LX0-103: CompTIA Linux+ Certification Test! Trivia Questions Quiz

1. Which command is used in a Linux environment to create a new directory? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

The command "mkdir" is used in a Linux environment to create a new directory. Additionally, the command "/usr/bin/mkdir" can also be used to achieve the same result.

Explanation

The command "mkdir" is used in a Linux environment to create a new directory. Additionally, the command "/usr/bin/mkdir" can also be used to achieve the same result.

Submit

2. What is the output of the following command? echo "Hello World" | tr -d aieou

Hello World

Eoo

Hll Wrld

Eoo Hll Wrld

The given command "echo "Hello World" | tr -d aieou" is a combination of two commands. The "echo" command is used to display the string "Hello World" on the console. The "|" symbol is a pipe operator, which redirects the output of the "echo" command to the input of the "tr" command. The "tr" command is used to delete characters specified in the set "aieou" from the input. Therefore, the output will be "Hll Wrld" as all the vowels (a, i, e, o, u) are removed from the original string "Hello World".

Explanation

The given command "echo "Hello World" | tr -d aieou" is a combination of two commands. The "echo" command is used to display the string "Hello World" on the console. The "|" symbol is a pipe operator, which redirects the output of the "echo" command to the input of the "tr" command. The "tr" command is used to delete characters specified in the set "aieou" from the input. Therefore, the output will be "Hll Wrld" as all the vowels (a, i, e, o, u) are removed from the original string "Hello World".

3. Which of the following commands will print the last 10 lines of a text file to the standard output?

Tail -n 10 filename

Head -n 10 filename

Cat -n 10 filename

Dump -n 10 filename

The correct answer is "tail -n 10 filename". The tail command is used to display the last part of a file. The "-n 10" option specifies that it should display the last 10 lines of the file. Therefore, this command will print the last 10 lines of the text file to the standard output.

Explanation

The correct answer is "tail -n 10 filename". The tail command is used to display the last part of a file. The "-n 10" option specifies that it should display the last 10 lines of the file. Therefore, this command will print the last 10 lines of the text file to the standard output.

4. Which of the following commands replaces each occurrence of 'bob' in the file letter with 'Bob' and writes the result to the file newletter?

Sed ‘s/bob/Bob/g’ letter > newletter

Sed ‘s/bob, Bob/’ letter > newletter

Sed ‘s/bob/Bob’ letter > newletter

Sed ‘/bob/Bob’ letter > newletter

Sed s/bob/Bob/ letter < newletter

The correct answer is "sed 's/bob/Bob/g' letter > newletter" because it uses the sed command with the 's' flag to substitute each occurrence of 'bob' with 'Bob' in the file "letter". The 'g' flag ensures that all occurrences are replaced, not just the first one. The '>' symbol redirects the output to a new file called "newletter".

Explanation

The correct answer is "sed 's/bob/Bob/g' letter > newletter" because it uses the sed command with the 's' flag to substitute each occurrence of 'bob' with 'Bob' in the file "letter". The 'g' flag ensures that all occurrences are replaced, not just the first one. The '>' symbol redirects the output to a new file called "newletter".

5. Which of the following options is used in a GRUB Legacy configuration file to define the amount of time that the GRUB menu will be shown to the user?

Splash

Timeout

Hidemenu

Showmenu

The correct answer is "timeout". In a GRUB Legacy configuration file, the "timeout" option is used to define the amount of time that the GRUB menu will be shown to the user. This option allows the user to select an operating system or boot option before the default option is automatically selected.

Explanation

The correct answer is "timeout". In a GRUB Legacy configuration file, the "timeout" option is used to define the amount of time that the GRUB menu will be shown to the user. This option allows the user to select an operating system or boot option before the default option is automatically selected.

6. Which command will disable swapping on a device? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

The command "swapoff" is used to disable swapping on a device. This command is typically located in the "/sbin" directory. By running this command without any path or parameters, the swapping functionality on the device will be turned off.

Explanation

The command "swapoff" is used to disable swapping on a device. This command is typically located in the "/sbin" directory. By running this command without any path or parameters, the swapping functionality on the device will be turned off.

Submit

7. What is the purpose of the Bash built-in export command?

It makes the command history available to subshells.

It sets up environment variables for applications.

It runs a command as a process in a subshell.

It allows disks to be mounted remotely.

It shares NFS partitions for use by other systems on the network.

The purpose of the Bash built-in export command is to set up environment variables for applications. Environment variables are used to store information that can be accessed by programs running on the system. By using the export command, these variables are made available to all child processes and subshells, allowing them to access and use the information stored in the variables.

Explanation

The purpose of the Bash built-in export command is to set up environment variables for applications. Environment variables are used to store information that can be accessed by programs running on the system. By using the export command, these variables are made available to all child processes and subshells, allowing them to access and use the information stored in the variables.

8. Which character, added to the end of a command, runs that command in the background as a child process of the current shell?

#

!

+

&

%

The character "&" added to the end of a command runs that command in the background as a child process of the current shell. This means that the command will be executed separately from the current shell, allowing the user to continue using the shell while the command is running in the background.

Explanation

The character "&" added to the end of a command runs that command in the background as a child process of the current shell. This means that the command will be executed separately from the current shell, allowing the user to continue using the shell while the command is running in the background.

9. 57. What is the difference between the i and a commands of the vi editor?

I (insert) inserts text before the current cursor position whereas a (append) inserts text after the cursor.

I (interactive) requires the user to explicitly switch between vi modes whereas a (automatic) switches modes automatically.

I (interrupt) temporarily suspends editing of a file to the background whereas a (abort) terminates editing.

The i command in the vi editor allows the user to insert text before the current cursor position, while the a command allows the user to insert text after the cursor. This means that when using the i command, the text will be inserted at the current cursor position, pushing the existing text forward. On the other hand, when using the a command, the text will be inserted after the cursor, without affecting the existing text.

Explanation

The i command in the vi editor allows the user to insert text before the current cursor position, while the a command allows the user to insert text after the cursor. This means that when using the i command, the text will be inserted at the current cursor position, pushing the existing text forward. On the other hand, when using the a command, the text will be inserted after the cursor, without affecting the existing text.

10. Which variable defines the directories in which a Bash shell searches for executable commands?

BASHEXEC

BASHRC

PATH

EXECPATH

PATHRC

The variable "PATH" defines the directories in which a Bash shell searches for executable commands. It contains a list of directory paths separated by colons, and when a command is entered in the shell, it will search for the command's executable file in each of these directories in the order specified.

Explanation

The variable "PATH" defines the directories in which a Bash shell searches for executable commands. It contains a list of directory paths separated by colons, and when a command is entered in the shell, it will search for the command's executable file in each of these directories in the order specified.

11. Which of the following commands prints a list of usernames (first column) and their primary group (fourth column) from the /etc/passwd file?

Fmt -f 1,4 /etc/passwd

Split -c 1,4 /etc/passwd

Cut -d : -f 1,4 /etc/passwd

Paste -f 1,4 /etc/passwd

The command "cut -d : -f 1,4 /etc/passwd" is the correct answer because it uses the "cut" command to extract specific fields from the /etc/passwd file. The "-d :" option specifies that the fields are delimited by colons, and the "-f 1,4" option specifies that the first and fourth fields should be extracted. This will result in a list of usernames (first column) and their primary groups (fourth column) being printed.

Explanation

The command "cut -d : -f 1,4 /etc/passwd" is the correct answer because it uses the "cut" command to extract specific fields from the /etc/passwd file. The "-d :" option specifies that the fields are delimited by colons, and the "-f 1,4" option specifies that the first and fourth fields should be extracted. This will result in a list of usernames (first column) and their primary groups (fourth column) being printed.

12. Which of the following commands is used to update the list of available packages when using dpkg based package management?

Apt-get refresh

Apt-cache upgrade

Apt-get upgrade

Apt-get update

Apt-cache update

The correct answer is apt-get update. This command is used to update the list of available packages when using dpkg based package management. It retrieves the latest package information from the repositories and updates the local package database.

Explanation

The correct answer is apt-get update. This command is used to update the list of available packages when using dpkg based package management. It retrieves the latest package information from the repositories and updates the local package database.

13. Which of the following commands moves and resumes in the background the last stopped shell job?

Back

Run

Bg

Fg

The command "bg" is used to move and resume the last stopped shell job in the background. It allows the job to continue running without being attached to the current terminal session. This is useful when a job has been stopped using the "Ctrl+Z" command and needs to be resumed in the background.

Explanation

The command "bg" is used to move and resume the last stopped shell job in the background. It allows the job to continue running without being attached to the current terminal session. This is useful when a job has been stopped using the "Ctrl+Z" command and needs to be resumed in the background.

14. Which of the following commands will write a message to the terminals of all logged in users?

Mesg

Print

Wall

Yell

Bcast

The "wall" command is used to write a message to the terminals of all logged in users. It is a broadcast command that sends a message to all users who are currently logged in, regardless of their location or terminal. This command is commonly used by system administrators to send important announcements or notifications to all users on a system.

Explanation

The "wall" command is used to write a message to the terminals of all logged in users. It is a broadcast command that sends a message to all users who are currently logged in, regardless of their location or terminal. This command is commonly used by system administrators to send important announcements or notifications to all users on a system.

15. Which of the following commands kills the process with the PID 123 but allows the process to "clean up" before exiting?

Kill -KILL 123

Kill -STOP 123

Kill -TERM 123

Kill -PIPE 123

The command "kill -TERM 123" kills the process with the PID 123 but allows the process to "clean up" before exiting. The -TERM option sends a termination signal to the process, allowing it to gracefully exit and perform any necessary cleanup tasks before terminating. This is in contrast to the -KILL option, which immediately terminates the process without giving it a chance to clean up. The -STOP and -PIPE options are not relevant to this scenario.

Explanation

The command "kill -TERM 123" kills the process with the PID 123 but allows the process to "clean up" before exiting. The -TERM option sends a termination signal to the process, allowing it to gracefully exit and perform any necessary cleanup tasks before terminating. This is in contrast to the -KILL option, which immediately terminates the process without giving it a chance to clean up. The -STOP and -PIPE options are not relevant to this scenario.

16. During a system boot cycle, what program is executed after the BIOS completes its tasks?

The init program

The kernel

The inetd program

The bootloader

After the BIOS completes its tasks during a system boot cycle, the bootloader program is executed. The bootloader is responsible for loading the operating system into memory and initiating its execution. It is typically stored in a specific location on the computer's hard drive or in a separate boot partition. The bootloader plays a crucial role in the boot process by locating the operating system files and transferring control to the kernel, which is the core of the operating system.

Explanation

After the BIOS completes its tasks during a system boot cycle, the bootloader program is executed. The bootloader is responsible for loading the operating system into memory and initiating its execution. It is typically stored in a specific location on the computer's hard drive or in a separate boot partition. The bootloader plays a crucial role in the boot process by locating the operating system files and transferring control to the kernel, which is the core of the operating system.

17. Which umask value will result in the default access permissions of 600 (rw——-) for files and 700 (rwx——) for directories? (Specify only the numerical umask value.)

A umask value of 0077 will result in the default access permissions of 600 (rw-------) for files and 700 (rwx------) for directories. The umask value determines the permission bits that are turned off when a new file or directory is created. In this case, the umask value of 0077 means that the read, write, and execute permission bits for the group and others are turned off, resulting in the desired permissions of 600 for files and 700 for directories.

Explanation

A umask value of 0077 will result in the default access permissions of 600 (rw-------) for files and 700 (rwx------) for directories. The umask value determines the permission bits that are turned off when a new file or directory is created. In this case, the umask value of 0077 means that the read, write, and execute permission bits for the group and others are turned off, resulting in the desired permissions of 600 for files and 700 for directories.

Submit

18. Which grep command will print only the lines that do not end with a / in the file foo?

Grep ‘/#’ foo

Grep -v ‘/$’ foo

Grep ‘/$’ foo

Grep -v ‘/#’ foo

The correct answer is "grep -v '/$' foo". This command will use the grep utility to search for lines in the file "foo" that do not end with a forward slash ("/"). The "-v" option in grep is used to invert the match, so it will print the lines that do not match the pattern. The pattern in this case is '/$', which represents the end of a line followed by a forward slash. Therefore, this command will print only the lines that do not end with a forward slash in the file "foo".

Explanation

The correct answer is "grep -v '/$' foo". This command will use the grep utility to search for lines in the file "foo" that do not end with a forward slash ("/"). The "-v" option in grep is used to invert the match, so it will print the lines that do not match the pattern. The pattern in this case is '/$', which represents the end of a line followed by a forward slash. Therefore, this command will print only the lines that do not end with a forward slash in the file "foo".

19. When given the following command line. echo "foo bar" | tee bar | cat Which of the following output is created?

Cat

Foo bar

Tee bar

Bar

Foo

The given command line uses the "echo" command to print the string "foo bar". The "|" symbol is used to redirect the output of the echo command to the "tee" command, which creates a file named "bar" and also displays the output on the screen. The "|" symbol is used again to redirect the output of the tee command to the "cat" command, which simply displays the output on the screen. Therefore, the output created will be "foo bar".

Explanation

The given command line uses the "echo" command to print the string "foo bar". The "|" symbol is used to redirect the output of the echo command to the "tee" command, which creates a file named "bar" and also displays the output on the screen. The "|" symbol is used again to redirect the output of the tee command to the "cat" command, which simply displays the output on the screen. Therefore, the output created will be "foo bar".

20. Which of the following is correct when talking about mount points?

Files within a directory are deleted when the directory is used as a mount point.

Directories need to have the SetUID flag set to be used as a mount point.

Every existing directory can be used as a mount point.

Only empty directories can be used as a mount point.

Every existing directory can be used as a mount point. This means that any directory on a file system can be designated as a mount point for another file system. When a file system is mounted on a directory, the contents of that directory are hidden and replaced by the contents of the mounted file system. It is not necessary for the directory to be empty or have any specific permissions or flags set in order to be used as a mount point.

Explanation

Every existing directory can be used as a mount point. This means that any directory on a file system can be designated as a mount point for another file system. When a file system is mounted on a directory, the contents of that directory are hidden and replaced by the contents of the mounted file system. It is not necessary for the directory to be empty or have any specific permissions or flags set in order to be used as a mount point.

21. What happens after issuing the command vi without any additional parameters?

Vi starts and requires the user to explicitly either create a new or load an existing file.

Vi exits with an error message as it cannot be invoked without a file name to operate on.

Vi starts in command mode and opens a new empty file.

After issuing the command "vi" without any additional parameters, the vi editor will start in command mode and open a new empty file. This means that the user can begin typing and editing text in the newly opened file. The other options are incorrect because they either involve loading a previous file, requiring the user to explicitly create or load a file, or exiting with an error message.

Explanation

After issuing the command "vi" without any additional parameters, the vi editor will start in command mode and open a new empty file. This means that the user can begin typing and editing text in the newly opened file. The other options are incorrect because they either involve loading a previous file, requiring the user to explicitly create or load a file, or exiting with an error message.

22. Which of the following commands displays the contents of a gzip compressed tar archive?

Gzip archive.tgz | tar xvf –

Tar ztf archive.tgz

Gzip -d archive.tgz | tar tvf –

Tar cf archive.tgz

The command "tar ztf archive.tgz" displays the contents of a gzip compressed tar archive. The "z" option is used to specify that the archive is compressed with gzip, and the "t" option is used to list the contents of the archive. The "f" option is used to specify the name of the archive file.

Explanation

The command "tar ztf archive.tgz" displays the contents of a gzip compressed tar archive. The "z" option is used to specify that the archive is compressed with gzip, and the "t" option is used to list the contents of the archive. The "f" option is used to specify the name of the archive file.

23. What command will generate a list of user names from /etc/passwd along with their login shell?

Column -s : 1,7 /etc/passwd

Chop -c 1,7 /etc/passwd

Colrm 1,7 /etc/passwd

Cut -d: -f1,7 /etc/passwd

The command "cut -d: -f1,7 /etc/passwd" will generate a list of user names from /etc/passwd along with their login shell. The "cut" command is used to extract specific columns from a file, and in this case, the delimiter (-d) is set to ":" and the fields (-f) to be extracted are 1 and 7. This will extract the first field (user name) and the seventh field (login shell) from the /etc/passwd file.

Explanation

The command "cut -d: -f1,7 /etc/passwd" will generate a list of user names from /etc/passwd along with their login shell. The "cut" command is used to extract specific columns from a file, and in this case, the delimiter (-d) is set to ":" and the fields (-f) to be extracted are 1 and 7. This will extract the first field (user name) and the seventh field (login shell) from the /etc/passwd file.

24. What is the default nice level when a process is started using the nice command?

-10

0

10

20

The default nice level when a process is started using the nice command is 10. The nice command is used in Unix-like operating systems to adjust the scheduling priority of a process. The nice level ranges from -20 to 19, with lower values indicating higher priority. A nice level of 10 means that the process has a relatively lower priority compared to other processes, allowing them to have more CPU time.

Explanation

The default nice level when a process is started using the nice command is 10. The nice command is used in Unix-like operating systems to adjust the scheduling priority of a process. The nice level ranges from -20 to 19, with lower values indicating higher priority. A nice level of 10 means that the process has a relatively lower priority compared to other processes, allowing them to have more CPU time.

25. In a nested directory structure, which find command line option would be used to restrict the command to searching down a particular number of subdirectories?

-dirmax

-maxdepth

-maxlevels

-n

-s

The correct answer is -maxdepth. This option is used to limit the depth of the search in a nested directory structure. By specifying a number after -maxdepth, the find command will only search for files and directories within that number of subdirectories. For example, if -maxdepth 2 is used, the search will be restricted to only two levels of subdirectories.

Explanation

The correct answer is -maxdepth. This option is used to limit the depth of the search in a nested directory structure. By specifying a number after -maxdepth, the find command will only search for files and directories within that number of subdirectories. For example, if -maxdepth 2 is used, the search will be restricted to only two levels of subdirectories.

26. Which of the following commands changes the ownership of file.txt to the user dan and the group staff?

Chown dan/staff file.txt

Chown dan:staff file.txt

Chown -u dan -g staff file.txt

Chown dan -g staff file.txt

The correct answer is "chown dan:staff file.txt". This command uses the chown command to change the ownership of the file.txt to the user "dan" and the group "staff". The colon ":" is used to separate the user and group names in the chown command.

Explanation

The correct answer is "chown dan:staff file.txt". This command uses the chown command to change the ownership of the file.txt to the user "dan" and the group "staff". The colon ":" is used to separate the user and group names in the chown command.

27. After running the command umount /mnt, the following error message is displayed: umount: /mnt: device is busy. What is a common reason for this message?

The kernel thinks that a process is about to open a file in /mnt for reading.

The files in /mnt have been scanned and added to the locate database.

The kernel has not finished flushing disk writes to the mounted device.

A user has a file open in the /mnt directory.

Another file system still contains a symlink to a file inside /mnt.

When the error message "umount: /mnt: device is busy" is displayed after running the command umount /mnt, it is commonly because a user has a file open in the /mnt directory. This means that there is an active process or program that is currently using a file within the /mnt directory, preventing the unmounting of the device. To successfully unmount the device, the user must close any open files within the /mnt directory and ensure that no processes are actively using those files.

Explanation

When the error message "umount: /mnt: device is busy" is displayed after running the command umount /mnt, it is commonly because a user has a file open in the /mnt directory. This means that there is an active process or program that is currently using a file within the /mnt directory, preventing the unmounting of the device. To successfully unmount the device, the user must close any open files within the /mnt directory and ensure that no processes are actively using those files.

28. When removing a package, which of the following dpkg options will completely remove the files including configuration files?

–clean

–delete

–purge

–remove

The option "-purge" is used with the dpkg command to completely remove a package and its associated files, including configuration files. This option ensures that all traces of the package are removed from the system, providing a clean uninstallation. The other options listed (-clean, -delete, -remove) do not remove configuration files, so they are not suitable for completely removing a package.

Explanation

The option "-purge" is used with the dpkg command to completely remove a package and its associated files, including configuration files. This option ensures that all traces of the package are removed from the system, providing a clean uninstallation. The other options listed (-clean, -delete, -remove) do not remove configuration files, so they are not suitable for completely removing a package.

29. Which of the following commands is used to change options and positional parameters for a running Bash?

Envsetup

History

Set

Bashconf

Setsh

The "set" command is used to change options and positional parameters for a running Bash. It allows the user to modify various settings and configurations within the Bash environment. This command is commonly used to enable or disable specific options, define variables, and customize the behavior of the shell. By using the "set" command, users can adjust the settings to suit their preferences and requirements while using Bash.

Explanation

The "set" command is used to change options and positional parameters for a running Bash. It allows the user to modify various settings and configurations within the Bash environment. This command is commonly used to enable or disable specific options, define variables, and customize the behavior of the shell. By using the "set" command, users can adjust the settings to suit their preferences and requirements while using Bash.

30. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the command foo 1> bar?

The command foo receives its stdin from the stdout of the command bar.

The stderr from the command foo is saved to the file bar.

The stdout from the command foo overwrites the file bar.

The stdout from the command foo is appended to the file bar.

The command foo receives its stdin from the file bar.

The correct answer is that the stdout from the command foo overwrites the file bar. This means that the output of the command foo will be written to the file bar, replacing any existing content in the file.

Explanation

The correct answer is that the stdout from the command foo overwrites the file bar. This means that the output of the command foo will be written to the file bar, replacing any existing content in the file.

31. Which of the following commands can be used to create a USB storage media from a disk image?

Gdisk

Dd

Cc

Fdisk

Mount

The "dd" command can be used to create a USB storage media from a disk image. This command is commonly used in Unix-like operating systems to convert and copy files. In this context, it can be used to create a bootable USB drive by copying the disk image onto the USB storage media. The "dd" command is powerful and can be used for various disk operations, including creating disk images, copying partitions, and backing up data.

Explanation

The "dd" command can be used to create a USB storage media from a disk image. This command is commonly used in Unix-like operating systems to convert and copy files. In this context, it can be used to create a bootable USB drive by copying the disk image onto the USB storage media. The "dd" command is powerful and can be used for various disk operations, including creating disk images, copying partitions, and backing up data.

32. In Bash, inserting 1>&2 after a command redirects

Standard output to standard input.

Standard error to standard output.

Standard input to standard error.

Standard error to standard input.

Standard output to standard error.

When "1>&2" is inserted after a command in Bash, it redirects the standard output (file descriptor 1) to the standard error (file descriptor 2). This means that any output generated by the command will be sent to the standard error stream instead of the standard output stream.

Explanation

When "1>&2" is inserted after a command in Bash, it redirects the standard output (file descriptor 1) to the standard error (file descriptor 2). This means that any output generated by the command will be sent to the standard error stream instead of the standard output stream.

33. Which file should be edited to select the network locations from which Debian installation package files are loaded?

/etc/dpkg/dselect.cfg

/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg

/etc/apt/apt.conf

/etc/apt/apt.conf.d

/etc/apt/sources.list

The file that should be edited to select the network locations from which Debian installation package files are loaded is /etc/apt/sources.list. This file contains a list of repositories from which the package manager retrieves the necessary files and updates for the system. By editing this file, users can add or remove repositories to customize the package sources for their Debian installation.

Explanation

The file that should be edited to select the network locations from which Debian installation package files are loaded is /etc/apt/sources.list. This file contains a list of repositories from which the package manager retrieves the necessary files and updates for the system. By editing this file, users can add or remove repositories to customize the package sources for their Debian installation.

34. Which of the following files, located in the user home directory, is used to store the Bash history?

.history_bash 1

.bash_history

.bash_histfile

.bashrc_history

.history

The file ".bash_history" is used to store the Bash history in the user home directory. This file keeps a record of all the commands that have been entered in the Bash shell by the user. It allows users to easily recall and reuse previously executed commands.

Explanation

The file ".bash_history" is used to store the Bash history in the user home directory. This file keeps a record of all the commands that have been entered in the Bash shell by the user. It allows users to easily recall and reuse previously executed commands.

35. Which of the following is the device file name for the second partition on the only SCSI drive?

/dev/hda1

/dev/sda2

/dev/sd0a2

/dev/sd1p2

The correct answer is /dev/sda2. This is because the /dev/sda2 device file name follows the naming convention for SCSI drives. The "sda" indicates the first SCSI drive, and the "2" indicates the second partition on that drive. Therefore, /dev/sda2 is the device file name for the second partition on the only SCSI drive.

Explanation

The correct answer is /dev/sda2. This is because the /dev/sda2 device file name follows the naming convention for SCSI drives. The "sda" indicates the first SCSI drive, and the "2" indicates the second partition on that drive. Therefore, /dev/sda2 is the device file name for the second partition on the only SCSI drive.

36. Regarding the command: nice -5 /usr/bin/prog Which of the following statements is correct?

/usr/bin/prog is executed with a nice level of -5.

/usr/bin/prog is executed with a nice level of 5.

/usr/bin/prog is executed with a priority of -5.

/usr/bin/prog is executed with a priority of 5.

The nice command is used to set the priority of a command or process. The nice level ranges from -20 to 19, with lower values indicating higher priority. In this case, the nice level is set to -5, which means the command /usr/bin/prog will be executed with a higher priority. Therefore, the correct statement is that /usr/bin/prog is executed with a nice level of 5, not -5.

Explanation

The nice command is used to set the priority of a command or process. The nice level ranges from -20 to 19, with lower values indicating higher priority. In this case, the nice level is set to -5, which means the command /usr/bin/prog will be executed with a higher priority. Therefore, the correct statement is that /usr/bin/prog is executed with a nice level of 5, not -5.

37. Which of the following file permissions belong to a symbolic link?

-rwxrwxrwx

+rwxrwxrwx

Lrwxrwxrwx

Srwxrwxrwx

The correct answer is "lrwxrwxrwx". In Linux file systems, the first character of the file permissions represents the file type. In this case, "l" indicates a symbolic link. The remaining nine characters "rwxrwxrwx" represent the permissions for the owner, group, and others, indicating that the symbolic link has read, write, and execute permissions for all.

Explanation

The correct answer is "lrwxrwxrwx". In Linux file systems, the first character of the file permissions represents the file type. In this case, "l" indicates a symbolic link. The remaining nine characters "rwxrwxrwx" represent the permissions for the owner, group, and others, indicating that the symbolic link has read, write, and execute permissions for all.

38. Which of the following commands will change the quota for a specific user?

Repquota

Quota -e

Edquota

Quota

The "edquota" command is used to change the quota for a specific user. It allows the system administrator to edit the disk quotas for a user, including setting the soft and hard limits for disk space usage. The "repquota" command is used to display the disk usage and quotas for all users, not to change them. The "quota -e" command is used to edit user quotas, but it does not specify a specific user. The "quota" command is used to display disk usage and quota information, but it does not change quotas.

Explanation

The "edquota" command is used to change the quota for a specific user. It allows the system administrator to edit the disk quotas for a user, including setting the soft and hard limits for disk space usage. The "repquota" command is used to display the disk usage and quotas for all users, not to change them. The "quota -e" command is used to edit user quotas, but it does not specify a specific user. The "quota" command is used to display disk usage and quota information, but it does not change quotas.

39. Which of the following command sets the Bash variable named TEST with the content FOO?

Set TEST=”FOO”

TEST=”FOO”

TEST = “FOO”

Var TEST=”FOO”

The correct answer is "TEST=”FOO”". This command sets the Bash variable named TEST with the content FOO. The syntax "variable_name=value" is used to assign a value to a variable in Bash. In this case, the variable name is TEST and the value assigned to it is "FOO".

Explanation

The correct answer is "TEST=”FOO”". This command sets the Bash variable named TEST with the content FOO. The syntax "variable_name=value" is used to assign a value to a variable in Bash. In this case, the variable name is TEST and the value assigned to it is "FOO".

40. Which SysV init configuration file should be modified to disable the ctrl-Alt-delete key combination?

/proc/keys

/etc/inittab

/proc/inittab

/etc/reboot

/etc/keys

The correct answer is /etc/inittab. This file is used by the SysV init system to configure the initialization of the system. By modifying this file, you can disable the ctrl-Alt-delete key combination, which is typically used to initiate a system reboot.

Explanation

The correct answer is /etc/inittab. This file is used by the SysV init system to configure the initialization of the system. By modifying this file, you can disable the ctrl-Alt-delete key combination, which is typically used to initiate a system reboot.

41. Immediately after deleting 3 lines of text in vi and moving the cursor to a different line, which single character command will insert the deleted content below the current line?

I (lowercase)

P (uppercase)

P (lowercase)

U (uppercase)

U (lowercase)

After deleting 3 lines of text in vi and moving the cursor to a different line, the command "p" (lowercase) will insert the deleted content below the current line.

Explanation

After deleting 3 lines of text in vi and moving the cursor to a different line, the command "p" (lowercase) will insert the deleted content below the current line.

42. Which command will display messages from the kernel that were output during the normal boot sequence?

The command "dmesg" or "/bin/dmesg" will display messages from the kernel that were output during the normal boot sequence. This command is commonly used to troubleshoot and diagnose any issues that may have occurred during the boot process. By running this command, users can view important information and error messages related to hardware, drivers, and system initialization, providing valuable insights into the system's health and any potential problems that may need to be addressed.

Explanation

The command "dmesg" or "/bin/dmesg" will display messages from the kernel that were output during the normal boot sequence. This command is commonly used to troubleshoot and diagnose any issues that may have occurred during the boot process. By running this command, users can view important information and error messages related to hardware, drivers, and system initialization, providing valuable insights into the system's health and any potential problems that may need to be addressed.

Submit

43. In compliance with the FHS, in which of the directories are man pages found?

/usr/share/man

/opt/man

/usr/doc/

/var/pkg/man

/var/man

Man pages, which are the documentation files for Unix and Unix-like operating systems, are typically found in the "/usr/share/man" directory. This directory follows the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which provides guidelines for organizing files and directories in Unix-like systems. The "/usr/share/man" directory is commonly used to store system-wide documentation, including man pages, making it the correct answer in this case.

Explanation

Man pages, which are the documentation files for Unix and Unix-like operating systems, are typically found in the "/usr/share/man" directory. This directory follows the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), which provides guidelines for organizing files and directories in Unix-like systems. The "/usr/share/man" directory is commonly used to store system-wide documentation, including man pages, making it the correct answer in this case.

44. Which of the following commands will send output from the program myapp to both standard output (stdout) and the file file1.log?

Cat < myapp | cat > file1.log

Myapp 0>&1 | cat > file1.log

Myapp | cat > file1.log

Myapp | tee file1.log

Tee myapp file1.log

The command "myapp | tee file1.log" will send the output from the program myapp to both standard output (stdout) and the file file1.log. The tee command is used to read from standard input and write to both standard output and files. In this case, it will read the output from myapp and write it to both the console and the file file1.log.

Explanation

The command "myapp | tee file1.log" will send the output from the program myapp to both standard output (stdout) and the file file1.log. The tee command is used to read from standard input and write to both standard output and files. In this case, it will read the output from myapp and write it to both the console and the file file1.log.

45. What is the maximum niceness value that a regular user can assign to a process with the nice command when executing a new process?

9

99

19

49

The maximum niceness value that a regular user can assign to a process with the nice command when executing a new process is 19. Niceness values range from -20 to 19, with lower values indicating higher priority and higher values indicating lower priority. Regular users typically have limited privileges and cannot assign negative niceness values, so the maximum value they can assign is 19.

Explanation

The maximum niceness value that a regular user can assign to a process with the nice command when executing a new process is 19. Niceness values range from -20 to 19, with lower values indicating higher priority and higher values indicating lower priority. Regular users typically have limited privileges and cannot assign negative niceness values, so the maximum value they can assign is 19.

46. When starting a program with the nice command without any additional parameters, which nice level is set for the resulting process?

0

10

20

-10

When starting a program with the nice command without any additional parameters, the resulting process is set to a nice level of 10. The nice command is used in Unix-like operating systems to adjust the scheduling priority of a process. The nice level ranges from -20 to 19, with lower values indicating higher priority. By default, the nice command sets the nice level to 10 if no additional parameters are specified.

Explanation

When starting a program with the nice command without any additional parameters, the resulting process is set to a nice level of 10. The nice command is used in Unix-like operating systems to adjust the scheduling priority of a process. The nice level ranges from -20 to 19, with lower values indicating higher priority. By default, the nice command sets the nice level to 10 if no additional parameters are specified.

47. What is the name of the main configuration file for GNU GRUB? (Specify the file name only without any path.)

The main configuration file for GNU GRUB can be named as menu.lst, grub.conf, or grub.cfg. This file contains the settings and options for the GRUB bootloader, which is responsible for loading the operating system on a computer. The specific name of the file may vary depending on the version and distribution of GNU GRUB being used.

Explanation

The main configuration file for GNU GRUB can be named as menu.lst, grub.conf, or grub.cfg. This file contains the settings and options for the GRUB bootloader, which is responsible for loading the operating system on a computer. The specific name of the file may vary depending on the version and distribution of GNU GRUB being used.

Submit

48. Instead of supplying an explicit device in /etc/fstab for mounting, what other options may be used to identify the intended partition? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

UUID

FIND

ID

LABEL

NAME

In addition to supplying an explicit device in /etc/fstab for mounting, the UUID and LABEL options can also be used to identify the intended partition. UUID stands for Universally Unique Identifier, which is a unique identifier assigned to each partition on a system. The UUID option allows the system to identify the partition based on its unique identifier. LABEL, on the other hand, refers to the label or name assigned to a partition. By using the LABEL option, the system can identify the partition based on its assigned label or name.

Explanation

In addition to supplying an explicit device in /etc/fstab for mounting, the UUID and LABEL options can also be used to identify the intended partition. UUID stands for Universally Unique Identifier, which is a unique identifier assigned to each partition on a system. The UUID option allows the system to identify the partition based on its unique identifier. LABEL, on the other hand, refers to the label or name assigned to a partition. By using the LABEL option, the system can identify the partition based on its assigned label or name.

Submit

49. What does the command mount -a do?

It mounts all available filesystems onto the current directory.

It shows all mounted filesystems.

It mounts all user mountable filesystems for the current user.

It mounts all filesystems listed in /etc/fstab which have the option auto set.

It mounts all filesystems listed in /etc/fstab which have the option noauto set.

The command "mount -a" mounts all filesystems listed in the /etc/fstab file that have the option "auto" set. This means that all the filesystems that are set to be automatically mounted at system startup will be mounted onto their respective mount points.

Explanation

The command "mount -a" mounts all filesystems listed in the /etc/fstab file that have the option "auto" set. This means that all the filesystems that are set to be automatically mounted at system startup will be mounted onto their respective mount points.

50. Which of the following settings for umask ensures that new files have the default permissions -rw-r—– ?

0017

0640

0038

0027

Setting the umask to 0027 ensures that new files have the default permissions -rw-r--r--. The umask is a value that is subtracted from the default permissions to determine the actual permissions of new files. In this case, the default permissions are -rw-rw-rw- (666 in octal), and subtracting 0027 from it results in -rw-r--r-- (640 in octal).

Explanation

Setting the umask to 0027 ensures that new files have the default permissions -rw-r--r--. The umask is a value that is subtracted from the default permissions to determine the actual permissions of new files. In this case, the default permissions are -rw-rw-rw- (666 in octal), and subtracting 0027 from it results in -rw-r--r-- (640 in octal).

51. Which of the following commands can be used to locate programs and their corresponding man pages and configuration files?

Dirname

Which

Basename

Query

Whereis

The command "whereis" can be used to locate programs and their corresponding man pages and configuration files.

Explanation

The command "whereis" can be used to locate programs and their corresponding man pages and configuration files.

52. Which command displays a list of all background tasks running in the current shell? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

The command "jobs" displays a list of all background tasks running in the current shell. This can be useful to see what processes are running in the background and manage them accordingly.

Explanation

The command "jobs" displays a list of all background tasks running in the current shell. This can be useful to see what processes are running in the background and manage them accordingly.

Submit

53. Which of the following commands reboots the system when using SysV init? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Telinit 0

Telinit 6

Shutdown -r “rebooting”

Shutdown -r now

Shutdown -k now “rebooting”

The correct answers are "telinit 6" and "shutdown -r now". "telinit 6" is a command that initiates a system reboot in SysV init. "shutdown -r now" is another command that immediately reboots the system.

Explanation

The correct answers are "telinit 6" and "shutdown -r now". "telinit 6" is a command that initiates a system reboot in SysV init. "shutdown -r now" is another command that immediately reboots the system.

Submit

54. Which of the following commands updates the linker cache of shared libraries?

Soconfig

Ldconfig

Mkldconfig

Mkcache

Lddconfig

ldconfig is the correct answer because it is a command used in Linux systems to update the linker cache of shared libraries. The linker cache is a database that stores information about shared libraries and their locations, allowing the system to quickly locate and load the required libraries when an executable is run. By running ldconfig, the system updates this cache, ensuring that any changes or additions to shared libraries are recognized and accessible by the system.

Explanation

ldconfig is the correct answer because it is a command used in Linux systems to update the linker cache of shared libraries. The linker cache is a database that stores information about shared libraries and their locations, allowing the system to quickly locate and load the required libraries when an executable is run. By running ldconfig, the system updates this cache, ensuring that any changes or additions to shared libraries are recognized and accessible by the system.

55. Which of the following commands overwrites the bootloader located on /dev/sda without overwriting the partition table or any data following it?

Dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=512

Dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1

Dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=440 count=1

Dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=440

The correct answer is "dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=440 count=1". This command uses the dd utility to overwrite the first 440 bytes of the /dev/sda device with zeros, effectively removing the bootloader without affecting the partition table or any data following it. The "count=1" parameter ensures that only one block of 440 bytes is overwritten.

Explanation

The correct answer is "dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda bs=440 count=1". This command uses the dd utility to overwrite the first 440 bytes of the /dev/sda device with zeros, effectively removing the bootloader without affecting the partition table or any data following it. The "count=1" parameter ensures that only one block of 440 bytes is overwritten.

56. Which function key is used to start Safe Mode in Windows NT?

F10

F8

F6

Windows NT does not support Safe Mode

Safe Mode is a troubleshooting mode in Windows that starts the operating system with a minimal set of drivers and services. It allows users to diagnose and fix problems that may be preventing the computer from starting normally. However, Windows NT does not have a built-in Safe Mode feature like newer versions of Windows. Therefore, the correct answer is that Windows NT does not support Safe Mode.

Explanation

Safe Mode is a troubleshooting mode in Windows that starts the operating system with a minimal set of drivers and services. It allows users to diagnose and fix problems that may be preventing the computer from starting normally. However, Windows NT does not have a built-in Safe Mode feature like newer versions of Windows. Therefore, the correct answer is that Windows NT does not support Safe Mode.

57. Which shell command is used to continue background execution of a suspended command?

Exec

Cont

Bg

&

:&

The correct answer is "bg". The "bg" command is used to continue the background execution of a suspended command. When a command is suspended using the "ctrl+z" shortcut, it is paused and moved to the background. The "bg" command allows the suspended command to resume execution in the background, allowing the user to continue working on other tasks in the foreground.

Explanation

The correct answer is "bg". The "bg" command is used to continue the background execution of a suspended command. When a command is suspended using the "ctrl+z" shortcut, it is paused and moved to the background. The "bg" command allows the suspended command to resume execution in the background, allowing the user to continue working on other tasks in the foreground.

58. Which of the following commands determines the type of a file by using a definition database file which contains information about all common file types?

Magic

Hash

Pmagic

Type

File

The correct answer is "file." The "file" command is used to determine the type of a file by using a definition database file that contains information about all common file types. It analyzes the content of the file and provides information such as the file type, encoding, and other relevant details.

Explanation

The correct answer is "file." The "file" command is used to determine the type of a file by using a definition database file that contains information about all common file types. It analyzes the content of the file and provides information such as the file type, encoding, and other relevant details.

59. Which of the following environment variables overrides or extends the list of directories holding shared libraries?

LD_LOAD_PATH

LD_LIB_PATH

LD_LIBRARY_PATH

LD_SHARE_PATH

LD_RUN_PATH

LD_LIBRARY_PATH is the correct answer because it is an environment variable that overrides or extends the list of directories holding shared libraries. When a program is run, the operating system searches for the required shared libraries in the directories specified by LD_LIBRARY_PATH before searching the default directories. This allows users to specify additional directories for shared libraries, enabling the program to locate and load the required libraries successfully.

Explanation

LD_LIBRARY_PATH is the correct answer because it is an environment variable that overrides or extends the list of directories holding shared libraries. When a program is run, the operating system searches for the required shared libraries in the directories specified by LD_LIBRARY_PATH before searching the default directories. This allows users to specify additional directories for shared libraries, enabling the program to locate and load the required libraries successfully.

60. Which of the following commands will NOT update the modify timestamp on the file /tmp/myfile.txt?

File /tmp/myfile.txt

Echo “Hello” >/tmp/myfile.txt

Sed -ie “s/1/2/” /tmp/myfile.txt

Echo -n “Hello” >>/tmp/myfile.txt

Touch /tmp/myfile.txt

The "file /tmp/myfile.txt" command will NOT update the modify timestamp on the file /tmp/myfile.txt. This command is used to display information about the file, such as its type, size, and permissions, but it does not modify the file itself or update its timestamp.

Explanation

The "file /tmp/myfile.txt" command will NOT update the modify timestamp on the file /tmp/myfile.txt. This command is used to display information about the file, such as its type, size, and permissions, but it does not modify the file itself or update its timestamp.

61. Which of the following information is stored within the BIOS? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Boot device order

Linux kernel version

Timezone

Hardware configuration

The system’s hostname

The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is responsible for initializing and controlling hardware during the boot process. It stores information about the boot device order, which determines the sequence in which the computer looks for an operating system to load. Additionally, the BIOS stores hardware configuration information, such as the settings for the CPU, memory, and other devices connected to the motherboard. This information is crucial for the proper functioning of the computer. The other options, such as Linux kernel version, timezone, and the system's hostname, are not typically stored within the BIOS.

Explanation

The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is responsible for initializing and controlling hardware during the boot process. It stores information about the boot device order, which determines the sequence in which the computer looks for an operating system to load. Additionally, the BIOS stores hardware configuration information, such as the settings for the CPU, memory, and other devices connected to the motherboard. This information is crucial for the proper functioning of the computer. The other options, such as Linux kernel version, timezone, and the system's hostname, are not typically stored within the BIOS.

Submit

62. Which of the following commands lists all currently installed packages when using RPM package management?

Yum –query –all

Yum –list –installed

Rpm –query –all

Rpm –list –installed

The correct answer is "rpm --query --all" because this command is used in RPM package management to list all currently installed packages. The "--query" option is used to query the package database, and the "--all" option is used to display all packages without any filters.

Explanation

The correct answer is "rpm --query --all" because this command is used in RPM package management to list all currently installed packages. The "--query" option is used to query the package database, and the "--all" option is used to display all packages without any filters.

63. Which of the following commands can be used to determine how long the system has been running? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Top

Uname -u

Uptime

Up

Time -up

The command "top" can be used to determine how long the system has been running by displaying the system uptime in its output. The command "uptime" can also be used to directly display the system uptime.

Explanation

The command "top" can be used to determine how long the system has been running by displaying the system uptime in its output. The command "uptime" can also be used to directly display the system uptime.

Submit

64. Which utility would be used to change how often a filesystem check is performed on an ext2 filesystem without losing any data stored on that filesystem?

Fixe2fs

Mod2fs

Fsck

Tune2fs

Mke2fs

The utility "tune2fs" would be used to change how often a filesystem check is performed on an ext2 filesystem without losing any data stored on that filesystem. This utility allows the user to modify various parameters of the ext2 filesystem, including the interval at which filesystem checks are performed. It provides a safe way to adjust these settings without causing any data loss.

Explanation

The utility "tune2fs" would be used to change how often a filesystem check is performed on an ext2 filesystem without losing any data stored on that filesystem. This utility allows the user to modify various parameters of the ext2 filesystem, including the interval at which filesystem checks are performed. It provides a safe way to adjust these settings without causing any data loss.

65. What is the purpose of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard?

It is a security model used to ensure files are organized according to their permissions and accessibility.

It provides unified tools to create, maintain and manage multiple filesystems in a common way.

It defines a common internal structure of inodes for all compliant filesystems.

It is a distribution neutral description of locations of files and directories.

The purpose of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard is to provide a distribution neutral description of the locations of files and directories. This standard ensures that different operating systems and distributions can have a consistent and standardized file structure, making it easier for users and developers to navigate and manage files. It helps in maintaining compatibility and interoperability between different systems, allowing for easier sharing and portability of files.

Explanation

The purpose of the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard is to provide a distribution neutral description of the locations of files and directories. This standard ensures that different operating systems and distributions can have a consistent and standardized file structure, making it easier for users and developers to navigate and manage files. It helps in maintaining compatibility and interoperability between different systems, allowing for easier sharing and portability of files.

66. After modifying GNU GRUB's configuration file, which command must be run for the changes to take effect?

Kill -HUP $(pidof grub)

Grub-install

Grub

No action is required

After modifying GNU GRUB's configuration file, no action is required for the changes to take effect. The changes made in the configuration file are automatically applied and take effect without the need for any additional command or action.

Explanation

After modifying GNU GRUB's configuration file, no action is required for the changes to take effect. The changes made in the configuration file are automatically applied and take effect without the need for any additional command or action.

67. Which of the following commands will reduce all consecutive spaces down to a single space?

Tr -c ‘ ‘ < a.txt > b.txt

Tr -s ‘ ‘ < a.txt > b.txt

Tr -d ‘ ‘ < a.txt > b.txt

Tr ‘\\s’ ‘ ‘ < a.txt > b.txt

Tr -r ‘ ‘ ‘\\n’ < a.txt > b.txt

The correct command to reduce all consecutive spaces down to a single space is "tr -s ' ' b.txt". The "-s" option in the "tr" command squeezes multiple occurrences of the specified character into a single occurrence. In this case, it squeezes multiple spaces into a single space. The input file "a.txt" is redirected to the command, and the output is redirected to the file "b.txt".

Explanation

The correct command to reduce all consecutive spaces down to a single space is "tr -s ' ' b.txt". The "-s" option in the "tr" command squeezes multiple occurrences of the specified character into a single occurrence. In this case, it squeezes multiple spaces into a single space. The input file "a.txt" is redirected to the command, and the output is redirected to the file "b.txt".

68. What is the effect of the egrep command when the -v option is used?

It changes the output order showing the last matching line first.

It shows the command’s version information.

It enables color to highlight matching parts.

It only outputs non-matching lines.

When the egrep command is used with the -v option, it only outputs the lines that do not match the specified pattern. This means that it excludes any lines that match the pattern and only displays the lines that do not have a match.

Explanation

When the egrep command is used with the -v option, it only outputs the lines that do not match the specified pattern. This means that it excludes any lines that match the pattern and only displays the lines that do not have a match.

69. Which of the following Linux filesystems preallocates a fixed number of inodes at the filesystem's make/creation time and does NOT generate them as needed? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Procfs

XFS

Ext2

Ext3

JFS

ext2 and ext3 are Linux filesystems that preallocate a fixed number of inodes at the filesystem's make/creation time and do not generate them as needed. This means that a certain number of inodes are reserved and allocated when the filesystem is created, regardless of whether they are actually used or not. This can be beneficial in terms of performance and efficiency, as it avoids the need to dynamically generate inodes as files are created. Both ext2 and ext3 are widely used in Linux systems.

Explanation

ext2 and ext3 are Linux filesystems that preallocate a fixed number of inodes at the filesystem's make/creation time and do not generate them as needed. This means that a certain number of inodes are reserved and allocated when the filesystem is created, regardless of whether they are actually used or not. This can be beneficial in terms of performance and efficiency, as it avoids the need to dynamically generate inodes as files are created. Both ext2 and ext3 are widely used in Linux systems.

Submit

70. Which of the following commands lists the dependencies of a given dpkg package?

Apt-cache depends-on package

Apt-cache dependencies package

Apt-cache depends package

Apt-cache requires package

The apt-cache depends command is used to list the dependencies of a given dpkg package. It allows users to view the package's dependencies, which are other packages that must be installed for the package to function properly. This command is useful for troubleshooting and managing package dependencies in a Linux system.

Explanation

The apt-cache depends command is used to list the dependencies of a given dpkg package. It allows users to view the package's dependencies, which are other packages that must be installed for the package to function properly. This command is useful for troubleshooting and managing package dependencies in a Linux system.

71. What does the command mount -a do?

It ensures that all file systems listed in /etc/fstab are mounted regardless of their options.

It ensures that all file systems listed with the option auto in /etc/fstab are mounted.

It opens an editor with root privileges and loads /etc/fstab for editing.

It ensures that all file systems listed with the option noauto in /etc/fstab are mounted.

It shows all mounted file systems that have been automatically mounted.

The command "mount -a" ensures that all file systems listed with the option "auto" in the /etc/fstab file are mounted. This means that any file systems that have been set to automatically mount will be mounted when this command is executed. It does not mount file systems listed with the option "noauto" and it does not open an editor to edit the /etc/fstab file. It also does not show all mounted file systems, only the ones that have been automatically mounted.

Explanation

The command "mount -a" ensures that all file systems listed with the option "auto" in the /etc/fstab file are mounted. This means that any file systems that have been set to automatically mount will be mounted when this command is executed. It does not mount file systems listed with the option "noauto" and it does not open an editor to edit the /etc/fstab file. It also does not show all mounted file systems, only the ones that have been automatically mounted.

72. Which of the following commands can be used to display the inode number of a given file?

Ls

Ln

Inode

Cp

The ls command can be used to display the inode number of a given file. The ls command is used to list files and directories in a directory. By using the -i option with the ls command, it will display the inode number along with the file or directory name. The inode number is a unique identifier for each file or directory in a file system.

Explanation

The ls command can be used to display the inode number of a given file. The ls command is used to list files and directories in a directory. By using the -i option with the ls command, it will display the inode number along with the file or directory name. The inode number is a unique identifier for each file or directory in a file system.

73. Which of the following kernel parameters instructs the kernel to suppress most boot messages?

Verbose=0

Nomesg

Silent

Quiet

The kernel parameter "quiet" instructs the kernel to suppress most boot messages. By using this parameter, the system will not display detailed information during the boot process, resulting in a quieter boot experience. This can be useful in situations where the user wants a cleaner and less cluttered boot screen without unnecessary messages.

Explanation

The kernel parameter "quiet" instructs the kernel to suppress most boot messages. By using this parameter, the system will not display detailed information during the boot process, resulting in a quieter boot experience. This can be useful in situations where the user wants a cleaner and less cluttered boot screen without unnecessary messages.

74. What can the Logical Volume Manager (LVM) be used for? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

To create RAID 9 arrays.

To dynamically change the size of logical volumes.

To encrypt logical volumes.

To create snapshots.

To dynamically create or delete logical volumes.

The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) can be used for dynamically changing the size of logical volumes, creating snapshots, and dynamically creating or deleting logical volumes. LVM allows for flexible management of storage by abstracting the physical storage devices and providing logical volumes that can be resized as needed. Snapshots can be created to capture the state of a logical volume at a specific point in time. Logical volumes can also be created or deleted on the fly, allowing for easy management of storage space.

Explanation

The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) can be used for dynamically changing the size of logical volumes, creating snapshots, and dynamically creating or deleting logical volumes. LVM allows for flexible management of storage by abstracting the physical storage devices and providing logical volumes that can be resized as needed. Snapshots can be created to capture the state of a logical volume at a specific point in time. Logical volumes can also be created or deleted on the fly, allowing for easy management of storage space.

Submit

75. What information can the lspci command display about the system hardware? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

PCI bus speed

System battery type

Device vendor identification

Ethernet MAC address

Device IRQ settings

The lspci command can display information about the system hardware such as the PCI bus speed, device vendor identification, and device IRQ settings. It does not provide information about the system battery type or Ethernet MAC address.

Explanation

The lspci command can display information about the system hardware such as the PCI bus speed, device vendor identification, and device IRQ settings. It does not provide information about the system battery type or Ethernet MAC address.

Submit

76. Which of the following commands brings a system running SysV init into a state in which it is safe to perform maintenance tasks? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Shutdown -single now

Runlevel 1

Telinit 1

Shutdown -R 1 now

Init 1

The commands "telinit 1" and "init 1" both bring a system running SysV init into a state where it is safe to perform maintenance tasks. These commands switch the system to runlevel 1, also known as single-user mode or maintenance mode. In this mode, only essential services are started, and the system is in a minimal state, allowing for maintenance tasks to be performed without interference from other processes.

Explanation

The commands "telinit 1" and "init 1" both bring a system running SysV init into a state where it is safe to perform maintenance tasks. These commands switch the system to runlevel 1, also known as single-user mode or maintenance mode. In this mode, only essential services are started, and the system is in a minimal state, allowing for maintenance tasks to be performed without interference from other processes.

Submit

77. How many fields are in a syntactically correct line of /etc/fstab?

3

4

5

6

7

A syntactically correct line of /etc/fstab typically consists of six fields. These fields include the file system, mount point, file system type, options, dump frequency, and file system check order. Each field serves a specific purpose in defining the file systems that are automatically mounted during system startup.

Explanation

A syntactically correct line of /etc/fstab typically consists of six fields. These fields include the file system, mount point, file system type, options, dump frequency, and file system check order. Each field serves a specific purpose in defining the file systems that are automatically mounted during system startup.

78. After moving data to a new filesystem, how can the former path of the data be kept intact in order to avoid reconfiguration of existing applications? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

By creating an ACL redirection from the old to the new path of the data.

By mounting the new filesystem on the original path of the data.

By running the command touch on the old path.

By creating a symbolic link from the old to the new path of the data.

By creating a hard link from the old to the new path of the data.

To keep the former path of the data intact and avoid reconfiguration of existing applications after moving data to a new filesystem, two correct solutions are suggested. First, by mounting the new filesystem on the original path of the data, the applications will continue to access the data from the same location without any reconfiguration. Second, creating a symbolic link from the old to the new path of the data allows applications to access the data through the old path, while the data is actually stored in the new filesystem. This maintains compatibility with existing applications and avoids the need for reconfiguration.

Explanation

To keep the former path of the data intact and avoid reconfiguration of existing applications after moving data to a new filesystem, two correct solutions are suggested. First, by mounting the new filesystem on the original path of the data, the applications will continue to access the data from the same location without any reconfiguration. Second, creating a symbolic link from the old to the new path of the data allows applications to access the data through the old path, while the data is actually stored in the new filesystem. This maintains compatibility with existing applications and avoids the need for reconfiguration.

Submit

79. Which of the following commands can be used to search for the executable file foo when it has been placed in a directory not included in $PATH?

Whereis

Apropos

Which

Find

Query

The command "find" can be used to search for the executable file "foo" when it has been placed in a directory not included in $PATH. The "find" command is a powerful tool that allows users to search for files and directories based on various criteria, such as name, size, and location. In this case, it can be used to locate the "foo" executable file even if it is not in one of the directories specified in the $PATH environment variable.

Explanation

The command "find" can be used to search for the executable file "foo" when it has been placed in a directory not included in $PATH. The "find" command is a powerful tool that allows users to search for files and directories based on various criteria, such as name, size, and location. In this case, it can be used to locate the "foo" executable file even if it is not in one of the directories specified in the $PATH environment variable.

80. Which Bash environment variable defines in which file the user history is stored when exiting a Bash process? (Specify ONLY the variable name.)

The Bash environment variable "HISTFILE" defines the file in which the user history is stored when exiting a Bash process. This variable allows the user to customize the location and name of the history file, providing flexibility and control over the storage of command history.

Explanation

The Bash environment variable "HISTFILE" defines the file in which the user history is stored when exiting a Bash process. This variable allows the user to customize the location and name of the history file, providing flexibility and control over the storage of command history.

Submit

81. Which of the following signals is sent to a process when the key combination CTRL+C is pressed on the keyboard?

SIGINT

SIGSTOP

SIGTERM

SIGKILL

When the key combination CTRL+C is pressed on the keyboard, the signal that is sent to a process is SIGINT. This signal is used to interrupt a process and request it to terminate. It is commonly used to terminate a process gracefully, allowing it to clean up resources and exit properly.

Explanation

When the key combination CTRL+C is pressed on the keyboard, the signal that is sent to a process is SIGINT. This signal is used to interrupt a process and request it to terminate. It is commonly used to terminate a process gracefully, allowing it to clean up resources and exit properly.

82. Which of the following commands can be used to download the RPM package kernel without installing it?

Yumdownloader kernel

Rpm –download –package kernel

Yum download –no-install kernel

Rpmdownload kernel

The correct answer is "yumdownloader kernel". The yumdownloader command is used to download RPM packages from the repositories without installing them. In this case, it is specifically used to download the kernel package. The other options provided are not valid commands for downloading RPM packages without installation.

Explanation

The correct answer is "yumdownloader kernel". The yumdownloader command is used to download RPM packages from the repositories without installing them. In this case, it is specifically used to download the kernel package. The other options provided are not valid commands for downloading RPM packages without installation.

83. After successfully creating a hard link called bar to the ordinary file foo, foo is deleted from the filesystem. Which of the following describes the resulting situation?

The user is prompted whether bar should be removed, too.

Both foo and bar would remain accessible.

Foo would be removed. bar would still exist but would be unusable.

Foo and bar would both be removed.

Foo would be removed while bar would remain accessible.

When a hard link is created, it creates a new directory entry that points to the same inode (data structure that stores information about a file) as the original file. In this scenario, after creating a hard link called "bar" to the file "foo" and deleting "foo", the file "bar" would still exist and be accessible. This is because the hard link "bar" still points to the same inode, even though the original directory entry for "foo" has been removed. Therefore, "foo" would be removed while "bar" would remain accessible.

Explanation

When a hard link is created, it creates a new directory entry that points to the same inode (data structure that stores information about a file) as the original file. In this scenario, after creating a hard link called "bar" to the file "foo" and deleting "foo", the file "bar" would still exist and be accessible. This is because the hard link "bar" still points to the same inode, even though the original directory entry for "foo" has been removed. Therefore, "foo" would be removed while "bar" would remain accessible.

84. Which run levels should never be declared as the default run level when using SysV init? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

1

3

5

6

0

Run levels 6 and 0 should never be declared as the default run level when using SysV init. Run level 6 is used for system reboot, so setting it as the default run level can cause unintended reboots. Run level 0 is used for system shutdown, so setting it as the default run level can result in accidental shutdowns. It is recommended to set the default run level to a non-shutdown or non-reboot run level, such as run level 3 or 5, depending on the specific requirements of the system.

Explanation

Run levels 6 and 0 should never be declared as the default run level when using SysV init. Run level 6 is used for system reboot, so setting it as the default run level can cause unintended reboots. Run level 0 is used for system shutdown, so setting it as the default run level can result in accidental shutdowns. It is recommended to set the default run level to a non-shutdown or non-reboot run level, such as run level 3 or 5, depending on the specific requirements of the system.

Submit

85. In the vi editor, how can commands such as moving the cursor or copying lines into the buffer be issued multiple times or applied to multiple rows?

By using the command :repeat followed by the number and the command.

By specifying the number right in front of a command such as 4l or 2yj.

By selecting all affected lines using the shift and cursor keys before applying the command.

By issuing a command such as :set repetition=4 which repeats every subsequent command 4 times.

In the vi editor, commands can be repeated or applied to multiple rows by specifying the number right in front of the command. For example, using "4l" will move the cursor four spaces to the right, and using "2yj" will copy two lines downwards. This allows for efficient and quick execution of commands on multiple rows.

Explanation

In the vi editor, commands can be repeated or applied to multiple rows by specifying the number right in front of the command. For example, using "4l" will move the cursor four spaces to the right, and using "2yj" will copy two lines downwards. This allows for efficient and quick execution of commands on multiple rows.

86. What is the default action of the split command on an input file?

T will break the file into new files of 1,024 byte pieces each.

It will break the file into new files of 1,000 line pieces each.

It will break the file into new files of 1,024 kilobyte pieces each.

The default action of the split command on an input file is to break the file into new files of 1,000 line pieces each.

Explanation

The default action of the split command on an input file is to break the file into new files of 1,000 line pieces each.

87. When running the command sed -e "s/a/b/" /tmp/file >/tmp/file While /tmp/file contains data, why is /tmp/file empty afterwards?

The file order is incorrect. The destination file must be mentioned before the command to ensure redirection.

The command sed did not match anything in that file therefore the output is empty.

Redirection for shell commands do not work using the > character. It only works using the | character instead.

The file /tmp/file is empty afterwards because when the shell establishes the redirection using the ">" character, it overwrites the target file before the redirected command starts and opens it for reading. This means that the contents of the file are cleared before the sed command is executed, resulting in an empty file.

Explanation

The file /tmp/file is empty afterwards because when the shell establishes the redirection using the ">" character, it overwrites the target file before the redirected command starts and opens it for reading. This means that the contents of the file are cleared before the sed command is executed, resulting in an empty file.

88. What do the permissions -rwSr-xr-x mean for a binary file when it is executed as a command?

The command is SetUID and it will be executed with the effective rights of the owner.

The command will be executed with the effective rights of the group instead of the owner.

The execute flag is not set for the owner. Therefore the SetUID flag is ignored.

The command will be executed with the effective rights of the owner and group.

The given answer suggests that when a binary file is executed as a command and the permissions are -rwSr-xr-x, the execute flag is not set for the owner. As a result, the SetUID flag is ignored. This means that the command will not be executed with the effective rights of the owner, but rather with the effective rights of the group instead.

Explanation

The given answer suggests that when a binary file is executed as a command and the permissions are -rwSr-xr-x, the execute flag is not set for the owner. As a result, the SetUID flag is ignored. This means that the command will not be executed with the effective rights of the owner, but rather with the effective rights of the group instead.

89. Which type of filesystem is created by mkfs when it is executed with the block device name only and without any additional parameters?

Ext3

VFAT

Ext4

Ext2

XFS

When mkfs is executed with only the block device name and without any additional parameters, it creates an ext2 filesystem. Ext2 is a second extended filesystem, which is a widely used filesystem for Linux operating systems. It does not have the journaling feature present in ext3 and ext4, making it simpler and more lightweight.

Explanation

When mkfs is executed with only the block device name and without any additional parameters, it creates an ext2 filesystem. Ext2 is a second extended filesystem, which is a widely used filesystem for Linux operating systems. It does not have the journaling feature present in ext3 and ext4, making it simpler and more lightweight.

90. What is the first program that is usually started, at boot time, by the Linux kernel when using SysV init?

/boot/init

/lib/init.so

/sbin/init

/etc/rc.d/rcinit

/proc/sys/kernel/init

The correct answer is /sbin/init. This is the first program that is usually started by the Linux kernel when using SysV init. Init is responsible for initializing the system and starting all other processes. It is located in the /sbin directory, which contains essential system binaries.

Explanation

The correct answer is /sbin/init. This is the first program that is usually started by the Linux kernel when using SysV init. Init is responsible for initializing the system and starting all other processes. It is located in the /sbin directory, which contains essential system binaries.

91. Which of the following statements is correct when talking about /proc/?

All changes to files in /proc/ are stored in /etc/proc.d/ and restored on reboot.

All files within /proc/ are only readable by the root user.

All files within /proc/ are read-only and their contents cannot be changed.

All changes to files in /proc/ are immediately recognized by the kernel.

The correct answer is that all changes to files in /proc/ are immediately recognized by the kernel. The /proc/ directory is a virtual file system that provides information about processes and system resources. It allows processes to communicate with the kernel by reading from and writing to specific files in the /proc/ directory. Any changes made to these files are immediately recognized by the kernel, allowing for dynamic adjustments and monitoring of system parameters.

Explanation

The correct answer is that all changes to files in /proc/ are immediately recognized by the kernel. The /proc/ directory is a virtual file system that provides information about processes and system resources. It allows processes to communicate with the kernel by reading from and writing to specific files in the /proc/ directory. Any changes made to these files are immediately recognized by the kernel, allowing for dynamic adjustments and monitoring of system parameters.

92. Creating a hard link to an ordinary file returns an error. What could be the reason for this?

The source file is a shell script.

The source file is already a hard link.

The source file is hidden.

The source file is read-only.

The source and the target are on different filesystems.

When creating a hard link to a file, both the source file and the target file must be on the same filesystem. If they are on different filesystems, it will result in an error.

Explanation

When creating a hard link to a file, both the source file and the target file must be on the same filesystem. If they are on different filesystems, it will result in an error.

93. Which of the following commands makes /bin/foo executable by everyone but writable only by its owner?

Chmod o+rwx,a+rx /bin/foo

Chmod 577 /bin/foo

Chmod u=rwx,go=rx /bin/foo

Chmod 775 /bin/foo

The correct answer is "chmod u=rwx,go=rx /bin/foo". This command sets the permissions for the file /bin/foo in a way that the owner has read, write, and execute permissions (rwx), while the group and others have only read and execute permissions (rx). This ensures that the owner can modify the file, while everyone else can only execute it.

Explanation

The correct answer is "chmod u=rwx,go=rx /bin/foo". This command sets the permissions for the file /bin/foo in a way that the owner has read, write, and execute permissions (rwx), while the group and others have only read and execute permissions (rx). This ensures that the owner can modify the file, while everyone else can only execute it.

94. In order to display all currently mounted filesystems, which of the following commands could be used? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Free

Cat /proc/filesystems

Cat /proc/self/mounts

Lsmounts

Mount

The correct answer is "cat /proc/self/mounts" and "mount". The "cat /proc/self/mounts" command displays all currently mounted filesystems by reading the /proc/self/mounts file, which contains information about mounted filesystems. The "mount" command can also be used to display currently mounted filesystems by itself.

Explanation

The correct answer is "cat /proc/self/mounts" and "mount". The "cat /proc/self/mounts" command displays all currently mounted filesystems by reading the /proc/self/mounts file, which contains information about mounted filesystems. The "mount" command can also be used to display currently mounted filesystems by itself.

Submit

95. In the vi editor, which of the following commands will copy the current line into the vi buffer?

C

Cc

1c

Yy

1y

The command "yy" in the vi editor will copy the current line into the vi buffer. This command is used to yank (copy) the current line, and it can be pasted elsewhere using the paste command. The other options mentioned in the question do not perform the same action of copying the current line into the vi buffer.

Explanation

The command "yy" in the vi editor will copy the current line into the vi buffer. This command is used to yank (copy) the current line, and it can be pasted elsewhere using the paste command. The other options mentioned in the question do not perform the same action of copying the current line into the vi buffer.

96. Which of the following commands prints all files and directories within the /tmp directory or its subdirectories which are also owned by the user root? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Find /tmp -uid root -print

Find -path /tmp -user root –print

Find /tmp -user root

Find /tmp -user root -print

Find -path /tmp -uid root

The first command "find /tmp -user root" is correct because it searches for files and directories within the /tmp directory that are owned by the user root. The second command "find /tmp -user root -print" is also correct because it not only searches for the files and directories owned by the user root within the /tmp directory, but also prints them out.

Explanation

The first command "find /tmp -user root" is correct because it searches for files and directories within the /tmp directory that are owned by the user root. The second command "find /tmp -user root -print" is also correct because it not only searches for the files and directories owned by the user root within the /tmp directory, but also prints them out.

Submit

97. Which of the following pieces of information of an existing file is changed when a hard link pointing to that file is created?

Permissions

File size

Modify timestamp

Link count

Inode number

When a hard link is created to an existing file, the only piece of information that is changed is the link count. Link count refers to the number of hard links that point to a particular file. When a new hard link is created, the link count for that file increases by one. The permissions, file size, modify timestamp, and inode number remain unchanged when a hard link is created.

Explanation

When a hard link is created to an existing file, the only piece of information that is changed is the link count. Link count refers to the number of hard links that point to a particular file. When a new hard link is created, the link count for that file increases by one. The permissions, file size, modify timestamp, and inode number remain unchanged when a hard link is created.

98. Which RPM command will output the name of the package which supplied the file /etc/exports?

Rpm -qf /etc/exports

Rpm -qi /etc/exports

Rpm -F /etc/exports

Rpm -qp /etc/exports

Rpm -Kl /etc/exports

The correct answer is "rpm -qf /etc/exports". This command is used to query the RPM database and find out which package provided a specific file. In this case, it will output the name of the package that supplied the file "/etc/exports".

Explanation

The correct answer is "rpm -qf /etc/exports". This command is used to query the RPM database and find out which package provided a specific file. In this case, it will output the name of the package that supplied the file "/etc/exports".

99. Which of the following characters can be combined with a separator string in order to read from the current input source until the separator string, which is on a separate line and without any trailing spaces, is reached?

<|

!<

<<

&<

The correct answer is "

Explanation

The correct answer is "

100. Which of the following are init systems used within Linux systems? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

SysV init

Startd

Systemd

Upstart

SysInit

SysV init, systemd, and Upstart are all init systems used within Linux systems. These init systems are responsible for managing the booting process and starting and stopping services on a Linux system. SysV init is the traditional init system used in older versions of Linux, while systemd is a more modern init system that has become the standard in many Linux distributions. Upstart is another init system that was used in some distributions but has been largely replaced by systemd.

Explanation

SysV init, systemd, and Upstart are all init systems used within Linux systems. These init systems are responsible for managing the booting process and starting and stopping services on a Linux system. SysV init is the traditional init system used in older versions of Linux, while systemd is a more modern init system that has become the standard in many Linux distributions. Upstart is another init system that was used in some distributions but has been largely replaced by systemd.

Submit

101. Which of the following options for the kernel's command line changes the systemd boot target to rescue.target instead of the default target?

Systemd.target=rescue.target

Systemd.runlevel=rescue.target

Systemd.service=rescue.target

Systemd.default=rescue.target

Systemd.unit=rescue.target

The correct answer is "systemd.unit=rescue.target". This option changes the systemd boot target to rescue.target instead of the default target. The systemd.unit parameter is used to specify the systemd unit that should be activated during boot, and in this case, it is set to rescue.target which is the target for rescue mode.

Explanation

The correct answer is "systemd.unit=rescue.target". This option changes the systemd boot target to rescue.target instead of the default target. The systemd.unit parameter is used to specify the systemd unit that should be activated during boot, and in this case, it is set to rescue.target which is the target for rescue mode.

102. When using rpm –verify to check files created during the installation of RPM packages, which of the following information is taken into consideration? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

GnuPG signatures

Timestamps

MD5 checksums

Inodes

File sizes

When using rpm --verify to check files created during the installation of RPM packages, the following information is taken into consideration:

1. Timestamps: The timestamps of the files are checked to ensure that they have not been modified since the installation.

2. MD5 checksums: The MD5 checksums of the files are compared to the original values stored during installation to verify the integrity of the files.

3. File sizes: The sizes of the files are compared to the expected sizes to ensure that they have not been altered.

These three factors are important in ensuring the integrity and consistency of the installed RPM packages.

Explanation

When using rpm --verify to check files created during the installation of RPM packages, the following information is taken into consideration:

1. Timestamps: The timestamps of the files are checked to ensure that they have not been modified since the installation.

2. MD5 checksums: The MD5 checksums of the files are compared to the original values stored during installation to verify the integrity of the files.

3. File sizes: The sizes of the files are compared to the expected sizes to ensure that they have not been altered.

These three factors are important in ensuring the integrity and consistency of the installed RPM packages.

Submit

103. Which of the following commands shows the definition of a given shell command?

Where

Stat

Type

Case

The "type" command is used to display the definition or location of a given shell command. It is commonly used to determine whether a command is a built-in shell command or an external command located in a specific directory. By typing the command followed by the name of the shell command, the user can see the definition or location of that command.

Explanation

The "type" command is used to display the definition or location of a given shell command. It is commonly used to determine whether a command is a built-in shell command or an external command located in a specific directory. By typing the command followed by the name of the shell command, the user can see the definition or location of that command.

104. What of the following statements are true regarding /dev/ when using udev? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Entries for all possible devices get created on boot even if those devices are not connected.

Additional rules for udev can be created by adding them to /etc/udev/rules.d/.

When using udev, it is not possible to create block or character devices in /dev/ using mknod.

The /dev/ directory is a filesystem of type tmpfs and is mounted by udev during system startup.

The content of /dev/ is stored in /etc/udev/dev and is restored during system startup.

When using udev, additional rules can be created by adding them to the /etc/udev/rules.d/ directory. This allows for customization and specific configurations for devices. Additionally, the /dev/ directory is a filesystem of type tmpfs, which means it is stored in memory and not on a physical disk. It is mounted by udev during system startup to provide access to device files.

Explanation

When using udev, additional rules can be created by adding them to the /etc/udev/rules.d/ directory. This allows for customization and specific configurations for devices. Additionally, the /dev/ directory is a filesystem of type tmpfs, which means it is stored in memory and not on a physical disk. It is mounted by udev during system startup to provide access to device files.

Submit

105. Which option to the yum command will update the entire system? (Specify ONLY the option name without any additional parameters.)

The options "update" and "upgrade" are both valid options for the yum command that can be used to update the entire system. These options download and install the latest versions of all packages on the system, ensuring that all software is up to date.

Explanation

The options "update" and "upgrade" are both valid options for the yum command that can be used to update the entire system. These options download and install the latest versions of all packages on the system, ensuring that all software is up to date.

Submit

106. Which of the following commands set the sticky bit for the directory /tmp? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Chmod +s /tmp

Chmod +t /tmp

Chmod 1775 /tmp

Chmod 4775 /tmp

Chmod 2775 /tmp

The sticky bit is a permission that can be set on a directory. It allows only the owner of a file within that directory to delete or rename the file. The first command, "chmod +s /tmp," is incorrect because "+s" sets the setuid permission, not the sticky bit. The second command, "chmod +t /tmp," is correct because "+t" sets the sticky bit on the directory /tmp. The third command, "chmod 1775 /tmp," is correct because "1" sets the sticky bit, "7" sets read, write, and execute permissions for the owner, "7" sets read, write, and execute permissions for the group, and "5" sets read and execute permissions for others. The fourth and fifth commands are incorrect because they do not set the sticky bit.

Explanation

The sticky bit is a permission that can be set on a directory. It allows only the owner of a file within that directory to delete or rename the file. The first command, "chmod +s /tmp," is incorrect because "+s" sets the setuid permission, not the sticky bit. The second command, "chmod +t /tmp," is correct because "+t" sets the sticky bit on the directory /tmp. The third command, "chmod 1775 /tmp," is correct because "1" sets the sticky bit, "7" sets read, write, and execute permissions for the owner, "7" sets read, write, and execute permissions for the group, and "5" sets read and execute permissions for others. The fourth and fifth commands are incorrect because they do not set the sticky bit.

Submit

107. Which of the following commands changes the number of days before the ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1 has to run through a full filesystem check while booting?

Tune2fs -d 200 /dev/sda1

Tune2fs -c 200 /dev/sda1

Tune2fs -i 200 /dev/sda1

Tune2fs -n 200 /dev/sda1

Tune2fs –days 200 /dev/sda1

The command "tune2fs -i 200 /dev/sda1" changes the number of days before the ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1 has to run through a full filesystem check while booting. The "-i" option is used to specify the interval between two filesystem checks in days. In this case, the interval is set to 200 days.

Explanation

The command "tune2fs -i 200 /dev/sda1" changes the number of days before the ext3 filesystem on /dev/sda1 has to run through a full filesystem check while booting. The "-i" option is used to specify the interval between two filesystem checks in days. In this case, the interval is set to 200 days.

108. Which world-writable directory should be placed on a separate partition in order to prevent users from being able to fill up the / filesystem? (Specify the full path to the directory.)

The /tmp and /var/tmp directories are commonly used for temporary files and are world-writable by default. Placing these directories on a separate partition can prevent users from filling up the root (/) filesystem, which could potentially cause system instability or denial of service. By isolating these directories, any excessive usage or filling up of the partition will not affect the overall system.

Explanation

The /tmp and /var/tmp directories are commonly used for temporary files and are world-writable by default. Placing these directories on a separate partition can prevent users from filling up the root (/) filesystem, which could potentially cause system instability or denial of service. By isolating these directories, any excessive usage or filling up of the partition will not affect the overall system.

Submit

109. Which command is used to create and initialize the files used to store quota information? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

The command "quotacheck" is used to create and initialize the files that are used to store quota information. This command is typically used in Linux systems to set up disk quotas, which allow administrators to limit the amount of disk space that users or groups can use. By running the quotacheck command, the system creates the necessary files and initializes them with the current disk usage information, enabling the implementation of disk quotas.

Explanation

The command "quotacheck" is used to create and initialize the files that are used to store quota information. This command is typically used in Linux systems to set up disk quotas, which allow administrators to limit the amount of disk space that users or groups can use. By running the quotacheck command, the system creates the necessary files and initializes them with the current disk usage information, enabling the implementation of disk quotas.

Submit

110. Which of the following commands creates an ext3 filesystem on /dev/sdb1? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

/sbin/mke2fs -j /dev/sdb1

/sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1

/sbin/mkfs -c ext3 /dev/sdb1

/sbin/mke3fs -j /dev/sdb1

The correct answers are "/sbin/mke2fs -j /dev/sdb1" and "/sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1". These commands both create an ext3 filesystem on the specified device (/dev/sdb1). The "-j" option in "/sbin/mke2fs -j /dev/sdb1" enables the creation of an ext3 journal, while the "-t ext3" option in "/sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1" specifies the filesystem type as ext3.

Explanation

The correct answers are "/sbin/mke2fs -j /dev/sdb1" and "/sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1". These commands both create an ext3 filesystem on the specified device (/dev/sdb1). The "-j" option in "/sbin/mke2fs -j /dev/sdb1" enables the creation of an ext3 journal, while the "-t ext3" option in "/sbin/mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1" specifies the filesystem type as ext3.

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111. Which file in the /proc filesystem lists parameters passed from the bootloader to the kernel? (Specify the file name only without any path.)

The correct answer is "/proc/cmdline". This file in the /proc filesystem lists the parameters that are passed from the bootloader to the kernel. It contains the command line arguments that were used to boot the kernel, including options such as the root device, kernel parameters, and other configuration settings. By accessing this file, one can view and modify the parameters passed to the kernel during the boot process.

Explanation

The correct answer is "/proc/cmdline". This file in the /proc filesystem lists the parameters that are passed from the bootloader to the kernel. It contains the command line arguments that were used to boot the kernel, including options such as the root device, kernel parameters, and other configuration settings. By accessing this file, one can view and modify the parameters passed to the kernel during the boot process.

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112. Which of the following shell redirections will write standard output and standard error output to a file named filename?

2>&1 >filename

>filename 2>&1

1>&2>filename

>>filename

1&2>filename

The correct answer is ">filename 2>&1". This redirection will write both standard output and standard error output to a file named "filename". The ">" symbol is used to redirect standard output to a file, and "2>&1" is used to redirect standard error output to the same location as standard output. Therefore, this combination of redirections will achieve the desired result of writing both outputs to the specified file.

Explanation

The correct answer is ">filename 2>&1". This redirection will write both standard output and standard error output to a file named "filename". The ">" symbol is used to redirect standard output to a file, and "2>&1" is used to redirect standard error output to the same location as standard output. Therefore, this combination of redirections will achieve the desired result of writing both outputs to the specified file.

113. Which of the following sequences in the vi editor saves the opened document and exits the editor? (Choose TWO correct answers.)

Esc :wq!

Ctrl XX

Ctrl :w!

Esc ZZ

Esc zz

The first correct answer, "esc :wq!", is the sequence in the vi editor that saves the opened document and exits the editor. The "esc" key is used to enter command mode, followed by ":wq!" which saves the changes and quits the editor. The second correct answer, "esc ZZ", also achieves the same result. "esc" enters command mode and "ZZ" saves the changes and exits the editor.

Explanation

The first correct answer, "esc :wq!", is the sequence in the vi editor that saves the opened document and exits the editor. The "esc" key is used to enter command mode, followed by ":wq!" which saves the changes and quits the editor. The second correct answer, "esc ZZ", also achieves the same result. "esc" enters command mode and "ZZ" saves the changes and exits the editor.

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114. From a Bash shell, which of the following commands directly executes the instruction from the file /usr/local/bin/runme.sh without starting a subshell? (Please select TWO answers.)

Source /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

. /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

/bin/bash /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

/usr/local/bin/runme.sh

Run /usr/local/bin/runme.sh

The "source /usr/local/bin/runme.sh" command directly executes the instruction from the file /usr/local/bin/runme.sh without starting a subshell. Similarly, the ". /usr/local/bin/runme.sh" command also executes the instruction from the file /usr/local/bin/runme.sh without starting a subshell.

Explanation

The "source /usr/local/bin/runme.sh" command directly executes the instruction from the file /usr/local/bin/runme.sh without starting a subshell. Similarly, the ". /usr/local/bin/runme.sh" command also executes the instruction from the file /usr/local/bin/runme.sh without starting a subshell.

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115. A user accidentally created the subdirectory \\dir in his home directory. Which of the following commands will remove that directory?

Rmdir ~/’dir’

Rmdir ~/\\dir

Rmdir ‘~/\\dir’

Rmdir “~/\\dir”

Rmdir ~/\\\\dir

The correct answer is "rmdir ~/\\\\dir". This command will remove the subdirectory named "dir" that was accidentally created in the user's home directory. The "~" symbol represents the user's home directory, and the "\\" is used to escape the special character "\". Therefore, this command will correctly target and remove the subdirectory.

Explanation

The correct answer is "rmdir ~/\\\\dir". This command will remove the subdirectory named "dir" that was accidentally created in the user's home directory. The "~" symbol represents the user's home directory, and the "\\" is used to escape the special character "\". Therefore, this command will correctly target and remove the subdirectory.

116. Which signal is missing from the following command that is commonly used to instruct a daemon to reinitialize itself, including reading configuration files? killall -s _____ daemon

The missing signal in the command is "HUP" or "SIGHUP" or "1". These signals are commonly used to instruct a daemon to reinitialize itself, including reading configuration files.

Explanation

The missing signal in the command is "HUP" or "SIGHUP" or "1". These signals are commonly used to instruct a daemon to reinitialize itself, including reading configuration files.

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117. Which of the following are valid stream redirection operators within Bash? (Choose THREE correct answers.)

%>

<

<<<

>

>>>

The three valid stream redirection operators in Bash are "" (output redirection). The "" operator is used to redirect output to a file.

Explanation

The three valid stream redirection operators in Bash are "" (output redirection). The "" operator is used to redirect output to a file.

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118. What does the ? symbol within regular expressions represent?

Match the preceding qualifier one or more times.

Match the preceding qualifier zero or more times.

Match the preceding qualifier zero or one times.

Match a literal ? character.

The ? symbol within regular expressions represents matching the preceding qualifier zero or one times. This means that the preceding element can occur either zero times or one time in the input string.

Explanation

The ? symbol within regular expressions represents matching the preceding qualifier zero or one times. This means that the preceding element can occur either zero times or one time in the input string.

119. In which directory must definition files be placed to add additional repositories to yum?

Definition files must be placed in the /etc/yum.repos.d directory in order to add additional repositories to yum.

Explanation

Definition files must be placed in the /etc/yum.repos.d directory in order to add additional repositories to yum.

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120. Which Debian package management tool asks the configuration questions for a specific already installed package just as if the package were being installed for the first time? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)

The Debian package management tool that asks the configuration questions for an already installed package as if it were being installed for the first time is "dpkg-reconfigure". This command allows the user to reconfigure the settings of a package, prompting them with the same questions that would be asked during the initial installation process.

Explanation

The Debian package management tool that asks the configuration questions for an already installed package as if it were being installed for the first time is "dpkg-reconfigure". This command allows the user to reconfigure the settings of a package, prompting them with the same questions that would be asked during the initial installation process.

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