Test Your Knowledge On Pteridophytes Plants!

Cryptogams are referred to as seedless plants because they do not produce seeds for reproduction. Instead, they reproduce through spores. This group includes plants such as mosses, ferns, and algae. These plants have a different method of reproduction compared to seeded plants, which produce seeds as a means of reproduction.

The leaves in Nephrolepis perform all of the mentioned functions. They undergo photosynthesis, which is the process of converting sunlight into energy. They also undergo guttation, which is the process of excreting excess water through small droplets on the leaf surface. Additionally, they participate in asexual reproduction by forming sori, which are clusters of spore-producing structures on the undersides of the leaves. Therefore, all of the mentioned functions are performed by the leaves in Nephrolepis.

The correct answer is haploid because the prothallus in Nephrolepis is the gametophyte stage of the plant's life cycle. In ferns, the prothallus is a small, heart-shaped structure that produces gametes (sperm and eggs) through mitosis. Since gametes are haploid, the prothallus must also be haploid. The diploid stage of the fern's life cycle is the sporophyte, which develops from the fertilized egg produced by the prothallus.

In pteridophytes, the dominant stage is the sporophyte. The sporophyte is the diploid stage of the life cycle that produces spores through meiosis. It is the larger, more visible stage of the plant and is responsible for the production of true vasculature, including xylem and phloem, which transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. The gametophyte stage, on the other hand, is haploid and smaller in size, and it produces gametes for sexual reproduction. Therefore, the correct answer is sporophyte.

The gametophyte of Nephrolepis bears both antheridia and archegonia. Antheridia are structures that produce and release sperm cells, while archegonia are structures that produce and contain egg cells. This means that the gametophyte of Nephrolepis has both male and female reproductive structures, allowing for sexual reproduction to occur.

Hydathodes are specialized structures found in plants that are responsible for the secretion of water droplets, also known as guttation. These droplets are released through small pores called hydathode pores. Therefore, hydathodes can be referred to as "water stomata" because they perform a similar function to stomata, which are small openings on the surface of leaves that regulate gas exchange and water vapor release. Lenticels, on the other hand, are small openings in the bark of woody stems that allow for gas exchange.

Pteridophytes are a group of plants that include ferns and horsetails. Pinnately compound leaves are a characteristic feature of some pteridophytes. These leaves are divided into multiple leaflets that are arranged along a central axis, resembling the structure of a feather. This arrangement allows for efficient capture of sunlight and efficient gas exchange. Therefore, pinnately compound leaves are commonly found in pteridophytes.

Ferns are found in moist and shady places because they require the presence of water for fertilization. Unlike flowering plants, ferns reproduce through the release of spores, which need water to swim to the female reproductive structures for fertilization to occur. Therefore, ferns thrive in environments with high humidity and access to water, such as moist and shady areas.

Pteridophytes are the first cryptogams that have successfully invaded land. Cryptogams are plants that reproduce by spores rather than seeds. Pteridophytes, which include ferns and horsetails, were the first group of plants to evolve vascular tissue, allowing them to transport water and nutrients throughout their bodies. This adaptation enabled them to colonize terrestrial habitats and thrive in diverse environments. Algae, fungi, and bryophytes are also cryptogams, but they did not have the same level of success in invading land as pteridophytes.

A sporophyll is a leaf that bears sporangia, which are structures that produce and contain spores. In this case, the leaf is bearing leaflets with sori, which are clusters of sporangia. Therefore, the correct answer is Sporophyll.

In Pteridophytes, spores are produced inside sporangium through meiosis. Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is important for the production of haploid spores, which can then develop into gametophytes and eventually give rise to new plants. Therefore, the correct answer is meiosis.

Hydathodes are specialized structures found in the leaves of plants that help in the excretion of excess water. They are typically located along the margins of the leaf and are characterized by the presence of white dots arranged in two longitudinal rows. These dots are actually pores through which water is released from the plant. Therefore, the correct answer is Hydathodes.

Ramenta in Nephrolepis serve the function of both protection and water retention. Ramenta are small, hair-like structures found on the surface of the plant. They help protect the plant from excessive transpiration and water loss by reducing airflow around the leaves. Additionally, they aid in water retention by trapping moisture and preventing evaporation. Therefore, the correct answer is both a & b.

Circinate Ptyxis refers to the characteristic of young leaves being coiled from the apex downward. This is a common phenomenon observed in ferns and some other plants. As the leaves develop, they are tightly coiled in a spiral shape, protecting the delicate growing tissue within. As the leaves mature, they gradually unfurl and expand to their full size. This coiling mechanism helps to protect the young leaves from damage and allows for efficient space utilization as the plant grows.

Guttation is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which water containing calcium salts is exuded from the glandular cells of Nephrolepis. Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water through their leaves, and evaporation is the process of liquid turning into a gas.

Actinostele is the correct answer because it describes a type of protostele where the xylem is star-shaped, with the metaxylem located in the center and the protoxylem radiating outwards. This arrangement of xylem is characteristic of the actinostele, making it the most appropriate option among the given choices.

The correct answer is spores. A fern prothallus is developed from spores. Spores are reproductive structures produced by ferns and other plants. They are released from the sporangia, which are located on the undersides of fern fronds. When the spores land in a suitable environment, they germinate and develop into a prothallus, which is a small, heart-shaped structure. The prothallus is the gametophyte stage of the fern life cycle and produces both male and female gametes. Fertilization of the gametes leads to the development of the sporophyte stage of the fern.

Pteridophytes have a life cycle that alternates between two stages, the sporophyte and the gametophyte. The sporophyte is the dominant and larger stage, while the gametophyte is smaller and independent. In this case, the correct answer is "Gametophyte" because it is the stage that is insignificant in terms of size and is also independent.

The internal pressure developed in guttation is a result of active absorption, low transpiration, and root pressure. Active absorption refers to the process by which plants actively take up water and nutrients from the soil. Low transpiration occurs when the rate of water loss from the leaves is reduced. Root pressure is the force exerted by the roots that pushes water up through the plant's vascular system. All of these factors contribute to the internal pressure that leads to guttation.

Hydathodes are known as Chalk glands because they are specialized structures found in the leaves of certain plants, such as water lilies and some grasses. These glands are responsible for the secretion of excess water in the form of droplets, which can often appear as a white chalky substance. This process, known as guttation, helps to regulate the water balance in the plant and prevent excess water from accumulating in the tissues.

In the transverse section (T.S) of the rachis of Nephrolepis, each vascular bundle is both conjoint and concentric. Conjoint refers to the fact that the xylem and phloem are located together within the same bundle, while concentric means that the xylem and phloem are arranged in concentric circles within the bundle. Therefore, the correct answer is both a & b.

Ramenta refers to brown scale-like epidermal outgrowths that densely cover the rhizomes and petiole in Nephrolepis. This term specifically describes the characteristic feature of Nephrolepis, which distinguishes it from other options such as scale leaves, trichomes, and hydathodes.

Leptosporangium is the correct answer because it refers to a sporangium that develops from a single initial cell. This type of sporangium is characteristic of the leptosporangiate ferns, which make up the majority of fern species. In contrast, eusporangium refers to a sporangium that develops from multiple initial cells, while mixed type and leptoeusporangium are not recognized terms in the context of sporangium development.

The correct answer is "All of the above". The prothallus of Nephrolepis is heart-shaped, dorsiventrally flattened, and green. This means that the prothallus has a shape resembling a heart, it is flattened from top to bottom, and it has a green color.

In Nephrolepis, both spores and gametes are invariably haploids. This means that they have a single set of chromosomes, as opposed to diploids which have two sets of chromosomes. This is a characteristic feature of Nephrolepis, where both the reproductive cells (spores) and the cells involved in sexual reproduction (gametes) have a haploid chromosome number.

Hardocentric refers to a type of vascular bundle arrangement in plants where the xylem is surrounded by phloem. This arrangement is commonly found in dicot stems, where the xylem is located towards the center and is surrounded by the phloem. This arrangement allows for efficient transport of water and nutrients through the xylem and sugars through the phloem.

Stolon is a part in Nephrolepis that is responsible for vegetative reproduction. Stolons are horizontal stems that grow along the ground and produce new plants at their nodes. These new plants can then establish themselves independently, creating a new colony. Stolons are an important adaptation for Nephrolepis as they allow the plant to spread and colonize new areas efficiently.

Both pteridophytes and gymnosperms do not have vessels in their xylem. Vessels are specialized conducting cells found in the xylem of angiosperms, which are flowering plants. Pteridophytes include ferns and horsetails, while gymnosperms include plants like conifers and cycads. These groups of plants have a different type of conducting cells called tracheids in their xylem, which are less efficient in water transport compared to vessels. Therefore, the correct answer is that vessels are not present in the xylem of both pteridophytes and gymnosperms.

The correct answer is bisexual because the prothallus of Nephrolepis has both male and female reproductive structures. This means that it is capable of producing both male and female gametes, allowing for sexual reproduction.

The correct answer for this question is "Homosporous". In Nephrolepis, the sori are of the type homosporous, which means that they produce only one type of spore. This is in contrast to heterosporous plants which produce two different types of spores. The option "Mixed" is incorrect as it does not accurately describe the type of sori in Nephrolepis.

The correct answer is Dictyostele. Dictyostele is a type of stele found in the T.S of the Rachis of Nephrolepis. A dictyostele is characterized by a central cylinder of xylem surrounded by phloem, with the pith in the center. This type of stele is commonly found in ferns and some other vascular plants.

In Nephrolepis, spore mother cells undergo meiosis, which is a type of cell division that results in the production of haploid cells. The correct answer states that there are 16 diploid spore mother cells, which means that each spore mother cell has a diploid set of chromosomes. During meiosis, these diploid cells undergo two rounds of division, resulting in the production of four haploid cells from each diploid cell. Therefore, if there are 16 diploid spore mother cells, the total number of spores produced would be 16 multiplied by 4, which equals 64 spores.

In Nephrolepis, the pinna is isobilateral. Isobilateral refers to a leaf structure where both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf are similar in appearance and function. This means that the pinna of Nephrolepis has a symmetrical structure with no distinct upper or lower surface.

In Pteridophytes, the phloem is without sieve cells and sieve tubes. The absence of these structures suggests that the transportation of nutrients and organic materials in Pteridophytes is not facilitated by the typical sieve cells and sieve tubes found in other vascular plants. Instead, the phloem in Pteridophytes relies on companion cells for the efficient movement of sugars and other substances. The presence of companion cells allows for a more specialized and controlled transport system within the phloem of Pteridophytes.

The correct answer is Stomium. The stomium is the region where the sporangium of Nephrolepis bursts open. It is a specialized structure that allows for the release of spores. The other options, such as operculum, annulus, and ostiole, are not associated with the bursting open of the sporangium in Nephrolepis.

In Nephrolepis, the correct answer is Stock/ Caudex. This is because the stem in Nephrolepis is obliquely placed in the soil and partially underground. It is also rough due to the persistent leaf bases. The stock or caudex refers to the swollen, underground stem of a plant that stores nutrients and provides support. In Nephrolepis, the stock or caudex plays this role, allowing the plant to anchor itself in the soil and store nutrients for growth and survival.

Forked venation is the correct answer because Nephrolepis, commonly known as the sword fern, exhibits this type of venation in its leaves. Forked venation refers to the arrangement of veins in a leaf where the veins repeatedly divide into two or more branches. This pattern can be observed in the leaves of Nephrolepis, where the veins form a network of forked branches.

Transfusion tissue in Nephrolepis helps in water conduction laterally and compensates for the absence of lateral veins. This tissue is responsible for transporting water and nutrients between the main vascular bundles and the leaf lamina, allowing efficient distribution of resources throughout the plant.

In Pteridophytes, the ejection of spores with force is achieved by the annulus. The annulus is a specialized structure found in the sporangium, which is responsible for the release of spores. It is a ring-like structure made up of specialized cells that undergo hygroscopic movements. When the humidity is high, these cells absorb water and become turgid, causing the annulus to expand. As the humidity decreases, the cells lose water and become flaccid, causing the annulus to contract. This contraction creates pressure inside the sporangium, leading to the ejection of spores with force.

The correct answer is Extraaxillary. In Nephrolepis, stolons arise from the rhizomatic stem in a position that is extraaxillary, meaning they originate outside the axil of a leaf. This means that the stolons grow from the main stem in a location that is not directly beside a leaf.