Chapter 17: Evaluation Of Nursing care With Communities
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- 1.
A community/public health nurse is planning the evaluation of a community education program about smoking cessation. Why is it important to complete this evaluation?
- A.
It facilitates additional decision making.
- B.
It clarifies the actual care involved in the service.
- C.
It is required by accrediting agencies.
- D.
It demonstrates that outcomes of the program were met.
Correct Answer
A. It facilitates additional decision making.Explanation
Completing the evaluation of a community education program about smoking cessation is important because it facilitates additional decision making. By evaluating the program, the nurse can gather data and information about its effectiveness, identify areas for improvement, and make informed decisions about future interventions or modifications to the program. This evaluation process allows for ongoing assessment and adaptation to ensure that the program is meeting the needs of the community and achieving its desired outcomes.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Which of the following is a necessary assumption for evaluation to occur?
- A.
Accrediting agencies focus on careful documentation.
- B.
Actions have both intended and unintended results.
- C.
Nursing care is dependent on the reimbursement available.
- D.
People expect professionals to document their care.
Correct Answer
B. Actions have both intended and unintended results.Explanation
Evaluation requires the consideration of both intended and unintended results of actions. Without this assumption, it would be difficult to assess the effectiveness and impact of actions taken. The other options may be relevant to the context of evaluation, but they do not directly address the necessary assumption for evaluation to occur.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What is the purpose of outcome attainment?
- A.
Answering the question Were goals achieved?
- B.
Clarifying whether agency funds were appropriately expended
- C.
Determining quantity of care given
- D.
Measurement of community living outcomes
Correct Answer
A. Answering the question Were goals achieved?Explanation
The purpose of outcome attainment is to determine whether goals were achieved. This involves evaluating the results and outcomes of a particular endeavor or project to assess if the desired objectives were met. By answering the question of whether goals were achieved, organizations can measure their success and make necessary adjustments or improvements for future initiatives.Rate this question:
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- 4.
A nurse is determining the quality of care that is provided. Which of the following factors would the nurse examine?
- A.
Adequacy and appropriateness
- B.
Agency mission statements
- C.
Costbenefit ratios
- D.
Personal feelings about the care
Correct Answer
A. Adequacy and appropriatenessExplanation
The nurse would examine adequacy and appropriateness when determining the quality of care provided. Adequacy refers to whether the care meets the required standards and if it is sufficient to meet the patient's needs. Appropriateness refers to whether the care is suitable and relevant for the patient's condition and circumstances. By assessing these factors, the nurse can evaluate the quality of care and identify any areas that may need improvement.Rate this question:
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- 5.
How does summative evaluation help the community/public health nurse?
- A.
Analyzing the data and recognizing gaps
- B.
Determining long-term effect on health
- C.
Improving care as it is being delivered
- D.
Enhancing future offerings of the program
Correct Answer
B. Determining long-term effect on healthExplanation
Summative evaluation helps the community/public health nurse by determining the long-term effect on health. This means that through the evaluation process, the nurse is able to assess the impact of their interventions and programs on the overall health of the community. By understanding the long-term effects, the nurse can make informed decisions about future interventions, allocate resources effectively, and tailor programs to better meet the needs of the community. This information is crucial for improving the quality of care and ensuring that the nurse's efforts are making a positive and lasting impact on the health of the community.Rate this question:
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- 6.
How does formative evaluation help the community/public health nurse?
- A.
Analyzing the data and recognizing gaps
- B.
Determining what to do differently next time
- C.
Improving care as it is being delivered
- D.
Enhancing future offerings of the program
Correct Answer
C. Improving care as it is being deliveredExplanation
Formative evaluation helps the community/public health nurse by improving care as it is being delivered. By analyzing the data and recognizing gaps, the nurse can identify areas that need improvement and make necessary adjustments in real-time. This allows for immediate enhancements in the quality of care provided to the community. Additionally, formative evaluation assists in determining what to do differently next time, ensuring that future offerings of the program are enhanced based on the feedback and insights gained during the evaluation process.Rate this question:
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- 7.
A nurse is planning to involve the community in the evaluation process. Why is this a critical part of evaluation?
- A.
The nurse has completed her ethical, legal, and political responsibilities.
- B.
The agency retains state approval and national accreditation.
- C.
The community does not feel ignored by the agency.
- D.
The interventions helped community members make appropriate lifestyle changes.
Correct Answer
D. The interventions helped community members make appropriate lifestyle changes.Explanation
Involving the community in the evaluation process is a critical part of evaluation because it allows for the assessment of the effectiveness of interventions in helping community members make appropriate lifestyle changes. By including the community in the evaluation, the nurse can gather their feedback and perspectives, which can provide valuable insights into the impact of the interventions. This helps ensure that the evaluation is comprehensive and accurate, and ultimately leads to better healthcare outcomes for the community.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Stakeholders are defined as persons who
- A.
Have expectations about care to be delivered.
- B.
Have loaned money to the agency.
- C.
Helped write the legislation for health care agency funding.
- D.
Own stock in the agency.
Correct Answer
A. Have expectations about care to be delivered.Explanation
Stakeholders are individuals who have expectations about the care that will be provided. This means that they have a vested interest in the outcomes and quality of the care being delivered. These individuals could include patients, family members, healthcare providers, and community members. They may have different perspectives and priorities, but they all share the common expectation that the care provided will meet certain standards and address their needs.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which of the following groups created the standards for evaluating effective nursing care with communities?
- A.
The American Association of Colleges of Nursing
- B.
The American Public Health Association
- C.
The Quad Council of Public Health Nursing Organizations
- D.
The National Council of State Boards of Nursing
Correct Answer
C. The Quad Council of Public Health Nursing OrganizationsExplanation
The Quad Council of Public Health Nursing Organizations created the standards for evaluating effective nursing care with communities. This group is specifically focused on public health nursing and works to promote and improve the health of communities. They have developed these standards to ensure that nursing care provided to communities is effective and meets the needs of the population.Rate this question:
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- 10.
A nurse is planning to examine program outcomes. Which of the following would be the most important question to ask?
- A.
Was the agency adequately funded?
- B.
What organizational process was used?
- C.
What techniques were used?
- D.
What were the end effects on clients?
Correct Answer
D. What were the end effects on clients?Explanation
The most important question to ask when examining program outcomes is "What were the end effects on clients?" This question focuses on the impact and effectiveness of the program in terms of the clients it serves. It allows the nurse to assess whether the program achieved its intended goals and whether it had a positive or negative effect on the clients' well-being. This question provides valuable information about the program's success in meeting the needs of the clients and can guide future improvements or adjustments to the program.Rate this question:
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- 11.
A community/public health nurse plans a program to improve the communitys ability to prevent accidents. Which of the following measurements would be the best way to evaluate the outcomes of the nurses intervention?
- A.
Number of accidents in the subsequent year in comparison with the previous year
- B.
Number of people who attended the educational program
- C.
Number of requests for information received after the program
- D.
Satisfaction level of those who attended the program
Correct Answer
A. Number of accidents in the subsequent year in comparison with the previous yearExplanation
The best way to evaluate the outcomes of the nurse's intervention would be to compare the number of accidents in the subsequent year with the previous year. This measurement would provide a clear indication of whether the nurse's program was successful in improving the community's ability to prevent accidents. By comparing the number of accidents before and after the intervention, it can be determined if the program had a positive impact on accident prevention. The other options, such as the number of people who attended the educational program, the number of requests for information, and the satisfaction level of attendees, may provide some insights but do not directly measure the effectiveness of the intervention in preventing accidents.Rate this question:
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- 12.
A nurse in a particular community decided that the priority was to decrease the number of teenagers who smoke. Which of the following should the nurse measure first?
- A.
Percentage who currently smoke
- B.
Attitudes toward smoking
- C.
Prior experience with smoking cessation
- D.
Knowledge about the dangers of smoking
Correct Answer
A. Percentage who currently smokeExplanation
The nurse should measure the percentage who currently smoke first because it provides an accurate representation of the current situation and the extent of the problem. By determining the percentage of teenagers who smoke, the nurse can establish a baseline and track progress in reducing smoking rates over time. This data will also help the nurse identify high-risk groups and develop targeted interventions to address the issue effectively.Rate this question:
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- 13.
One of the responsibilities of the community/public health nurse was to teach parenting classes to teenage mothers at high risk for committing child abuse. Which of the following would be an effective approach to helping mothers deal with their infants behavior without resorting to physical discipline?
- A.
Asking the mothers to listen carefully to the nurses suggestions
- B.
Asking the mothers to develop a contract to use the techniques discussed
- C.
Asking the mothers to come to a consensus about how to deal with specific problems
- D.
Asking the mothers to self-report abuse of their infants
Correct Answer
B. Asking the mothers to develop a contract to use the techniques discussedExplanation
An effective approach to helping mothers deal with their infants' behavior without resorting to physical discipline would be asking the mothers to develop a contract to use the techniques discussed. This approach promotes active participation and collaboration between the nurse and the mothers, allowing them to take ownership of the strategies and techniques discussed during the parenting classes. By developing a contract, the mothers are more likely to commit to implementing these techniques consistently and effectively, creating a positive and non-violent environment for their infants.Rate this question:
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- 14.
A community/public health nurse was told to focus on teenage smoking. Which of the following actions should be the priority of the nurse?
- A.
Ensuring that smoking is not allowed on school property
- B.
Establishing community-wide programs on the dangers of smoking
- C.
Lobbying to pass laws against teenagers purchase of cigarettes
- D.
Establishing programs to help adults, especially parents, give up smoking
Correct Answer
B. Establishing community-wide programs on the dangers of smokingExplanation
The priority for the nurse should be to establish community-wide programs on the dangers of smoking. This action will help raise awareness about the harmful effects of smoking among teenagers and the community as a whole. By educating the community about the dangers of smoking, the nurse can work towards preventing teenagers from starting or continuing to smoke. This approach tackles the issue at its root by addressing the lack of knowledge and understanding surrounding smoking and its consequences.Rate this question:
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- 15.
The nurse wanted to determine the communitys level of self-esteem and well-being. Which of the following would be the most effective way to systematically and accurately determine the satisfaction level?
- A.
Asking every community member, What is your level of self-esteem?
- B.
Asking the employing agencys director, who lives in the community, about satisfaction level
- C.
Distributing self-esteem scales to a random sample of community members
- D.
Observing the clients currently using certain community-based services
Correct Answer
C. Distributing self-esteem scales to a random sample of community membersExplanation
Distributing self-esteem scales to a random sample of community members would be the most effective way to systematically and accurately determine the satisfaction level. This method allows for a representative sample of the community to provide their self-esteem levels, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the overall community's level of self-esteem and well-being. Asking every community member directly may not be feasible or practical, and asking the employing agency's director may not provide an accurate representation of the entire community. Observing clients currently using certain community-based services may only provide insights into the satisfaction levels of those specific individuals, rather than the community as a whole.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following personal beliefs best demonstrates the meaning of self-efficacy?
- A.
You are capable of continued growth and development.
- B.
You are responsible for your own health and well-being.
- C.
You can improve your own health and well-being by using imagery.
- D.
You can influence your environment and circumstances.
Correct Answer
D. You can influence your environment and circumstances.Explanation
Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish certain tasks. The belief that one can influence their environment and circumstances aligns with the concept of self-efficacy because it demonstrates a belief in one's own ability to have an impact and create change. This belief implies a sense of control and empowerment, suggesting that individuals can actively shape their surroundings and outcomes through their actions and choices.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The community/public health nurse wanted to most effectively and efficiently determine the health and well-being of the community. Which of the following is the easiest way to determine a communitys health?
- A.
Ask the members of the media who report on the community
- B.
Examine epidemiologic statistics of morbidity and mortality
- C.
Review the discharge diagnoses of clients from the community hospital
- D.
Visit the local grocery stores and exercise programs
Correct Answer
B. Examine epidemiologic statistics of morbidity and mortalityExplanation
Examine epidemiologic statistics of morbidity and mortality is the easiest way to determine a community's health because it provides objective data on the prevalence and incidence of diseases, injuries, and deaths within the community. These statistics can help identify patterns, trends, and risk factors that contribute to the overall health status of the community. By analyzing epidemiologic data, the nurse can prioritize health interventions, allocate resources, and develop targeted strategies to address the community's health needs effectively and efficiently.Rate this question:
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- 18.
The community/public health nurse was excited about creating a program for prenatal education and care for single teenage mothers. Before writing an application for a grant to fund the program, what should the nurse determine?
- A.
Agencys policies about writing grants for such a program
- B.
Number of single teenage mothers in the local high schools
- C.
Whether local teenagers are interested in receiving such a service
- D.
Whether anyone else in the area is offering such a service
Correct Answer
D. Whether anyone else in the area is offering such a serviceExplanation
Before writing an application for a grant to fund the program, the nurse should determine whether anyone else in the area is already offering a similar service. This is important because if there are already existing programs addressing the needs of single teenage mothers, it may be more beneficial to collaborate or support those programs rather than creating a new one. It is essential to avoid duplicating efforts and ensure that resources are being used effectively to meet the needs of the target population.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the following factors can consumers easily evaluate?
- A.
Appropriateness of the selected intervention
- B.
Interpersonal skill of caregivers
- C.
Quality of the care provided
- D.
Effectiveness of the program
Correct Answer
B. Interpersonal skill of caregiversExplanation
Consumers can easily evaluate the interpersonal skill of caregivers because it is a subjective factor that can be observed and experienced directly. Consumers can assess the way caregivers communicate, show empathy, and build rapport with them. They can also evaluate the level of respect, trust, and understanding they receive from the caregivers. Unlike other factors such as appropriateness of the selected intervention, quality of care provided, or effectiveness of the program, which may require specialized knowledge or objective measurements, the evaluation of interpersonal skills is based on personal interactions and can be easily perceived by consumers.Rate this question:
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- 20.
The community/public health nurse was enthusiastic about giving care to the communitys residents. Which of the following actions should the nurse take when asked to attend a city council meeting?
- A.
Appreciating the opportunity to meet the policy makers in the community
- B.
Clarifying which agenda item was relevant to the agency and its purpose
- C.
Insisting on dedicating the nurses time toward giving care, not observing politics
- D.
Pointing out that the nurses caseload was too heavy to waste time in such a way
Correct Answer
A. Appreciating the opportunity to meet the policy makers in the communityExplanation
The nurse should appreciate the opportunity to meet the policy makers in the community because attending the city council meeting allows the nurse to establish connections and build relationships with the individuals who have the power to influence and shape healthcare policies in the community. By attending the meeting, the nurse can advocate for the needs of the community and collaborate with policy makers to improve the health and well-being of the residents.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Which of the following factors has a direct correlation with the health and well-being of the community?
- A.
The number of hospitals and other health agencies in the community
- B.
The number of physicians who practice in the community
- C.
The government funding level of the community
- D.
The poverty level of the community
Correct Answer
D. The poverty level of the communityExplanation
The poverty level of the community has a direct correlation with the health and well-being of the community. Poverty often leads to limited access to healthcare, nutritious food, and safe living conditions, which can negatively impact the overall health of individuals in the community. Poverty is associated with higher rates of chronic diseases, mental health issues, and lower life expectancy. Additionally, poverty can also lead to increased stress levels and limited opportunities for education and employment, further exacerbating health disparities within the community.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following is useful to review in determining whether the goals of the community/public health nurse are appropriate?
- A.
The assessment of community members health needs
- B.
The focus areas for the nation in Healthy People 2020
- C.
Goals established by other, similar community/public health agencies
- D.
Goals suggested by the public health research literature
Correct Answer
A. The assessment of community members health needsExplanation
The assessment of community members' health needs is useful to review in determining whether the goals of the community/public health nurse are appropriate because it provides information about the specific health issues and concerns of the community. By understanding the health needs of the community, the nurse can develop goals that are relevant and address the most pressing health issues. This ensures that the goals are tailored to the specific needs of the community and are more likely to be effective in improving the health outcomes of the population.Rate this question:
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- 23.
A community/public health nurse was not sure the agency was large enough to fulfill some of its goals. Which of the following should the nurse evaluate in order to reach an accurate conclusion?
- A.
The adequacy of resources, evident in such measures as waiting lists for services
- B.
The financial base of the agency, evident in the agency budget
- C.
The number of cooperative physicians, evident in the agency telephone referral list
- D.
The number of nursing staff, evident in the staffing assignments
Correct Answer
A. The adequacy of resources, evident in such measures as waiting lists for servicesExplanation
The nurse should evaluate the adequacy of resources, evident in measures such as waiting lists for services, in order to reach an accurate conclusion about whether the agency is large enough to fulfill its goals. Waiting lists for services can indicate a high demand for the agency's services, suggesting that the agency may need to expand its resources to meet the needs of the community. This evaluation will provide insight into whether the agency has the capacity to fulfill its goals effectively.Rate this question:
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- 24.
To validate change in a population, which of the following should a nurse determine?
- A.
Whether a high proportion of a random sample report change in their health behaviors
- B.
Whether a majority of the population confirm changes in their health behaviors
- C.
Whether each person the nurse individually taught reports a change in health behaviors
- D.
Whether each staff nurse reports that their assigned families demonstrated a change in health behaviors
Correct Answer
A. Whether a high proportion of a random sample report change in their health behaviorsExplanation
A nurse should determine whether a high proportion of a random sample report change in their health behaviors to validate change in a population. This is because a random sample represents the entire population and a high proportion reporting change indicates that the desired behavior change is occurring across the population.Rate this question:
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- 25.
A community/public health nurse wanted to use normative-referenced evaluation to determine the effectiveness of an environmental pollution program in the community. After examining the number of asthma-related admissions at the local childrens hospital, which of the following actions should the nurse take?
- A.
Compare the admission levels attributable to asthma before and after the implementation.
- B.
Compare the admission levels attributable to asthma with the admission levels attributable to accidents.
- C.
Determine whether the admissions were attributable to asthma or other respiratory problems.
- D.
Determine whether there were zero admissions because of the decreased incidence of asthma after the intervention.
Correct Answer
A. Compare the admission levels attributable to asthma before and after the implementation.Explanation
The nurse should compare the admission levels attributable to asthma before and after the implementation of the environmental pollution program. This will allow the nurse to determine the effectiveness of the program in reducing asthma-related admissions at the local children's hospital. By comparing the admission levels before and after the implementation, the nurse can assess whether the program has had a positive impact on reducing asthma-related admissions and improving the overall health of the community.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Which of the following is an example of a criterion-referenced evaluation?
- A.
Comparing the population with regard to the factor of interest before and after the intervention
- B.
Comparing the population with another population with regard to the factor of interest
- C.
Determining whether the objective is appropriate for the program
- D.
Determining whether the objective was reached at the desired level
Correct Answer
D. Determining whether the objective was reached at the desired levelExplanation
Determining whether the objective was reached at the desired level is an example of a criterion-referenced evaluation because it involves comparing the actual outcome of the objective with a predetermined standard or criterion. In this type of evaluation, the focus is on whether the objective has been achieved based on a specific set of criteria, rather than comparing it to other populations or factors of interest.Rate this question:
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- 27.
A community/public health nurse tried to keep the community informed of the progress of the new health programs at all the meetings that the nurse attended. Which of the following would be the reason for the nurses ongoing communication?
- A.
To avoid community dissatisfaction when expectations are not met
- B.
To be sure that no one blames the nurse when unexpected happenings occur
- C.
To fulfill the responsibility of keeping the community informed
- D.
To be politically and culturally sensitive to the needs of the community
Correct Answer
A. To avoid community dissatisfaction when expectations are not metExplanation
The nurse's ongoing communication is to avoid community dissatisfaction when expectations are not met. By keeping the community informed of the progress of the new health programs, the nurse can manage their expectations and address any concerns or issues that may arise. This proactive approach helps to prevent dissatisfaction and maintain a positive relationship with the community.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Why is documentation of evaluation so crucial?
- A.
It helps explain why nurses have limited time to provide direct client care.
- B.
It helps keep administrators informed of what the staff is doing before staff evaluation time.
- C.
It helps the nurse better understand the evaluation and the findings.
- D.
It helps provide a baseline against which to study trends and make program decisions.
Correct Answer
D. It helps provide a baseline against which to study trends and make program decisions.Explanation
Documentation of evaluation is crucial because it provides a baseline against which to study trends and make program decisions. By documenting the evaluation process and its findings, nurses and administrators can track changes over time and identify patterns or areas that need improvement. This information is valuable for making informed decisions about the effectiveness of programs and interventions, as well as for identifying areas where resources may need to be allocated or adjusted. Without documentation, it would be difficult to assess the impact of interventions or make informed decisions about program changes.Rate this question:
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- 29.
What needs to be done when evaluation data are analyzed?
- A.
Interpreting and judging the data before making any recommendations
- B.
Examining data through the approach that has commonly been used by the agency
- C.
Reviewing the literature and comparing it with current findings
- D.
Using the Omaha System as the guiding framework
Correct Answer
A. Interpreting and judging the data before making any recommendationsExplanation
When evaluation data are analyzed, it is important to interpret and judge the data before making any recommendations. This involves carefully examining the data, identifying patterns or trends, and drawing conclusions based on the findings. By doing so, one can gain a deeper understanding of the data and make informed decisions or suggestions based on the analysis. This step is crucial in ensuring that any recommendations or actions taken are well-founded and supported by the data.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following is the typical research design used for evaluation in a community/public health agency?
- A.
Analysis of variance
- B.
Multiple regression analysis
- C.
Time series design or other quasi-experimental method
- D.
True experiment with randomization and control
Correct Answer
C. Time series design or other quasi-experimental methodExplanation
The typical research design used for evaluation in a community/public health agency is a time series design or other quasi-experimental method. This design allows for the examination of changes over time and the comparison of outcomes before and after an intervention. It is particularly useful in evaluating the impact of public health programs or interventions in a real-world setting where randomization and control may not be feasible or ethical. This design helps to establish causal relationships and determine the effectiveness of interventions in improving community health outcomes.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Which of the following descriptions characterizes a problem with the use of case descriptions as an evaluation method?
- A.
They lack statistical documentation, despite telling about an interesting event.
- B.
They have to be repeated in order to verify that no other factor could have changed the outcomes.
- C.
They are not considered good research.
- D.
They cannot prove that the nursing intervention led to the specific health outcomes.
Correct Answer
D. They cannot prove that the nursing intervention led to the specific health outcomes.Explanation
Case descriptions as an evaluation method lack the ability to prove that the nursing intervention directly caused the specific health outcomes. While they may provide interesting events, they do not provide statistical documentation or the ability to eliminate other factors that could have influenced the outcomes. Therefore, they are not considered a reliable or strong form of research in terms of proving causation.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which of the following questions is answered by completing a costbenefit analysis?
- A.
Can similar outcomes be achieved with less cost?
- B.
Can unlicensed assistive personnel give care equally rapidly?
- C.
Was the care appropriate and given correctly?
- D.
Was the nurse as efficient and as skilled as possible?
Correct Answer
A. Can similar outcomes be achieved with less cost?Explanation
Completing a cost-benefit analysis involves evaluating the costs and benefits of a particular action or decision. It helps determine whether the benefits outweigh the costs or if similar outcomes can be achieved with less cost. Therefore, the question "Can similar outcomes be achieved with less cost?" is answered by completing a cost-benefit analysis.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Which of the following activities represents a challenge when a costbenefit analysis is performed?
- A.
Calculating all of the indirect, less visible costs
- B.
Placing an appropriate dollar value on the benefits
- C.
Using computer software to calculate the results
- D.
Controlling the variables of cost and benefit
Correct Answer
B. Placing an appropriate dollar value on the benefitsExplanation
Placing an appropriate dollar value on the benefits represents a challenge when a cost-benefit analysis is performed because it requires accurately quantifying and assigning monetary values to intangible benefits such as improved quality of life, environmental impact, or customer satisfaction. This can be subjective and difficult to measure, leading to potential inaccuracies in the analysis.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Why is the perspective of third-party payers and administrators an issue when costbenefit analysis is performed?
- A.
Administrators do not focus equally on costs and benefits.
- B.
Administrators are not experts in costbenefit analyses.
- C.
Administrators lack understanding of health care benefits used in such analyses.
- D.
Administrators ignore the client perspective of time, energy, and money.
Correct Answer
D. Administrators ignore the client perspective of time, energy, and money.Explanation
When conducting a cost-benefit analysis, it is important to consider the perspective of third-party payers and administrators. However, the given answer suggests that administrators ignore the client perspective of time, energy, and money. This implies that administrators may not fully understand or take into account the impact of costs and benefits on the individuals receiving healthcare services. This lack of understanding can lead to biased or incomplete analyses, potentially resulting in decisions that do not adequately consider the needs and preferences of the clients.Rate this question:
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