Mic 541 Exam 4 Actinomycetes And Misc Pathogens

If plaque is not removed, it can lead to the formation of actinomyces viscous, which can cause inflammation of the gums known as gingivitis. Plaque is a sticky film that forms on teeth and contains bacteria. When plaque is not removed through proper oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, the bacteria in plaque can multiply and cause irritation and inflammation of the gums. Actinomyces viscous is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in dental plaque and can contribute to the development of gingivitis. Therefore, the statement that plaque not being removed can lead to gingivitis is true.

Bacillary angiomatosis is a vascular proliferative disorder that is commonly observed in transplant patients and individuals who are HIV positive. This condition affects both the skin and visceral organs, causing the formation of lesions and nodules. Therefore, the statement "Bacillary angiomatosis is usually seen in transplant patients and those that are HIV+" is true.

Genital actinomycosis is a rare infection that can occur in women who use intrauterine devices (IUDs) for contraception. Actinomyces bacteria can colonize the vagina and ascend into the uterus, leading to infection. This condition can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, and fever. Treatment usually involves antibiotics and removal of the IUD. Therefore, the statement "Genital actinomycosis can be linked to intrauterine devices" is true.

A weakened immune system or chronic lung disease are indeed the main risk factors for nocardiosis. Nocardiosis is a rare bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can also spread to other parts of the body. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing organ transplantation, are more susceptible to nocardiosis. Additionally, individuals with chronic lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or bronchiectasis are at higher risk. Therefore, the statement is true.

Surgical debridement of damaged tissue is necessary before starting antibiotic therapy for actinomycosis because it helps remove the infected and dead tissue, allowing the antibiotics to effectively reach and treat the remaining infection. Actinomycosis is a bacterial infection that can cause tissue damage, and surgical debridement helps to remove the source of the infection and promote healing. Antibiotics alone may not be sufficient in treating actinomycosis without surgical debridement. Therefore, the statement is true.

If left untreated, gingivitis can lead to periodontitis. Gingivitis is an early stage of gum disease characterized by inflammation and bleeding of the gums. If not addressed, the infection can spread to the surrounding tissues and bone, leading to periodontitis. Periodontitis is a more severe form of gum disease that can cause tooth loss and damage to the supporting structures of the teeth. Therefore, it is important to treat gingivitis early to prevent it from progressing to periodontitis.

All of the above options are risk factors for Cardiobacterium hominis infection. Oral disease can increase the risk of infection as the bacteria can enter the bloodstream through the mouth. Dental procedures, especially those involving the manipulation of the gums or teeth, can also provide an entry point for the bacteria. Preexisting heart disease weakens the immune system and makes individuals more susceptible to infections, including Cardiobacterium hominis. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to the risk of infection.

Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that are characterized by their filamentous growth pattern. They form long, branching filaments called hyphae. These hyphae allow actinomycetes to penetrate and colonize various substrates. Unlike pili, which are short, hair-like appendages used for attachment and conjugation in other bacteria, actinomycetes rely on their hyphae for growth, nutrient uptake, and the production of secondary metabolites. The glycocalyx, on the other hand, is a gel-like layer of polysaccharides that surrounds some bacteria, providing protection and aiding in attachment to surfaces.

Bartonella bacilliformis is a bacterium that can adhere to red blood cells (RBCs) and create deep pits within the cell. This ability allows the bacterium to invade and survive within the RBCs, causing the disease known as bartonellosis. Therefore, the statement "Bartonella bacilliformis can adhere to a RBC and form deep pits in the cell" is true.

Capnocytophaga is a type of bacteria commonly found in the mouths of cats and dogs. When a person is licked, bitten, or scratched by an infected animal, the bacteria can enter their body and cause cellulitis, which is a skin infection. If left untreated, the infection can spread to the bloodstream, leading to septicemia, which is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. Therefore, it is true that with Capnocytophaga, cellulitis can be followed by septicemia after the lick, bite, or scratch of an infected cat or dog.

Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium that causes a severe form of pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease. It is known to replicate within the phagosome, which is a membrane-bound compartment inside alveolar macrophages, a type of immune cell found in the lungs. This allows the bacterium to evade destruction by the immune system and establish a persistent infection. Therefore, the statement "Legionella pneumophila replicates in the phagosome of alveolar macrophages" is true.

Donovan bodies are intracellular aggregates of bacteria that are typically found in the tissue samples of individuals with Granuloma inguinale. These bodies are considered diagnostic for this particular disease, making the statement "Donovan bodies are aggregates that are considered diagnostic for Granuloma inguinale" true.

Actinomycetes are susceptible to penicillin-like bacteria because penicillin is an antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including actinomycetes. Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that are commonly found in soil and are known for producing antibiotics themselves. However, they can still be susceptible to penicillin and other antibiotics, which can inhibit their growth and kill them. Therefore, it is true that actinomycetes are susceptible to penicillin-like bacteria.

Actinomycosis is mainly caused by Actinomyces israelii. Actinomyces species are gram-positive bacteria that are part of the normal flora in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. Actinomyces israelii is the most common species associated with actinomycosis, a chronic bacterial infection that can affect various body parts, including the mouth, lungs, abdomen, and pelvis. It typically presents as abscesses or granulomatous lesions, and can be triggered by trauma, surgery, or poor oral hygiene. Treatment usually involves long-term antibiotic therapy, often with surgical drainage or debridement.

Cardiobacterium hominis is the correct answer because it is a bacteria that is commonly found in the upper respiratory tract of around 70% of healthy individuals. However, it rarely causes endocarditis, which is an infection of the inner lining of the heart. This suggests that while the bacteria is commonly present in the respiratory tract, it does not often cause serious infections in the heart.

The statement is true because Cardiobacterium hominis is a bacterium that can cause infection in the oropharynx. It is a normal inhabitant of the mouth and throat in some individuals, but it can also cause infections such as endocarditis, which is an infection of the heart's inner lining. Therefore, it is correct to say that the Cardiobacterium hominis organism enters the oropharynx to cause infection.

sandfly vector (Peru, Ecuador, Colombia

Eikenella spp are slow-growing, fastidious organisms that "corrode" the agar. This means that they have the ability to break down or degrade the agar medium in which they are cultured. This characteristic is true for Eikenella spp, making the statement "True" the correct answer.

E. corrodens is a bacterium that can cause various infections in the body. Sinusitis refers to the inflammation of the sinuses, which can be caused by E. corrodens. Brain abscess is a serious infection in the brain, and E. corrodens is one of the potential causative agents. Pneumonia is an infection in the lungs, and E. corrodens can be responsible for this condition as well. Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, and E. corrodens is one of the bacteria that can cause it. Therefore, E. corrodens can lead to all of the mentioned conditions.

Actinomycetes are not actually fungi, but they are often mistaken for fungi due to their filamentous growth pattern and ability to form spores. However, they are actually a group of bacteria that share some characteristics with fungi. Actinomycetes are known for producing a wide range of bioactive compounds, including antibiotics such as streptomycin and tetracycline. They play important roles in various ecological processes and have significant applications in medicine and agriculture.

Cat scratch disease (B. henselae) is caused by all of the above factors: cat scratches, cat bites, and cat fleas. The bacteria Bartonella henselae is commonly found in cats and can be transmitted to humans through these means. Cat scratches and bites can introduce the bacteria into the human body, while cat fleas can carry the bacteria and transmit it when they bite humans. Therefore, all three factors can contribute to the transmission of cat scratch disease.

rare to be both acid-fast and gram positive

respiratory infections may require several months (even up to 8 months)

Nocardiosis is caused by Nocardia asteroides. Nocardia asteroides is a species of bacteria that can cause a rare but serious infection called nocardiosis. This infection typically affects the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body such as the brain, skin, and bones. Nocardia asteroides is commonly found in soil and can enter the body through inhalation or through open wounds. It is important to promptly diagnose and treat nocardiosis as it can be life-threatening, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Cervicofacial actinomycosis is the most common type of actinomycosis. This condition is characterized by the formation of abscesses and draining sinuses in the head and neck region. It is usually caused by the bacteria Actinomyces israelii, which is commonly found in the oral cavity. Cervicofacial actinomycosis can occur as a result of dental infections, poor oral hygiene, or trauma to the face. Treatment typically involves a prolonged course of antibiotics, along with surgical drainage of any abscesses present.

individuals with normal immune systems can acquire this infection, the main risk factors for nocardiosis are a weakened immune system or chronic lung disease

phosphatase = blocks superoxide anion production
cytotoxin = stops neutrophil oxidative metabolism

Thoracic actinomycosis is caused by the aspiration of actinomyces bacteria into the lungs, which then leads to an extension of the infection from the cervicofacial area. This type of actinomycosis typically affects the thoracic region, causing symptoms such as chest pain, cough, and difficulty breathing. It is important to note that actinomycosis can also affect other parts of the body, such as the lower jaw, genital area, and abdomen, but in this case, the correct answer is thoracic.

Bartonella quintana is the species that causes Trench fever. Trench fever is a bacterial infection transmitted by body lice and is characterized by recurrent fever, headache, and muscle pain. B. quintana is the primary causative agent of this disease, making it the correct answer. B. bacilliformis causes Carrion's disease, B. henselae causes Cat-scratch disease, and B. elizabethae causes endocarditis.

Nocardiosis is a bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Nocardia. Sinus tracts are abnormal passageways that can form due to chronic infection. When these sinus tracts extend to deep muscle and bone, it can lead to a condition called actinomycetoma. Actinomycetoma is a chronic and progressive infection characterized by the formation of abscesses and draining sinuses. Therefore, in the given scenario, the correct answer is actinomycetoma as it is the most likely outcome when sinus tracts extend to deep muscle and bone in nocardiosis.

Vaginosis is not one of the infections discussed in class that falls under the actinomycetes genera. The other three options, dental plaque, nocardiosis, and actinomycosis, are all infections caused by bacteria belonging to the actinomycetes genera.

look for G+

Bartonella henselae is the species that causes cat scratch disease. This disease is typically transmitted to humans through scratches or bites from infected cats. It can cause symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and a rash at the site of the scratch or bite. B. henselae is specifically associated with cat scratch disease, making it the correct answer in this case.

Bartonella bacilliformis is the species that causes Oroya fever. This bacterial infection is transmitted by sandflies and primarily affects individuals in the Andean region of South America. Oroya fever is characterized by symptoms such as fever, anemia, and skin lesions. B. bacilliformis is the only species among the options listed that is known to cause this specific type of fever.

Eikenella corrodens is the most frequently isolated bacteria in human bite wounds and fistfight injuries. It is a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium commonly found in the oral cavity. It is capable of causing infections in the deep tissues, joints, and bones, especially in cases of human bites where it is introduced into the wound. E. corrodens produces corrosive enzymes that can damage tissues and contribute to the development of abscesses. Prompt treatment with appropriate antibiotics is necessary to prevent complications associated with E. corrodens infections.

found to cause endocarditis in persons who do not abuse intravenous drugs

Penicillin G for 3-4 weeks = treatment of choice.... although, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole results in a more rapid cure

Capnocytophaga spp are slow growing, slender gram-negative bacilli that are part of the normal oral flora of humans and animals. They are commonly found in the mouth and respiratory tract. Eikenella spp and Cardiobacterium spp are also gram-negative bacilli, but they are not typically associated with the oral flora. Therefore, the correct answer is Capnocytophaga spp.

Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria that share some characteristics with both fungi and bacteria. One of their characteristics is that their infections can resemble fungal infections, which can make diagnosis difficult. However, unlike fungi, actinomycetes have a "bacteria-like" cell wall. Additionally, actinomycetes are susceptible to penicillin, which is an antibiotic that targets bacterial cell walls. Therefore, the correct answer is that actinomycetes have infections resembling fungal infections, but they have a "bacteria-like" cell wall and are susceptible to penicillin.

HIGH mortality rate... Early diagnosis important; poor recovery after systemic infection

Actinomycetes have characteristics of both fungi and bacteria. They are prokaryotic microorganisms like bacteria, but they also share similarities with fungi in terms of their filamentous growth pattern and ability to produce spores. Actinomycetes are known for their role in decomposition and nutrient cycling in the environment, as well as their ability to produce antibiotics. Therefore, the correct answer is fungi and bacteria.

human body louse vector  louse feces into bite wound

Capnocytophaga colonize human periodontal pockets. They are probably NOT the major pathogens for periodontal tissue destruction, but may be associated with gingivitis.

B. quintana (trench fever) is a systemic infection characterized by headache, fever, weakness, and pain in long bones

Pancreatitis was not cited as being an increased risk factor for an infection by Capnocytophaga. The question is asking for the risk factors for an infection by Capnocytophaga, and the options provided are absence of the spleen, pancreatitis, alcoholism, and chronic pulmonary disease. The correct answer, pancreatitis, is the option that was not mentioned as a risk factor for this infection.

antibiotics = none available

C. granulomatis is the correct answer because it is a known causative agent of a sexually transmitted infection. This bacterium is responsible for causing granuloma inguinale, a chronic ulcerative genital disease that is typically transmitted through sexual contact. The other options, C. sputigena, C. gingivalis, and C. hominis, are not commonly associated with sexually transmitted infections.

AEROBIC

AEROBIC

Streptomyces is the most numerous of all actinomycetes