Medical Ethics 2nd Exam

Virtue theory is based on explicit grounding in the community because it emphasizes the importance of developing good character traits and moral virtues through social interactions and cultural norms. This theory suggests that ethical behavior is achieved by embodying virtues such as honesty, kindness, and justice, which are valued and reinforced within a specific community or society. By focusing on the cultivation of these virtues, individuals are able to contribute positively to their community and promote the common good.

The virtue theory combines the strengths of the teleological and deontological theories. Teleological theories focus on the consequences of actions, while deontological theories emphasize the moral duty or obligation to act in a certain way. The virtue theory, on the other hand, emphasizes the development of virtuous character traits and the importance of cultivating moral virtues in order to make ethical decisions. By combining the strengths of both teleological and deontological theories, the virtue theory provides a comprehensive approach to ethics that considers both the consequences of actions and the moral character of the individual.

Utilitarianism is the correct answer because it is a theory that focuses on maximizing overall happiness and well-being for the majority of people. In industrialized and technological societies, where there are complex systems and interdependencies, the utilitarian approach is often necessary to make decisions that have the greatest positive impact on the society as a whole. This theory prioritizes the greatest good for the greatest number of people, which aligns with the goals and values of industrialized and technological societies.

Deontological theory is an ethical framework that focuses on the moral duty and obligation to follow certain rules or principles. It emphasizes the importance of acting in accordance with these rules, regardless of the consequences or outcomes. Lying is generally considered morally wrong according to deontological theory because it violates the principle of honesty and goes against the duty to tell the truth. Therefore, deontological theory would never justify lying on the patient.

Morphine hastens the demise by suppressing the respiratory system. Morphine is a powerful opioid analgesic that acts on the central nervous system to relieve pain. It depresses the respiratory centers in the brain, leading to a decrease in the rate and depth of breathing. This can result in respiratory depression, which can be fatal if not monitored and managed properly. Therefore, the suppression of the respiratory system is a valid explanation for how morphine can hasten the demise.

The correct answer is "all the answers." This implies that the virtues can be formed by one's personality, social training, professional standards, and parental training. It suggests that all of these factors play a role in shaping an individual's virtues.

The principle of non-maleficence states that healthcare professionals must do no harm to the patient. When calculating the risk and risk benefit, this principle emphasizes the importance of avoiding any potential harm or negative consequences to the patient. It requires healthcare professionals to prioritize the well-being and safety of the patient above all else.

The first consideration of the principle of beneficence is the welfare of the patients. This means that the primary concern should be to promote the well-being and best interests of the patients. This includes providing them with the necessary care, treatment, and support to improve their health and quality of life. The principle of beneficence emphasizes the importance of acting in the best interest of the patients and ensuring that their needs and preferences are taken into account.

The principle of autonomy in healthcare ethics encompasses various aspects such as telling the truth, maintaining confidentiality, obtaining informed consent, respecting the right and dignity of patients, and ensuring their full participation in the treatment process. Therefore, the correct answer is that all the above answers are included in the principle of autonomy.

The correct answer is B+D. This is because the probability strategy involves assuming a condition rather than denying it, and also assuming that symptoms are trivial. By checking out as many possibilities as possible, the doctor assumes that a really sick patient will be picked up anyway. This strategy is likely driven by the fear of a certain diagnosis.

Both teleological and virtue theories focus on the analysis of the goodness of action. They both consider the moral agent and the importance of an individual with good character doing the right thing. Therefore, the common thing between these two theories is their emphasis on evaluating the moral worth of actions and the role of the individual in making ethical choices.

In the given question, the correct answer is "affective neutral." This means that according to the person's view, the doctor-patient relationship is expected to be emotionally detached or devoid of strong emotions. The term "affective" refers to emotions or feelings, while "neutral" implies a lack of bias or strong emotional involvement. Therefore, the person believes that a doctor-patient relationship should be based on professionalism and objectivity rather than personal emotions or attachments.

The golden rule of deontology states that one should act always as if what they do would become a universal rule. This means that individuals should consider the moral implications of their actions and act in a way that they would want everyone else to act in similar situations. It emphasizes the importance of following moral principles and duty, rather than focusing solely on the outcome or consequences of one's actions. This principle promotes consistency and universality in ethical decision-making.

American culture rarely used truth telling until the 1970s. This suggests that prior to this decade, truth telling was not a common practice or value in American society. It implies that honesty and transparency were not highly valued or prioritized in interpersonal relationships, social interactions, or even in public discourse. However, it does not specify any particular event or reason for the shift in the 1970s.

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Principlism is a framework for healthcare that aims to be compatible with the religious belief systems of different communities. It brings together the best elements of healthcare theories and ethical theories. This means that it incorporates the most popular framework for healthcare, is compatible with religious beliefs, and brings together the best elements of ethical theories. The correct answer states that all the answers are correct except for C, which implies that C is not a characteristic of principlism.

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The correct answer is A+B only. This means that both the agent and action categories do not match with their respective theories. Deontological theories focus on the moral duty of the agent rather than the consequences of their actions, so the agent category should not be associated with deontological theories. Similarly, virtue theories emphasize the character and virtues of the agent, not the actions they perform, so the action category should not be associated with virtue theories. The consequence category correctly matches with utilitarianism, as utilitarianism considers the consequences of actions to determine their moral worth.

Coercion refers to the act of using force or threats to make someone do something against their will. In the context of informed consent, it is important that the individual gives their consent voluntarily, without any form of coercion. Coercion undermines the principle of autonomy and the individual's ability to make an informed decision. Therefore, it is not supposed to be present in the process of informed consent.

Ethical theories bring significant characteristics to the decision-making process. Ethical theories provide frameworks and principles that guide individuals in making moral decisions. These theories offer different perspectives and considerations, such as the consequences of actions (telos), duties and obligations (deontology), or the overall happiness and well-being of individuals (utilitarianism). By utilizing ethical theories, individuals can analyze and evaluate the moral implications of their choices, ensuring that their decisions are well-informed and ethically sound. This recognition of the value and contribution of ethical theories to decision-making makes this statement correct.

The principle of justice encompasses various aspects such as fair treatment of everyone, equity in distributing benefits and burdens, respecting the law, and considering the greater good of society. Therefore, none of the options listed is excluded from the principle of justice.

None of the statements provided are correct. In American medicine, informed consent is highly valued and considered essential for ethical practice. The principle of non-maleficence states that healthcare professionals should do no harm, but it is not an absolute principle as there may be situations where harm is unintentionally caused for the greater good. Therefore, the statement that the principle of non-maleficence is absolute is incorrect.