Liquid Penetrant
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Liquid penentrant theory and applications
- 1.
- A.
Viscosity
- B.
Surface tension
- C.
Wetting ability
- D.
No one single property determines if a material will or will not be a good penetrant
- 2.The speed with which a penetrant penetrates a surface flaw is influenced to the greatestextent by which of the following properties?
- A.
Density
- B.
Surface tension and wetting ability
- C.
Viscosity
- D.
Relative weight
- 3.
- A.
It takes about 5 minutes for the bulb to warm up to its full output when first turned on
- B.
The lamp may go out if the line voltage drops below 90 volts
- C.
Line voltage variations above 120 volts will have little or no effect on the bulb
- D.
If for any reasons the arc is extinguished, the bulb will not immediately respond if the lamp is turned on right after it has been turned off.
- 4.
- A.
The method can find all types of discontinuties
- B.
The method is simple in principle and relatively easy to understand.
- C.
The method is essentially simple in application.
- D.
There are few limitations on the size and shape of the article that can be treated by this method.
- 5.
- A.
The penetrant test method is less flexible than eddy current test method
- B.
The penetrant test method is less reliable than the magnetic particle method for finding surface defects in ferromagnetic materials.
- C.
The penetrant test method will not detect fatigue cracks.
- D.
The penetrant test method is more reliable tha radioraphic testing when attempting to detect minute surface discontinuities.
- 6.Which of the following types of discontinuities will not be detected by the liquid penetrant test method?
- A.
Surface laminations
- B.
Internal forging burst
- C.
Surface cracks
- D.
Surface laps
- 7.Which of the following discontinuities could be classified as a primary processing discontinuity often found in cast material?
- A.
Fatigue crack
- B.
Stress-corrosion
- C.
Porosity
- D.
Lack of penetration
- 8.Which of the following discontinuities could be classified as a finishing processing discontinuity?
- A.
Fatigue crack
- B.
Stress-corrosion
- C.
Lamination
- D.
Heat treat crack
- 9.Which of the following discontinuities could be classified as a service induced discontinuity?
- A.
Fatigue crack
- B.
Porosity
- C.
Machine tear
- D.
Lap
- 10.Which of the test part characteristics listed below are normally considered before the specific liquid penetrant test method is selected?
- A.
The kind and size of discontinuities most likely to occur
- B.
The intended application for the part
- C.
The surface finish of the part
- D.
All of the above
- 11.
- A.
The acid in the penetrant may cause severe corrosion
- B.
The alkaline content of wet developer and most emulsifiers could result in surface pitting, particularly in moist atomspheres.
- C.
The toxic residue from the test will severly inhibit the application of paint on aluminum alloys
- D.
A chemical reaction between the penetrant and aluminum could cause a fire because of internal combustion.
- 12.Which of the following are typical of foreign matter which might block the opening of discontinuities if the surface of the test specimen is not properly cleaned?
- A.
Paint
- B.
Scale
- C.
Core and mold material
- D.
All of the above
- 13.Which of the following is not a recommended method of removing grease from a surface of a partto be penetrant tested?
- A.
Vapor degreasing
- B.
Aklaline cleaner
- C.
Cleaning with solvent type material
- D.
Hot water rinse
- 14.The penetrant indication of a cold shut on the surface of a casting will be:
- A.
A dotted or smooth continuous line
- B.
A cluster of small indications
- C.
A rough deep indication
- D.
A large bulbous indication
- 15.The penetrant indications of a forging lap will normally be :
- A.
A round or nearly round indication
- B.
A cluster of indications
- C.
A continuous line
- D.
A dotted line
- 16.When conducting a penetrant test , spherical indications on the surface of a part could be indicative of:
- A.
Fatigue cracks
- B.
Porosity
- C.
Weld laps
- D.
Hot tears
- 17.Which of the following is not a form in which penetrant developer is commonly available?
- A.
Dry developer
- B.
Non Aqueous developer
- C.
Wet developer
- D.
High viscosity developer
- 18.Which of the following is a possible cause for false penetrant indications?
- A.
Excessive washing
- B.
Inadequate application of developer
- C.
Penetrant or part to cold during penetration time
- D.
Lint or dirt
- 19.Pentrant residues may become entrapped under splines, fasteners, rivets, etc. Which of the following is the most likely reaction caused by such a residue.
- A.
Corrosion caused by the moisture attracted by such residues
- B.
Paint stripping
- C.
Fatigue cracking
- D.
Lattiice structure breakdown
- 20.Developer assists in the detection of penetrants retained in the discontinunities by aidingthe
- A.
Post cleaning process
- B.
Emulsification process
- C.
Bleed-out process
- D.
Drying process
- 21.Developer assists in the detection of the visible dye penetrant test method by:
- A.
Providing a clean surface
- B.
Providing a contrasting background
- C.
Providing a dry surface
- D.
Emulsifying the penetrant bleed-out
- 22.
- A.
Reapplying a coat of emulsifier
- B.
Increasing the water pressure used during the washing operation
- C.
Completely reprocessing the part from surface preparation on and by using a longer emulsifier time.
- D.
Dipping the part in boiling water
- 23.Which of the following methods for applying non-aqueous developer is normally consideredmost effective?
- A.
Spraying
- B.
Swabbing
- C.
Brushing
- D.
Dipping
- 24.
- A.
Vapor degreasing
- B.
Detergent cleaning
- C.
Steam cleaning
- D.
Solvent wiping
- 25.Flourescent materials used in flourescent penetrants respond most actively to radiant energy, of a wave length of approximately:
- A.
7,000 Angstroms
- B.
250 KV
- C.
3,650 Angstroms
- D.
100 foot candles
- 26.
- A.
Squirting solvent over the surface with no more than 40 psi pressure
- B.
Wiping with a soaking wet cloth, then wiping with a dry cloth
- C.
Wiping with a solvent dampened cloth, then wiping with dry cloths
- D.
Wiping with dry paper wipes, then wiping with a solvent dampened cloth, and finally wiping with dry colth
- 27.Emulsifier time:
- A.
Is important but not normally critical
- B.
The time needed to rinse the emulsifier and excess penetrant from the surface
- C.
Is extremely important and will greatly affect test results.
- D.
Should be as long as economically practical
- 28.Prior to penetrant testing ot a previously machined soft metal part, which of the the cleaning methods listed below would be best remove any smeared metal that could mask discontinuities?
- A.
Etching
- B.
Shot peening
- C.
Alkaline cleaning
- D.
Water cleaning with detergents
- 29.
- A.
The drying process is used to assure that all excess penetrant will evaporate.
- B.
The drying process assures the uniform drying of dry developer applied over a wet emulsifier
- C.
The drying process reduces penetration time
- D.
After the application of a wet developer , the drying time aids in securing a uniform developer coating
- 30.Which of the following is the best reason why excessive drying of a part is not desired?
- A.
The extra time required is wasted
- B.
The developer may lose its blotting ability
- C.
A reduction in resolution may result
- D.
The excess developer may be difficult to remove
- 31.
- A.
The brushing action mixes the emulsifier with the penetrant prematurely and irregularly, making accurate control of the emulsification time impossible
- B.
Brushing does not always completely coat the part, thereby leaving a portion of the part difficult to wash
- C.
Brushing in itself is not harnful,but many types of brush materials combine with the emulsifier agents resulting in penetrant and part contamination.
- D.
Brushing results in a streaking appearance during inspection
- 32.Developing time depends on the:
- A.
Type of penetrant used
- B.
Type of developer used and type of discontinuity to be detected
- C.
Temperature of the material being used
- D.
All of the above
- 33.When using a flourescent, post-emulsifiable penetrant, the length of time the emulsifier is allowed to remain on the part is critical when detecting shallow scratch like discontintities. the best length of time should be:
- A.
10 seconds
- B.
5 seconds
- C.
2 to 3 seconds
- D.
Determined by experimentation
- 34.
- A.
The contaminant may be of a composition that attacks the penetrant and reduces the fluorescent or color of the penetrant
- B.
The contaminants may be of such a nature that they reduce or even prevent capillary action by the penetrant
- C.
The contaminant may retain the penetrant and thus increase the sensitivity of the inspection.
- D.
The contaminant may completely fill the crack and thus prevent the entry of penetrant
- 35.
- A.
Can only be used on aluminum test specimens
- B.
Need not be removed from the surfaces prior to development
- C.
Have a soapy base
- D.
Do not need the application of an emulsifier before rinsing
- 36.
- A.
More rapidly drive the penetrant into deep, tight cracks
- B.
React with the surface penetrant to make the penetrant water-washable
- C.
Add fluorescent dye or pigment to the penetrant
- D.
Provide a coating to which dry powder developer can adhere
- 37.
- A.
Mix the emulsifier with the excess surface penetrant only
- B.
Mix the emulsifier with all the penetrant on the the surface and in discontinuities
- C.
Mix the emulsifier with penetrant in the discontinuities
- D.
Allow the emulsifier to dry out to a white powder
- 38.Which of the following is not a good practice when penetrant testing?
- A.
Applying emulsifier by dipping the part in emulsifier
- B.
Appling developer by sprayingthe part with developer
- C.
Removal of water-washable penetrant with a water spray
- D.
Applying emulsifier with a brush
- 39.A commonly used method of checking on the overall performance of a penetrant material system is by:
- A.
Determining the viscosity of the penetrant
- B.
Measuring the wettability of the penetrant
- C.
Comparing two sections of artifically cracked specimens
- D.
All of the above
- 40.An important difference between non water-washable penetrants and water-washable penetrants is that:
- A.
Water-washable penetrants contain an emulsifier, while non waterwashable penetrants do not
- B.
The viscosity of the two penetrants is different
- C.
The color of the two penetrants is different
- D.
Non water-washable penetrants are more easily removed than are water washable penetrants.
- 41.Which of the following characteristics are normally considered when selecting the type of penetrant to be used in a penetrant test?
- A.
Removal characteristics of the penetrant
- B.
The flash point of the penetrant
- C.
The cost of the penetrant
- D.
All of the above
- 42.When penetrant testing titanium alloys, the materials used in the penetrant system shouldnot contain any constituent quantities of:
- A.
Carbon or oil
- B.
Halogenated solvents
- C.
Emulsifier or oil
- D.
Fluorescent agent
- 43.Which of the following discontinuities might be found in sand castings?
- A.
In complete penetration
- B.
Undercut
- C.
Pipe
- D.
Shrinkage
- 44.Which of the following discontinuities might be found in a welded fabrication?
- A.
Shrinkage
- B.
Lack of fusion
- C.
Seams
- D.
Laps
- 45.Which of the following discontinuities might be found in rolled bar stock?
- A.
Shrinkage
- B.
Bleedout
- C.
Laps
- D.
Undercut
- 46.Which of the following discontinuities might be found in rolled plate?
- A.
Laminations
- B.
Shrinkage
- C.
Lack of fusion
- D.
Undercut
- 47.Which of the following contaminants could affect the sensitivity of a penetrant?
- A.
Acid
- B.
Water
- C.
Salts
- D.
All of the above
- 48.Which of the following is a discontinuitiy that might be found in a forging?
- A.
Shrinkage cracks
- B.
Laps
- C.
Cold shuts
- D.
Insufficient penetration
- 49.Which of the following is a discontinuitity that might be found in rolled bar stock?
- A.
Blow holes
- B.
Shrinkage laps
- C.
Cracks and seams
- D.
Insufficient penetration
- 50.Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in rolled plate stock?
- A.
Shrinkage cracks
- B.
Inclusions
- C.
Forging laps
- D.
Blow holes
- 51.
- A.
The inspection can be carried out in a well lighted area
- B.
Small indications are more easily seen
- C.
They ccan be used where cotact with water is objectionable
- D.
Less sensitive to contamin ation of discontinuities
- 52.Which of the following is an advantage of visible dye over fluorescent penetrants?
- A.
Small indications are easily seen
- B.
They can be used on anodized and chomate surfaces
- C.
They make less background on rough surfaces
- D.
No special lighting is required
- 53.Which of the following is an advantage of solvent wipe methods over water-wasing?
- A.
No special lighting is necessary during inspection
- B.
They provide a quicker penetration of small openings
- C.
Small indications are more easily seen
- D.
They can easily be carried out in the field and remote areas
- 54.The tendency of a liquid penetrant to enter a discontinuity is primarily related to:
- A.
The viscosity of the penetrant
- B.
The capillary forces
- C.
The chemical inertness of the penetrant
- D.
The specific gravity of the penetrant
- 55.
- A.
To wash the penetrant out of discontinuities
- B.
As a aid in washing off the surface of parts when using either the water or oil soluble penetrants
- C.
To emulsify the oil-soluble penetrant, thereby making it water washable
- D.
To preclean parts before applying penetrant
- 56.The prime purpose of the blacklight for fluorescent penetrant inspection is:
- A.
To magnify indications
- B.
To make the indications visible
- C.
To develop indications
- D.
To speed up inspections
- 57.
- A.
So that inspection can be done without drying parts
- B.
To speed the bleeding of penetrant out of defects
- C.
To check the effectiveness of the wash cycle
- D.
To determine if parts have been covered with penetrant
- 58.Developing powder should always be:
- A.
Highly fluorescent
- B.
Applied wet
- C.
Colorless
- D.
Evenly applied
- 59.
- A.
Poor washing
- B.
Insufficient emulsifying time(post emulsification method)
- C.
Porous material and coating
- D.
Improper cleaning before penetrant cycle
- E.
All of the above
- 60.Rejection or acceptance of parts should be based on which of the following , in absence of written acceptance criteria?
- A.
The inspector's education
- B.
The design of the part and its intended application
- C.
The appropriate penetrant standard
- D.
The selection of the penetrant
- 61.When improper processing causes inspection difficulties, what should the inspector do?
- A.
Swab parts with a solvent
- B.
Use a correct bleed-back procedure
- C.
Erase non-relevant fluorescence
- D.
Reprocess the part
- 62.Which of the following is most apt to render the post-emulsification test ineffective?
- A.
Too long of a pentrant time
- B.
Too long of a developing time
- C.
Too long of an emulsifying time
- D.
None of the above
- 63.Dry developer should be applied :
- A.
So that a heavy coat of developer covers all surfaces
- B.
So that a light dusting covers all surfaces to be inspected
- C.
With a dry paint brush
- D.
By dipping
- 64.Which factor would apply in determining the dwell time required for the penetrant to be effective?
- A.
Type of discontinuity sought
- B.
Shape of part
- C.
Size of part
- D.
Surface roughness
- 65.The part is an aluminum forging. desription-the indication is sharpe, half-moon shape, not deep, and is called a :
- A.
Lap
- B.
Center line porosity
- C.
Heat treat crack
- D.
False indication
- 66.The part is a 1/2 inch thick aluminum plate with a veeweld. desription- the indication appears in an area that is somewhat dish shaped. the indication extends out from the center in a spoke formation. the indication is:
- A.
Shrinkage
- B.
Non-relevant
- C.
A quench crack
- D.
A crater crack
- 67.
- A.
Dross
- B.
Hot tear
- C.
Microshrinkage
- D.
Porosity
- 68.Shrinkage cracks are usually found in what areas of a casting?
- A.
Thin sections only
- B.
Heavy sections only
- C.
Abrupt changes in thickness
- D.
No longer a problem
- 69.Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in forging?
- A.
Shrinkage crack
- B.
Lap
- C.
Hot tear
- D.
Lamination
- 70.Which of the following is a discontinuity that might be found in rolled bar stock?
- A.
Blow hole
- B.
Shrinkage lap
- C.
Crack or seam
- D.
Laco of penetration
- 71.The term " non-relevant indication" is used to describe certain types of penetrant testing indications. which of the following would be a typical non-relevant indication?
- A.
Indications due to part geometry or part design configurations
- B.
Nonmagnetic indications
- C.
Multiple indications
- D.
Non-linear indications
- 72.
- A.
The discontinuities maybe closed
- B.
Oil contaminants might be sealed in the discontinuities
- C.
The sand used in the sandblasting operation may be forced into the discontinuity
- D.
The sandblasting operation may introduce discontinuities into the part
- 73.A continuous line indication can be caused by which of the following discontinuities?
- A.
Porosity
- B.
Slag inclusions
- C.
Pitting
- D.
Cracks
- 74.Which of the following could be a source of false indications on a test specimen?
- A.
Pentrant on the test table
- B.
Penetrant on the hands of the inspector
- C.
Contamination of dry or wet developer with penetrant
- D.
All of the above
- 75.A crack type discontinuity will generlly appear as:
- A.
A round indication
- B.
A continuous line, either straight or jagged
- C.
A straight, single solid line
- D.
Random round or elongated holes
- 76.Which of the following discontinuities would be impossible to detect using a liquid penetrant test?
- A.
Forging lap
- B.
Crater crack
- C.
Grinding cracks
- D.
Non-metallic internal inclusions
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