Lesson 4 Assessment. Kyoto Protocol.

The Kyoto Protocol is a legally binding agreement because it is an international treaty that was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005. It sets specific targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for developed countries. These targets are legally binding, meaning that countries are obligated to meet them and face consequences if they fail to do so. The protocol also establishes a compliance mechanism to ensure that countries are held accountable for their commitments. Therefore, the statement that the Kyoto Protocol is a legally binding agreement is true.

The Kyoto Protocol entered into force in 2005. This international agreement was adopted in 1997 and aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. It required participating countries to set binding targets for reducing their emissions. The protocol became legally binding when it was ratified by enough countries, representing at least 55% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In 2005, Russia's ratification pushed the protocol over this threshold, leading to its entry into force.

The Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period did not achieve a decrease in global emissions by 5% compared to 1990 levels. The Kyoto Protocol aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change, but the actual reduction achieved during the first commitment period fell short of the 5% target. Despite the implementation of various measures, such as emissions trading and the Clean Development Mechanism, global emissions continued to rise during this period.

The correct answer is Annex B. Countries that have emission reduction obligations under the protocol are listed in Annex B of the protocol.

The time gap between the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol and its entry into force occurred because the document was not ratified by a sufficient number of countries. Ratification by a certain number of countries is necessary for an international agreement like the Kyoto Protocol to come into effect. Until the required number of countries ratified the document, it could not be enforced.

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows countries to earn Certified Emission Reduction (CER) units. CDM is a mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that enables developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries. These projects contribute to sustainable development while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In return for their investments, developed countries receive CER units, which can be used to meet their emission reduction targets.

not-available-via-ai

Joint Implementation is the correct answer because it refers to a mechanism that allows developed countries to mitigate their emissions through other developed countries. Under Joint Implementation, a developed country can invest in emission reduction projects in another developed country, and the emission reductions achieved can be counted towards the investing country's own emission reduction targets. This mechanism promotes collaboration and sharing of emission reduction efforts between developed countries, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change.

Eastern Europe is the correct answer because countries in this region have achieved the maximum emission reductions compared to the 1990 levels. This suggests that Eastern European countries have made significant progress in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions over the years. It is important to note that this answer is based on the information provided and does not imply that Eastern Europe has achieved the highest overall emission reductions among all regions.

The Kyoto Protocol established three flexibility mechanisms: Emissions Trading, Joint Implementation, and Clean Development Mechanism. These mechanisms aim to help countries meet their emission reduction targets in a cost-effective manner. Adaptation Mechanism and Differentiated Responsibility, on the other hand, are not flexibility mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol. Adaptation Mechanism refers to the strategies and actions taken to adapt to the impacts of climate change, while Differentiated Responsibility is a principle that recognizes the varying responsibilities and capabilities of countries in addressing climate change.