Drugs Acting On Respiratory Tract

1.

Bronchial asthma is characterised by (click all that applies)
- A.
  
  Hyper responsiveness of tracheo-bronchial smooth muscle
- B.
  
  Narrowing of air tubes
- C.
  
  Expulsion of respiratory secretions
- D.
  
  Stimulation of mechano- or chemoreceptors in respiratory passage
Correct Answer(s)
A. Hyper responsiveness of tracheo-bronchial smooth muscle
B. Narrowing of air tubes

Explanation
Bronchial asthma is a condition characterized by the hyper responsiveness of the tracheo-bronchial smooth muscle and the narrowing of air tubes. This means that individuals with asthma experience an exaggerated and excessive response of the smooth muscle in their airways, leading to the constriction and narrowing of these tubes. This narrowing makes it difficult for air to pass through, resulting in symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. The expulsion of respiratory secretions and the stimulation of mechano- or chemoreceptors in the respiratory passage are not specific characteristics of bronchial asthma.

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2.

Entities of COPD includes (click all that applies)
- A.
  
  Chronic bronchitis
- B.
  
  Pleural Effusion
- C.
  
  Bronchiectasis
- D.
  
  Bronchiolitis
Correct Answer(s)
A. Chronic bronchitis
C. Bronchiectasis
D. Bronchiolitis

Explanation
The entities of COPD include chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and bronchiolitis. Chronic bronchitis is a condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, leading to persistent cough and mucus production. Bronchiectasis is a condition where the bronchial tubes become permanently damaged and widened, leading to recurrent infections and difficulty clearing mucus. Bronchiolitis is an inflammation of the small airways in the lungs, usually caused by a viral infection. These three conditions are commonly associated with COPD, a progressive lung disease that causes breathing difficulties.

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3.

What is Zileuton?
- A.
  
  Cox 2 inhibitor
- B.
  
  Mast cell stabilizer
- C.
  
  PDE inhibitor
- D.
  
  5-LOX inhibitor
Correct Answer
D. 5-LOX inhibitor

Explanation
Zileuton is a 5-LOX inhibitor. 5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase) is an enzyme involved in the production of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory mediators. By inhibiting 5-LOX, zileuton helps to reduce inflammation in conditions such as asthma. It is not a Cox 2 inhibitor, mast cell stabilizer, or PDE inhibitor.

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4.

Select the true statement (click all that applies)
- A.
  
  Ketotifen is a bronchodilator and will not produce sedation
- B.
  
  Corticosteroids afford more complete and sustained symptomatic relief than bronchodilators
- C.
  
  Atropinic drugs cause bronchodilatation by blocking M1 receptor
- D.
  
  Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT-C4/D4) are important mediators of bronchial asthma.
Correct Answer(s)
B. Corticosteroids afford more complete and sustained symptomatic relief than bronchodilators
D. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT-C4/D4) are important mediators of bronchial asthma.

Explanation
Corticosteroids are more effective in providing complete and long-lasting relief from asthma symptoms compared to bronchodilators. This is because corticosteroids work by reducing inflammation in the airways, which is a key factor in asthma, while bronchodilators primarily work by relaxing the muscles around the airways to allow easier breathing. Additionally, cysteinyl leukotrienes (LT-C4/D4) play a significant role in bronchial asthma as they are important mediators of the inflammation and constriction of the airways that occur in asthma.

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5.

Symptoms of COPD worsens during the night.
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
Correct Answer
B. False

Explanation
The statement "Symptoms of COPD worsens during the night" is incorrect. COPD, or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, is a chronic lung disease that causes breathing difficulties. While symptoms of COPD can vary throughout the day, they typically worsen during the morning hours and improve as the day progresses. This is due to factors such as increased mucus production and decreased lung function in the morning. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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6.

Which of the following drug will cause Churg-Strauss syndrome?
- A.
  
  Omalizumab
- B.
  
  Montelukast
- C.
  
  Fluticasone
- D.
  
  Ketotifen
Correct Answer
B. Montelukast

Explanation
Montelukast is the correct answer because it has been associated with the development of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Churg-Strauss syndrome is a rare autoimmune condition characterized by inflammation of blood vessels, which can lead to damage in various organs. Although the exact cause of Churg-Strauss syndrome is unknown, it has been observed that certain medications, including Montelukast, can trigger the syndrome in susceptible individuals. Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist commonly used in the treatment of asthma and allergic rhinitis. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of this potential adverse effect when prescribing Montelukast.

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7.

Which of the following drug is believed to increase bronchial secretion
- A.
  
  Ambroxol
- B.
  
  Pholcodine
- C.
  
  Promethazine
- D.
  
  Guaiphenesin
Correct Answer
D. Guaiphenesin

Explanation
Guaiphenesin is believed to increase bronchial secretion. It is an expectorant that works by thinning and loosening mucus in the airways, making it easier to cough up and clear the lungs. This helps in relieving congestion and promoting the removal of mucus from the respiratory tract. Ambroxol is also an expectorant, but it primarily works by increasing the production of surfactant, a substance that helps in the clearance of mucus. Pholcodine is an antitussive, which suppresses coughing. Promethazine is an antihistamine and has no direct effect on bronchial secretions.

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8.

Which of the following drug may lead to chronic cough on long term use
- A.
  
  Enalapril
- B.
  
  Enalapril
- C.
  
  Betamethasone
- D.
  
  Losartan
Correct Answer
A. Enalapril

Explanation
Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor commonly used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. However, one of its side effects is a persistent, dry cough that can become chronic with long-term use. This cough is thought to be caused by the accumulation of bradykinin, a substance that promotes coughing, due to the inhibition of ACE. Therefore, Enalapril may lead to chronic cough as a side effect of its mechanism of action.

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9.

Dextromethorphan is a synthetic central NMDA receptor agonist
- A.
  
  True
- B.
  
  False
Correct Answer
B. False

Explanation
Dextromethorphan is not a synthetic central NMDA receptor agonist. It is actually a synthetic dissociative anesthetic and cough suppressant that works by blocking the NMDA receptors in the brain. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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10.

Select the true statement (click all that applies)
- A.
  
  Sodium and potassium citrate will irritate the airway mucosa
- B.
  
  Ambroxol is effective in treating dry cough
- C.
  
  A demulcent is an agent that forms a soothing film over a mucous membrane
- D.
  
  Opioids suppress the cough reflex by direct action on the cough center in the medulla
Correct Answer(s)
C. A demulcent is an agent that forms a soothing film over a mucous membrane
D. Opioids suppress the cough reflex by direct action on the cough center in the medulla

Explanation
A demulcent is an agent that forms a soothing film over a mucous membrane, providing relief and protection to the irritated area. Opioids, on the other hand, suppress the cough reflex by directly acting on the cough center in the medulla of the brain. This inhibits the brain's response to the irritation and reduces the urge to cough.

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Drugs Acting On Respiratory Tract

Bronchial asthma is characterised by (click all that applies)

Entities of COPD includes (click all that applies)

What is Zileuton?

Select the true statement (click all that applies)

Symptoms of COPD worsens during the night.

Which of the following drug will cause Churg-Strauss syndrome?

Which of the following drug is believed to increase bronchial secretion

Which of the following drug may lead to chronic cough on long term use

Dextromethorphan is a synthetic central NMDA receptor agonist

Select the true statement (click all that applies)