Indian Economy On The Eve Of Independence- Class- 12th CBSE

The opening of the Suez Canal provided a direct route for ships operating between India and Britain. Before the canal was built, ships had to navigate around Africa, which was a much longer and more dangerous journey. The canal shortened the travel time and made trade between India and Britain more efficient and cost-effective.

During the British rule, the development of railways was considered the most important infrastructure. Railways played a crucial role in connecting different parts of the country, facilitating transportation of goods and people, and promoting trade and commerce. The construction of railways not only boosted industrialization but also helped in the efficient administration and control of the vast territory. The railway network laid the foundation for modern transportation and communication systems in India.

During the colonial period, Britain had a significant influence over India's economy and trade. They controlled major ports and established monopolies in various industries, allowing them to dominate India's foreign trade. As a result, more than half of India's foreign trade was restricted to Britain. This restriction limited India's ability to engage in trade with other countries and contributed to the economic exploitation of the Indian subcontinent by the British Empire.

During the British rule, the export surplus was utilized to make payments for expenses incurred by an office set up by the colonial government in Britain. This implies that the surplus generated from exports was not reinvested or utilized for the welfare of India, but rather used to cover the expenses of the colonial administration in Britain. This highlights the exploitative nature of British colonialism, where the resources and wealth of India were drained to support the colonial power.

The statement is true because occupational structure refers to how the workforce is divided among various occupations. It is a measure of the distribution of workers across different job types or industries. This can include the percentage of workers in each occupation, the types of jobs available, and the overall composition of the workforce. By understanding the occupational structure, policymakers and researchers can gain insights into the economy, labor market trends, and the skills and qualifications needed in different industries.

The year 1921 is described as the "year of great divide" because it marked a significant shift in various aspects. In politics, it was the year when Warren G. Harding became the 29th President of the United States, bringing a change in leadership. It was also a year of economic division, as it marked the beginning of the "Roaring Twenties" in the United States, characterized by economic prosperity for some, while others faced financial hardships. Additionally, 1921 saw the establishment of the Communist Party of China, which led to a major division in Chinese politics. Overall, these events make 1921 a suitable candidate for being described as the "year of great divide."

During colonial rule, agriculture was the main source of livelihood for most people. This is because the majority of the population relied on farming and cultivation of crops for their survival and sustenance. Industries were not as prevalent during this time, and agriculture played a crucial role in providing food, income, and employment opportunities for the people. Therefore, agriculture was the primary means of livelihood for the majority of individuals during colonial rule.

During the British rule, the female literacy level was very low, with only 7% of women being literate. This indicates that a vast majority of women were not provided with educational opportunities or access to education. The British colonial government did not prioritize or invest in female education, resulting in a significant gender disparity in literacy rates. This low literacy level among women had long-lasting effects on their empowerment and socio-economic status, as education is a crucial factor in promoting gender equality and improving overall development.

During colonial rule, the infant mortality rate was 218 per thousand. This means that out of every thousand infants born, 218 did not survive beyond their first year. This high infant mortality rate suggests that the healthcare and living conditions during colonial rule were inadequate, resulting in a significant number of infant deaths.

During British rule, the agriculture sector stagnated due to a combination of factors. The land settlement system implemented by the British was exploitative and led to the concentration of land in the hands of a few wealthy individuals, leaving the majority of farmers impoverished. Additionally, the lack of technological advancements hindered agricultural productivity and efficiency. Furthermore, the commercialization of agriculture prioritized cash crops for export, neglecting food crops and causing food shortages. Therefore, all of the mentioned factors contributed to the stagnation in the agriculture sector during British rule.

The correct answer is 1881. This is the year in which the first official census was conducted in India. This census was an important milestone in collecting demographic data and understanding the population of India. It provided valuable information about various aspects of the population such as religion, caste, occupation, and literacy rates. Conducting the census helped the government in making informed decisions and formulating policies for the country.

The jute industry was adversely affected due to partition. Partition led to the division of the Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan, resulting in the jute-growing regions being divided between the two countries. This division disrupted the supply chain and trade routes for jute, leading to a decline in production and export of jute products. The jute industry, which was previously thriving in areas like Bengal, faced significant challenges and struggled to recover from the impact of partition.

During the British rule, the decay of Indian Handicrafts was primarily caused by both low-priced machine-made goods and a discriminatory tariff policy. The introduction of machine-made goods led to a decline in the demand for Indian handicrafts as they were cheaper and more easily produced. Additionally, the British implemented a tariff policy that favored their own manufactured goods, making it difficult for Indian handicrafts to compete in the market. These factors combined resulted in the decay of Indian handicrafts during this period.

During British rule, high mortality was due to both inadequate public health facilities and the occurrence of frequent natural calamities. The British colonial administration did not prioritize the development of public health infrastructure, resulting in inadequate access to healthcare services and sanitation facilities. Additionally, natural calamities such as famines and epidemics were common during this period, further contributing to the high mortality rates.

During British rule, a significant portion of the population in India was dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. The British implemented policies that focused on exploiting India's agricultural resources for their own benefit, leading to the majority of the population being engaged in farming activities. This dependence on agriculture was a result of the British colonial policies and the economic structure they established in India.

The correct answer is 1850. During British rule, the construction of railways in India began in 1850. The British saw the potential of railways for transportation and trade purposes, and thus initiated the development of the railway infrastructure in the country. The first railway line was opened in 1853, connecting Bombay (now Mumbai) with Thane. The introduction of railways played a significant role in transforming India's economy, facilitating the movement of goods and people across the vast subcontinent.

TISCO, also known as Tata Iron and Steel Company, was incorporated in 1907.

The decline of the handicraft industry resulted in massive unemployment because as the industry declined, many artisans and craftsmen lost their jobs. Additionally, the decline led to the import of finished goods because domestic production was no longer able to meet the demand, forcing the country to rely on imports. Furthermore, the decline also led to the export of finished goods as the country sought to sell its remaining products in international markets. Therefore, all of these consequences occurred as a result of the decline of the handicraft industry.

During British rule in India, the life expectancy was 44. This means that on average, individuals were expected to live up to the age of 44. This can be attributed to various factors such as limited access to healthcare, poor living conditions, inadequate nutrition, and the prevalence of diseases. The British rule in India had a significant impact on the overall well-being and life expectancy of the population.

The development of infrastructure during colonial times was primarily aimed at serving the interests of the British. The British colonial powers invested in building roads, railways, ports, and other infrastructure to facilitate the extraction of resources, establish control over the colonies, and enhance trade and economic exploitation. This infrastructure development was driven by the British colonial agenda and not for the benefit of the local population.