific skill or task. Episodic memory is explicit because it involves conscious recollection of personal experiences, while procedural memory is implicit because it is acquired through repetition and practice without conscious awareness.

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70. As you fall asleep, how do your EEG wave patterns change as you go from being alert, to being relaxed, to being deep asleep?

Explanation

As you fall asleep, your EEG wave patterns change from beta waves to alpha waves to delta waves. Beta waves are associated with alertness and active thinking. As you start to relax, alpha waves become dominant, indicating a state of relaxation and calmness. Finally, as you transition into deep sleep, delta waves become prominent, reflecting the slowest and highest amplitude brain waves. These delta waves are characteristic of deep, restorative sleep.

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71. The reproductive success of those individuals who share the same genes is called:

Explanation

Inclusive fitness refers to the reproductive success of individuals who share the same genes. It takes into account both an individual's own reproductive success and the reproductive success of their relatives, as they also carry similar genes. This concept is important in understanding the evolution of altruistic behaviors, as individuals may exhibit altruism towards their relatives in order to enhance their inclusive fitness.

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72. Which of the following structures, located in the middle of the brain, is often described as being the relay station that connects various parts of the brain?

Explanation

The thalamus is often described as the relay station that connects various parts of the brain. It is a small structure located in the middle of the brain and plays a crucial role in relaying sensory and motor signals to different parts of the cerebral cortex. It acts as a gateway, receiving information from sensory organs and relaying it to the appropriate areas of the brain for processing. Additionally, the thalamus is involved in regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

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73. How can humans recognize over 10,000 different odours when we have only a few hundred types of receptors?

Explanation

Different odorants attach to different combinations of receptors, allowing humans to recognize over 10,000 different odors. Each odorant molecule can bind to multiple receptors, and the specific combination of receptors that are activated by a particular odorant creates a unique pattern of neural activity. This pattern is then processed by the brain, enabling us to distinguish between different smells. Therefore, even though humans have only a few hundred types of receptors, the ability to detect a wide range of odors is achieved through the diverse combinations of receptors that can be activated by different odorants.

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74. Which of the following is FALSE about action potentials?

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

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75. Skweeky-kleen is one of the largest manufacturers of dish soap. They'd like to increase their market share by giving consumers more product in a bigger bottle, for the same price they charge now, but without being wastefully extravagant with their "giveaway". You're a consultant psychologist for the company. What is the first thing to do/try?

Explanation

The first thing to do/try is to determine the difference threshold for bottle size. This means finding out the minimum amount by which the bottle size needs to be increased in order for consumers to perceive it as noticeably bigger. By understanding this threshold, Skweeky-kleen can ensure that they are giving consumers a larger product without being wasteful or extravagant.

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76. Which of the following would NOT be classified as a subcortical structure of the brain?

Explanation

The cerebral cortex would not be classified as a subcortical structure of the brain because it is actually the outermost layer of the brain and is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, perception, and voluntary movement. Subcortical structures, on the other hand, are located beneath the cerebral cortex and are involved in more basic functions like regulating emotions, controlling movement, and maintaining homeostasis.

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77. Which of the following is NOT true?

Explanation

Introspection is a method used by structuralists, not psychologists in general, to study phenomena.

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78. Our vestibular sense detects:

Explanation

The vestibular sense is responsible for detecting both acceleration and balance. This sense allows us to perceive changes in our body's position and movement in relation to gravity. It helps us maintain our balance and coordination, and also contributes to our sense of spatial orientation. By detecting acceleration, the vestibular sense helps us to adjust our body's movements and posture accordingly, allowing us to move smoothly and maintain equilibrium.

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79. Generally speaking, the value of sensory adaptation is that it:

Explanation

Sensory adaptation enables us to filter out constant or unchanging stimuli, freeing up attention for new or changing stimuli. This flexibility helps us adapt to our surroundings effectively by focusing on what is relevant while ignoring what remains constant.

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80. Which schedule of reinforcement is most similar to that used in gambling?

Explanation

The variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is most similar to that used in gambling because it involves providing reinforcement after a varying number of responses. In gambling, the reinforcement (winning) is unpredictable and can occur after a different number of attempts or bets. This creates a high level of motivation and persistence in both gambling and the variable-ratio schedule, as individuals are unsure when they will receive the reinforcement but are motivated to keep trying in the hopes of a reward.

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81. A complex sound like speech or music causes:

Explanation

A complex sound like speech or music causes many different parts of the basilar membrane to flex simultaneously. This is because complex sounds consist of multiple frequencies, and each frequency activates a specific region on the basilar membrane. As a result, different parts of the membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies, allowing us to perceive the various components of the sound. This simultaneous flexing of multiple parts of the basilar membrane helps us distinguish and interpret the different elements present in complex sounds.

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82. When we look at a musician on stage holding a guitar, the guitar typically hides the musician's midsection and part of the left arm. But we ignore these gaps in the contour of the musician's body and perceive it as a complete form anyway. This illustrates:

Explanation

The Gestalt principle of closure refers to our tendency to perceive incomplete or fragmented objects as complete and whole. In the given scenario, even though the guitar hides parts of the musician's body, we still perceive the musician as a complete form. This is because our brains fill in the missing information and create a cohesive image based on the available visual cues. This phenomenon demonstrates the Gestalt principle of closure, where our minds naturally seek to perceive objects as whole and complete, even when parts are missing or obscured.

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83. Elaborative is to __________ as maintenance is to ___________. 

Explanation

The relationship between elaborative and maintenance can be compared to the relationship between association and repetition. Elaborative refers to the process of adding meaning or making connections to information, while maintenance refers to the process of retaining or keeping that information in memory. Similarly, association involves linking or connecting different pieces of information, while repetition involves the act of repeating or rehearsing information to enhance memory retention. Therefore, association is to repetition as elaborative is to maintenance.

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84. Extinction would happen most rapidly following which reinforcement schedule?

Explanation

Extinction refers to the process of eliminating a learned behavior when the reinforcement is no longer provided. In the case of the given question, the fixed-ratio schedule, where every response is reinforced, would lead to the most rapid extinction. This is because the individual becomes accustomed to receiving reinforcement after every response, and when the reinforcement is suddenly removed, the behavior quickly diminishes. In contrast, variable-ratio schedules and fixed-interval schedules tend to result in slower extinction because the reinforcement is not as predictable or consistent, making it more difficult for the individual to learn that the behavior is no longer being reinforced.

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85. Select the most accurate statement about human long-term memory:

Explanation

The statement that long-term episodic memory is highly constructive and prone to errors is the most accurate because it acknowledges that long-term memory is not a perfect reproduction of past events. Instead, it suggests that memory is influenced by personal biases, interpretations, and reconstructions, which can lead to inaccuracies. This aligns with research in cognitive psychology that shows how memory can be influenced by various factors, such as emotions, expectations, and context. Additionally, the statement does not make any specific claims about the location of long-term episodic memory or provide specific examples of memory deficits in a particular patient.

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86. Which of the following is TRUE about visual search tasks?

Explanation

In visual search tasks, the correct answer states that search is serial for conjunctions of features, but parallel for single features. This means that when searching for an object that has multiple features combined (conjunctions of features), such as a red triangle, the search process is done in a sequential manner. However, when searching for an object that has only one distinct feature, such as a red or a triangle, the search process can be done simultaneously for all the objects in the visual field.

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87. Which of the following approaches to psychology was most likely to reject the idea that mental events are an appropriate subject matter for study in philosophy?

Explanation

Empiricism is an approach to psychology that emphasizes the importance of sensory experience and observation in understanding the mind and behavior. It rejects the idea that mental events should be studied through philosophical inquiry or introspection, as it believes that knowledge should be derived from empirical evidence and scientific methods. Empiricists argue that psychology should focus on studying observable behavior and the relationship between stimuli and responses, rather than engaging in philosophical speculation about subjective mental experiences. Therefore, empiricism is most likely to reject the idea that mental events are an appropriate subject matter for study in philosophy.

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88. According to the feature-integration theory of attention, which of the following is NOT true?

Explanation

According to the feature-integration theory of attention, it is NOT true that binding of simple stimulus features (such as color, shape, or orientation) does not require attention. The theory suggests that attention is required to bind different features together in an object, regardless of whether the features are simple or complex. Therefore, the statement contradicts the theory by implying that simple stimulus features can be bound without attention.

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89. How does food aversion learning differ from typical examples of classical conditioning?

Explanation

Food aversion learning differs from typical examples of classical conditioning because the relevant events, such as eating the food and getting sick, do not need to occur close together in time. In standard classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are usually presented in close temporal proximity for effective learning. However, in food aversion learning, a single pairing of eating the food and becoming sick can lead to a long-lasting aversion to that specific food, even if the events are not closely timed. This makes food aversion learning unique and distinct from typical classical conditioning.

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90. Phenomena such as blindsight and visual agnosia demonstrate that:

Explanation

Blindsight and visual agnosia are two phenomena that provide evidence for the idea that perceptions can cause behavior even when we are not consciously aware of them. In blindsight, individuals who are blind in certain areas of their visual field due to brain damage can still accurately respond to visual stimuli in those blind areas, despite not consciously perceiving them. This suggests that perception and conscious awareness are not always necessary for behavior to occur. Similarly, in visual agnosia, individuals can have difficulty recognizing or identifying objects visually, yet they can still interact with those objects in a meaningful way, indicating that perception can influence behavior without conscious awareness.

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91. Suppose that you conduct an experiment to study the effects of love on improving children's self concepts. To manipulate love, you allow a research assistant to hug each child after he/she has successfully completed a set of math problems. After the study is over, you ask the children if they felt loved during the study. They all say no. Apparently, your operational definition of your independent variable is:

Explanation

The operational definition of the independent variable, which is manipulating love by allowing a research assistant to hug each child after completing math problems, is invalid because it does not accurately measure or represent the concept of love. The fact that all the children reported not feeling loved suggests that the operational definition did not effectively capture the intended variable. Therefore, the operational definition is considered invalid in this scenario.

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92. Why does sugar taste sweet, but vinegar tastes sour?

Explanation

Sugar and vinegar activate different neurons that carry the information to the brain. This means that when we taste sugar, specific neurons are stimulated and send signals to the brain, resulting in the perception of sweetness. On the other hand, when we taste vinegar, different neurons are activated, sending signals to the brain that are interpreted as sourness. This difference in activation of neurons is what causes the difference in taste perception between sugar (sweet) and vinegar (sour).

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93. Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia can be distinguished because Broca's aphasia involves the ___________ area of the brain and results in difficulty with speech ____________, while Wernicke's aphasia involves the ____________ area of the brain and results in difficulty with speech ____________. 

Explanation

Broca's aphasia involves the frontal area of the brain and results in difficulty with speech production. This means that individuals with Broca's aphasia have trouble forming words and sentences. On the other hand, Wernicke's aphasia involves the temporal/parietal area of the brain and results in difficulty with speech comprehension. This means that individuals with Wernicke's aphasia have difficulty understanding spoken and written language.

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94. For axons involved in anatomical coding of pitch, the pitch is signalled by _____________ and loudness is signalled by ____________. 

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that for axons involved in anatomical coding of pitch, the pitch is signaled by which neurons fire, and loudness is signaled by the rate at which neurons fire. This means that different neurons are responsible for signaling different pitches, and the rate at which these neurons fire determines the loudness of the sound.

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95. To what is the tendency of the conditioned stimulus (CS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) related?

Explanation

The tendency of the conditioned stimulus (CS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) is related to the number of CS-US pairings. The more times the CS and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are paired together, the stronger the association between them becomes. This strengthens the conditioned response, leading to a higher tendency for the CS to elicit the CR.

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96. The concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists interested in the _____________ of behaviour.

Explanation

The concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists interested in the functions of behavior. Natural selection refers to the process by which certain traits or behaviors become more or less common in a population based on their ability to enhance survival and reproduction. Understanding the functions of behavior helps psychologists to analyze why certain behaviors have evolved and how they contribute to an organism's survival and reproductive success. By studying the functions of behavior, psychologists can gain insights into the adaptive significance of different behaviors and their role in shaping an organism's behavior repertoire.

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97. Concordance is the degree to which two people:

Explanation

Concordance refers to the degree to which two people share the same phenotype. Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an individual, such as physical appearance or behavior. Therefore, when two people share the same phenotype, it means that they have similar observable characteristics or traits. This could be due to a variety of factors, including genetic similarities, environmental influences, or a combination of both.

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98. Suppose a resarcher finds a correlation between the amount of time university students spend on Facebook (variable A) and the student's grades (variable B). The researcher can reasonably conclude:

Explanation

The correct answer is "none of the others are true." This means that the researcher cannot conclude that variable B influences variable A or vice versa. It also means that the researcher cannot conclude that some unknown variable is affecting both variable A and B. The statement suggests that there is no direct causal relationship between the amount of time university students spend on Facebook and their grades. Other factors or variables may be influencing both variables A and B, but this cannot be determined based on the correlation alone.

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99. Whenever your neighbours play their music loudly, you bang on the ceiling with a broom handle to get them to turn it off. They turn it off, which makes you likely to bang on the ceiling the next time you hear it. Your behaviour is under the influence of:

Explanation

In this scenario, your behavior of banging on the ceiling with a broom handle is reinforced by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, which is the loud music. By turning off the music, your neighbors are negatively reinforcing your behavior, as it increases the likelihood of you repeating the same action in the future to avoid the unpleasant stimulus of the loud music.

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100. A white shirt is seen as being equally bright outside on a sunny day and in a dimly lit room. This is because:

Explanation

Lightness constancy is the ability of our visual system to perceive the relative lightness of an object regardless of the lighting conditions. In this case, the white shirt appears equally bright in both the sunny day and dimly lit room because lightness constancy compensates for the difference in the amount of light reflected. Our brain adjusts the perception of brightness to account for the varying lighting conditions, allowing us to perceive the shirt as equally bright in both environments. This phenomenon demonstrates how our visual system can maintain a consistent perception of an object's brightness despite changes in lighting.

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101. If a drug increases the rate of reuptake, this will:

Explanation

When a drug increases the rate of reuptake, it means that it enhances the reabsorption of the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron. This process reduces the amount of neurotransmitter available in the synapse, leading to a decrease in its concentration. As a result, there will be a decrease in the effects of the neurotransmitter, as there is less of it to bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Therefore, the correct answer is that increasing the rate of reuptake will diminish the effects of the neurotransmitter.

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102. Which of the following is TRUE about vision?

Explanation

Colour vision is the result of the relative firing of the cone receptors. This means that different cone receptors in the retina are sensitive to different wavelengths of light, allowing us to perceive different colors. The brain then interprets the relative activation of these cone receptors to perceive and differentiate between different colors. This is why we can see a wide range of colors in our visual environment.

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103. Our perception of flavour is made up of:

Explanation

Our perception of flavor is not only influenced by taste and smell but also by sight and sound. When we eat or drink something, our brain combines information from all these senses to create the overall perception of flavor. The appearance of food or drink can affect our expectations and influence how we perceive its taste. Similarly, the sound of food being eaten or the ambient sounds in a dining environment can also impact our perception of flavor. Therefore, the correct answer is sight, sound, smell, and taste.

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104. In signal detection theory, the ____________ phenomenon may explain ______________. 

Explanation

The phenomenon of satisfaction of search explains why radiologists may miss a subtle "target" on an X-ray after finding the first one. This phenomenon occurs when the detection of a second target is compromised due to reduced attention and cognitive resources after the initial target is found. In the case of radiologists, once they identify a significant finding, such as cancerous cells, they may become less vigilant in detecting additional abnormalities, leading to potential missed diagnoses.

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105. Dendrites on neurons do __________; they do not ___________. 

Explanation

Dendrites on neurons collect excitatory and inhibitory potentials, which are electrical signals from other neurons. These potentials are then integrated and summed up in the neuron's cell body. Once a certain threshold is reached, the neuron generates an action potential, which is a brief electrical signal that travels along the axon of the neuron to transmit information to other neurons. Therefore, dendrites do not transmit action potentials themselves, but rather collect and integrate the signals that eventually lead to the generation of an action potential.

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106. Which of the following presents the most convincing evidence that an animal has learned by "insight" rather than by trial and error?

Explanation

A transfer of training occurs when an animal is able to apply what it has learned in one situation to a new and different situation. This suggests that the animal has gained a deeper understanding or insight into the problem, rather than simply relying on trial and error. This is because trial and error learning typically involves a more gradual learning curve and does not necessarily result in the ability to transfer knowledge to new situations.

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107. Which of the following is TRUE about the visual system?

Explanation

Bar-shaped receptive fields in the cortex facilitate edge detection, which is a critical step in vision. This means that certain neurons in the visual cortex are specifically tuned to respond to edges or lines in the visual field. These neurons are activated when a bar-shaped stimulus is presented, allowing for the detection and processing of edges in the visual scene. This process is important for object recognition and scene segmentation, as edges provide important cues for identifying objects and their boundaries.

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108. Which of the following will usually result in experimental extinction?

Explanation

Repeated presentation of the CS without the US will usually result in experimental extinction. Extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US). This leads to a decrease in the conditioned response (CR) as the association between the CS and US weakens. By repeatedly presenting the CS without the US, the conditioned response eventually diminishes and becomes extinct. This is a common method used in classical conditioning experiments to study the process of extinction.

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109. In split-brain studies, when a picture of a common object was flashed to the left visual field, the patient would be unable to ___________ but would be able to ______________. 

Explanation

In split-brain studies, when a picture of a common object was flashed to the left visual field, the patient would be unable to identify it verbally but would be able to identify it by touch with the left hand. This suggests that the left visual field is processed by the right hemisphere of the brain, which is responsible for touch sensations on the left side of the body. The inability to verbally identify the object indicates that the left hemisphere, which is responsible for language processing, does not have access to the information presented in the left visual field.

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110. Suppose a single postsynaptic neuron receives input from many fast synapses. What will determine its response to this input?

Explanation

The correct answer is that the postsynaptic neuron will integrate the incoming excitatory and inhibitory signals, with its rate of action potentials depending on the relative amount of each type of signal. This means that the neuron will combine and process the incoming signals from different synapses, taking into account both the excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The rate at which the neuron fires action potentials will be determined by the balance between these two types of signals. If there are more excitatory signals, the neuron is more likely to produce action potentials, while an increase in inhibitory signals will decrease the rate of action potentials.

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Which is most accurate?
Only ____________ involve the manipulation of independent variables.
Psychology arose in the 19th century from developments in a number of...
The placement of our ears on opposite sides of the head is crucial to...
Neurons are made up of:
Grace was out on a crowded dance floor when the person dancing next to...
People who live in cities often do not respond to night sounds while...
A researcher has 2 groups of subjects - one that has been taught a...
The fact that male peacocks have evolved large tail feathers (even...
Natural selection has favoured species that reproduce sexually because...
Essay questions tend to be more difficult than multiple choice because...
In psychological research, the term generalization refers to:
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the ____________ and the...
The Gestalt law of similarity predicts that:
Due to a minor stroke, Kerry has a tiny lesion in the left primary...
After being in a car accident, Geoff began having problems...
A structure within the limbic system that plays an important role in...
Which of the following is NOT true?
Information from the right visual field is conveyed: 
The first step of the scientific method specifies that a researcher:
Mean is to ____________ as standard deviation is to...
Visual acuity is sharpest when images cast by environmental stimuli...
Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that:
Azmy is participating in an experiment in which he just heard a list...
Suppose you stared at a blue balloon, then shifted your eyes to a...
Through their research on human responses to physical stimuli, both...
For sound waves, amplitude is to _____________ as frequency is to...
The sensory homunculus in primary somatosensory cortex:
The receptors for hearing are: 
Suppose that you have just finished working out and decide to take a...
__________ is a learning procedure that utilizes reinforcement to...
Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning?
How does perception differ from sensation?
Dr. Lemieux wants to determine if a group of participants reading on...
A recessive allele will influence the expression of a trait only when...
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding human sexual...
For light waves, amplitude is to ___________ as wavelength is to...
Structuralism is to ______ as functionalism is to ____________.
Rationalism is to ___________ as empiricism is to _____________. 
Which of the following is FALSE about brain plasticity?
Which of the following is TRUE about hemispheric...
Which of the following is NOT true about sleep?
The CNS is made up of two general classes of cells:
Psychology is most closely related to:
Most traits and disorders are caused by:
Which of the following is FALSE?
An organism's phenotype is the result of: 
Which of the following is true about colour receptors?
As sleep cycles progress over the course of an average night, the...
Visual information is sent via the optic nerve to the ___________,...
Evidence of the theory that sleep helps us to consolidate memories...
Which of the following most convincingly demonstrates contingency?
After studying the planets for his astronomy exam for hours, John...
The spinal reflex arc is:
Which of the following lists is the easiest to remember?
Intelligence has a heritability estimate of .50 in a North-American...
The quantitative dimension of a stimulus (such as the brightness of a...
Neurons communicate
People with truly exceptional memories generally have
If psychology can be defined as the science of behaviour and the mind,...
Distinguishing a severely brain damaged individual as being in a...
Which of the following does NOT contribute to our depth...
Minor deception may be permitted in research providing there is...
Altruistic behaviour toward non-relatives can be explained by:
Rehearsal works best to encode information into long-term memory when:
Which of the following is NOT a reason why we sleep?
Inferential statistics are useful in telling researchers whether the...
Weber fractions relate the ____________ to the ______________. 
Maria's ability to remember where she was on her 17th birthday...
As you fall asleep, how do your EEG wave patterns change as you go...
The reproductive success of those individuals who share the same genes...
Which of the following structures, located in the middle of the brain,...
How can humans recognize over 10,000 different odours when we have...
Which of the following is FALSE about action potentials?
Skweeky-kleen is one of the largest manufacturers of dish soap....
Which of the following would NOT be classified as a...
Which of the following is NOT true?
Our vestibular sense detects:
Generally speaking, the value of sensory adaptation is that it:
Which schedule of reinforcement is most similar to that used in...
A complex sound like speech or music causes:
When we look at a musician on stage holding a guitar, the guitar...
Elaborative is to __________ as maintenance is to ___________. 
Extinction would happen most rapidly following which reinforcement...
Select the most accurate statement about human long-term memory:
Which of the following is TRUE about visual search tasks?
Which of the following approaches to psychology was most likely to...
According to the feature-integration theory of attention, which of the...
How does food aversion learning differ from typical examples of...
Phenomena such as blindsight and visual agnosia demonstrate that:
Suppose that you conduct an experiment to study the effects of love on...
Why does sugar taste sweet, but vinegar tastes sour?
Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia can be distinguished because...
For axons involved in anatomical coding of pitch, the pitch is...
To what is the tendency of the conditioned stimulus (CS) to elicit a...
The concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists...
Concordance is the degree to which two people:
Suppose a resarcher finds a correlation between the amount of time...
Whenever your neighbours play their music loudly, you bang on the...
A white shirt is seen as being equally bright outside on a sunny day...
If a drug increases the rate of reuptake, this will:
Which of the following is TRUE about vision?
Our perception of flavour is made up of:
In signal detection theory, the ____________ phenomenon may explain...
Dendrites on neurons do __________; they do not ___________. 
Which of the following presents the most convincing evidence that an...
Which of the following is TRUE about the visual system?
Which of the following will usually result in experimental extinction?
In split-brain studies, when a picture of a common object was flashed...
Suppose a single postsynaptic neuron receives input from many fast...
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