Macromolecules Quiz

State the formula for monosaccharides

Disaccharides are formed when(state what disachharides are composed of, linkage formed + type of reaction)

Monosachharides and disaccharides differ from polysacharrides and are referred to as

State the formula for glucose

In animals, glucose is the main ______ sugar in the blood, _____ concentration is carefully controlled. glucose is considered to be a ________

Fructose and galactose are examples of _____ of glucose

Humans cannot break down what type of glucose?

Give examples of pentose sugars (5 carbon atoms)

Starch is broken down into ______ by the enzyme ____________ can be broken down into glucose through ______ or 2 _____ molecules can bond to form ________, which is considered to be a ________

Sucrose is a _______ that is formed when _______ is bonded to _______, it is commonly found in ______ and is less ______ than glucose

Lactose is a ______ that is formed when  ______ is bonded to _________, and is only found in _______ milk

Starch is a ______ that is made up of _____ and _____. _____ is an unbranched glucose polymer held together by a  ________; whereas ______ is a branched glucose polymer held together by a ________ with branch points formed by a _______.the angles at which the ________ is held makes them ________ in water

Polysaccharides are long chains of _____________ joined together by __________

Glycogen is formed when excess ____ molecules are linked to form glycogen. Glycogen is an ______ storing molecule in _______. similar to ______ with a 1-4 glycosidic linkage with a 1-6 branch point linkage. humans store glycogen in the _____ and _____ cells. enzymes in these tissues ______ glycogen into _______ molecules for energy. _______ is found in the ______ of plants.

Cellulose is a straight chain polymer of ___ _______ molecules held together by a __ __________ _______. their _____ shape allows the _______ groups of parallel molecules to form many _______ bonds producing tight bundles called _________. these _______ intertwine forming tough, _______ cell walls.  humans and most ______ cant breakdown the ___ _____ in cellulose. however cellulose is beneficial to the digestive system as cellulose can _____ against the _____ ________ stimulating ______ cells to secrete mucus that lubricates the feces and aids in easy digestion. cows have an enzyme called ___ ______ that breaks down the _____ linkages

Lipids are

• A.

  Hydrophobic

• B.

  Hydrophillic

Triglycerides are comprised of ______ and ___________

If there are no c=c bonds in the hydrocarbon chain that it is a _______ fatty acid, but if there is one c=c bond in the chain it is a _____ fatty acid, a fatty acid with more than one c=c bond is called a ________. Saturated fatty acids have _____ chains and _____ melting points, whereas unsaturated fatty acids form ____ chains and have _____ melting points.Also, saturated fatty acids tend to be found in ____ blooded animals and unsaturated fats tend to be found in ____ blooded in animals. At room temperature saturated fatty acids are ____ and unsaturated fats are _____

Fatty acids are used for ________, ______, and _________, in fatty tissue

The hydrocarbon chain in a fatty acid can be from __ to __ units long but it always has to be an ___ number

When glycerols _____ group and the fatty acids _______ group react a _______ reaction and _______ process take place.

The rigid kinks in _________ fatty acids ______ # of van der waal attractions, whereas the _____ hydrocarbon chains of ______ fatty acids allows them to fit _____ together and thus _____ # of van der waals attractions

Phospholipids have ___ fatty acids and triglycerides have __ fatty acids

• A.

  3, 3,

• B.

  2, 4,

• C.

  2, 3,

• D.

  1, 2,

• E.

  1, 3,

In phospholipids the phosphate head is ____ and ______ and the 2 fatty acid chains are _____ and ______

Phospholipids have __ functional groups, in the head there is ____ that has an ___ group, a _____ group, and in the tails there is _____ that has a _____ group

Steroids, being lipids, are ______ and have __ hydrocarbon linked ____. Steroids include: c_____, c______ and h______. c_____ can be attained through ____ and can be produced by the ____. c_____ is needed for the cell membrane to function properly as it effects ______. C_____ can also be converted into compounds such as vitamin __ and ___ ____.

Proteins have an central carbon atom called the ____ ____ and have 3 groups attached to it called:-a___ ______-c_________ _____-__ _____

Waxes are long chains of _____ ____ that are attached to ________ or a carbon ring.

Amino acids are called amino acids because they have both ___ groups and ___ groups, which have _______ charges. at neutral pH, (found in most living organisms) the groups are _____. the overall net charge on the molecule is therefore ____ and this molecule is called a ________ ___.

At a low pH an amino acid is _________, at a neutral pH there is __ _____ and at a high ph the amino acid is ________

Each amino acid has a different ___________ that makes each protein unique and gives them a wide range of properties.

• A.

  Beta carbon

• B.

  Phosphate group

• C.

  Nitrogenous base

• D.

  R group

Amino acids are joined together by a _____ ____ to form a __________, the reaction inolved is a _________ ____________, it takes place in ____________ and the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide is determined by the sequence of the _______ ______ in ___

In a polypeptide there is always one end with a free ________ group called the __________ and one end with a free _______ group called the ____________

In secondary structure of proteins, ________ bonds form between the __________ group and the ________ groups of amino acids along the same _____ so that the polypeptide takes on a ______ shape called alpha ______. when two separate polypeptide strands run ______ to eachother _______, an _______ shape appears called the beta ______ _______.

In tertiary structure the polypeptide chain continues to _____ and _____ itself as a result of the interaction between the __ ________. P_____, __-____ and _____ "r"groups interact to form ________, ________ and __________ bonds.

The combination of two or more ____________ _______ forms a protein. the overall shape of a protein is determined by its ______ _________. chemical and physical factors such as changes in __ and ________ can _______ a protein.

___________ direct the growth and development of every living organism. included in this group is D___, R___, A__ and nucleotide co-enzymes. Essential for ____ in plant cells and ______ _______ in plant and animal cells.

DNA and RNA are

• A.

  Monomers

• B.

  Nucleotides

• C.

  Polymers

• D.

  Coenzymes

• E.

  Cofactors

DNA and RNA are made up of ______ units called _________. _________ enzymes and ATP are _________.

A nucleotide is made up of a _________ sugar, a ________ group and a __________ base.

IN DNA, Purines have ___ ring(s) and include ________ and ______; whereas pyramides have ____ ring(s) and contain _______ and _______.These are the 4 _______ bases.

In DNA, which pair

• A.

  Adenine and guanine pair and cytosine and thymine pair

• B.

  Thymine and adenine pair and guanine and cytosine pair

• C.

  Thymine and adenine pair and guanine and uracil pair

• D.

  Adenine and cytosine pair and thymine and guanine pair

• E.

  Thymine and guanine pair and adenine and uracil pair

DNA nucleotides are joined together at the ________ group, attached to carbon __ at one molecule to the _______ group of carbon __ from another molecule. The bond that unites the phosphate is called a _________ bond

In addition to phosphodiester bonds, ______ bonds, unite strands of DNA together. Adenine will always bond to ________ and is held together by _ _______ ____. Cytosine and __________ always bond together and are held together by _ ______ ____.

All of the bases are the same in RNA as DNA except ________ replaces ________ in RNA

DNA is ____ stranded whereas RNA is ____ stranded. DNA's job is to direct all cellular activities whereas RNA's function is to _________ and _________ the genetic information into _________

ATP (adenecine triphosphate)is a _______ made up of a nitrogenous base called __________, a ______ sugar and 3 ______ groups. High _________ bonds are formed between each ________ group and the _______ sugar. When these bonds break, _____ is ________