PGDCA Second Semester Exam 2019 14/09/2019

Supercomputers are the most powerful and advanced type of computers used by organizations like NASA and Weather Stations. They are designed to process and analyze large amounts of data at incredibly high speeds, making them ideal for complex scientific calculations and simulations. Supercomputers are used by these organizations to model weather patterns, simulate space missions, and perform other computationally intensive tasks that require massive processing power.

RAM stands for Random Access Memory. This is a type of computer memory that allows data to be read from and written to in any order, regardless of the physical location of the data. It is called "random access" because the computer can directly access any memory location, unlike sequential access memory where data must be accessed in a specific order. RAM is volatile memory, meaning that its contents are lost when the power is turned off. It is used by the computer to temporarily store data that is actively being used, allowing for faster access and processing speeds.

The programs added to the ROM chip by the manufacturer of the motherboard are the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). The BIOS is responsible for initializing and testing the hardware components of the computer during the boot process. It also provides a set of low-level functions that allow the operating system to communicate with the hardware. Unlike the operating system or applications, the BIOS is permanently stored in the ROM chip and cannot be easily modified or updated.

The letter "M" represents the PCI slots in the picture above.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is considered "the brains" of the computer because it is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It is the primary component that carries out the majority of the computer's processing tasks, including controlling and coordinating the operations of other hardware components. The CPU is responsible for fetching, decoding, and executing instructions, as well as performing arithmetic and logical operations. It acts as the core processing unit, making it essential for the overall functioning and performance of the computer system.

The microprocessor is made up of two units: the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit. The arithmetic/logic unit performs mathematical calculations and logical operations, while the control unit manages the flow of data and instructions within the microprocessor. These two units work together to execute instructions and perform computations in a microprocessor.

The correct answer is CMOS. CMOS stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, which is a type of memory chip that stores the settings and configuration changes made in the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) programs. These settings include information about hardware devices, boot order, system clock, and other system parameters. CMOS is a non-volatile memory, meaning it retains the information even when the computer is powered off.

Software refers to the instructions or programs that tell a computer what tasks to perform and how to perform them. It includes all the non-tangible components of a computer system, such as operating systems, applications, and programs. Unlike hardware, which consists of physical components like the keyboard and scanner, software is intangible and cannot be touched. Therefore, software is the correct answer to the given question.

The letter G represents where RAM modules would be plugged into.

IDE cables are used to connect drives to the motherboard. IDE stands for Integrated Drive Electronics, and these cables are specifically designed for connecting IDE devices such as hard drives and optical drives to the motherboard. IDE cables have multiple connectors, allowing multiple drives to be connected to a single cable. They provide both data transfer and power supply to the drives, making them essential for connecting drives to the motherboard.

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a large geographical area, such as multiple cities or even countries. It connects multiple Local Area Networks (LANs) together, allowing computers and devices in different locations to communicate with each other. Unlike a LAN, which is typically confined to a single building or campus, a WAN uses various communication technologies, such as leased lines, satellite links, or the internet, to transmit data over long distances. This enables organizations to connect their branches, offices, or remote workers, facilitating efficient communication and data sharing across a wide area.

A mouse is a pointing device that allows users to move a pointer on the screen and make selections. It is commonly used with computers and laptops to navigate through graphical user interfaces, click on icons, open files, and perform various tasks. The mouse typically has buttons that can be clicked to perform different actions, and it may also have a scroll wheel for vertical scrolling. By moving the mouse on a flat surface, the user can control the movement of the pointer on the screen, making it an essential tool for interacting with computers.

A mouse is a pointing device that allows users to move a pointer on the screen and make selections. It is an external device that is connected to the computer and is controlled by the user's hand movements. The mouse typically has buttons that can be clicked to perform various actions, such as selecting items or opening menus. It is an essential tool for navigating and interacting with graphical user interfaces on computers.

A system that only allows the possibility of 2 values or states is referred to as binary. In binary, the two possible values are typically represented as 0 and 1. This system is commonly used in computing and digital electronics, where information is stored and processed using binary digits or bits. The term "binary" comes from the Latin word "binarius," meaning "consisting of two."

The binary code of 101 represents the decimal number 5. In binary code, each digit represents a power of 2, starting from the rightmost digit. The first digit represents 2^0 (which is 1), the second digit represents 2^1 (which is 2), and the third digit represents 2^2 (which is 4). Adding these values together, we get 1 + 4 = 5. Therefore, the binary code 101 represents the decimal number 5.

The printer is an output device that produces output on paper. Unlike the monitor, keyboard, and mouse, which are input devices, the printer takes electronic data and converts it into a physical form on paper. Therefore, the printer is the correct answer for this question.

A modem performs both modulation and demodulation. Modulation is the process of converting digital signals into analog signals for transmission, while demodulation is the reverse process of converting analog signals back into digital signals for reception. A modem is used to connect a computer or other devices to the internet or a network, and it is responsible for converting the digital data from the device into analog signals for transmission over a communication medium, such as telephone lines or cable lines. On the receiving end, the modem demodulates the analog signals back into digital data that can be understood by the device.

The Northbridge chipset is responsible for controlling the flow of data to and from the CPU. It acts as a bridge between the CPU, memory, and the graphics card. It handles tasks such as managing the memory controller, providing high-speed communication between the CPU and memory, and coordinating data transfers between the CPU and other peripherals. The Southbridge chipset, on the other hand, is responsible for handling lower-speed communication and managing peripheral devices such as USB ports, SATA ports, and audio controllers.

The term gigabyte refers to a unit of digital information storage capacity that is equal to 1024 megabytes. It is a measurement used to quantify the amount of data that can be stored or transmitted electronically.

The correct answer is "Input, Process, Store, Output." This sequence represents the four main phases of a computer's Information Processing Cycle. First, input involves entering data or instructions into the computer. Then, in the process phase, the computer manipulates and analyzes the inputted data. Next, the computer stores the processed information in its memory or storage devices. Finally, in the output phase, the computer presents the results or displays the information to the user in a readable format.

The correct answer is "Buses." In the context of electrical systems, buses refer to the pathways or conductors used to connect various components together. These buses allow for the flow of electrical signals and power between different parts of the system, ensuring proper communication and functionality.

Desktop computers are the highest selling computer type purchased by home users because they are typically more affordable compared to laptops and workstations. They provide a stable and reliable performance for everyday tasks such as web browsing, word processing, and multimedia consumption. Desktops also offer more customization options and upgradability, allowing users to easily replace or upgrade components as needed. Additionally, desktop computers usually have larger screens and better cooling systems, making them suitable for prolonged use at home.

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When you save a file, it is permanently saved on the hard drive. The hard drive is a non-volatile storage device that retains data even when the computer is turned off. It provides long-term storage for files, applications, and the operating system. Unlike RAM, which is volatile and loses its data when the computer is powered off, the hard drive ensures that the saved files remain accessible even after the computer is shut down. The CPU is responsible for processing data and executing instructions, while the monitor is a display device that allows you to visualize the computer's output.

A bit is the smallest unit of data in computer processing. It represents a binary digit, which can be either a 0 or a 1. Bits are used to store and transmit information in computer systems. They are combined to form larger units of data, such as bytes, kilobytes, and gigabytes.

The correct answer is K. In the given picture, the letter K represents the chipset.

The letter "O" in the above picture identifies the ROM Chip.

Application software refers to programs that are designed to perform specific tasks or functions for the user. These programs are created to meet the needs of individuals or organizations and can include a wide range of software such as word processors, spreadsheets, graphic design programs, and video editing software. Unlike system software, which includes the operating system and other essential components for the functioning of a computer, application software is focused on providing specific functionality and features to the user. Utility programs, on the other hand, are tools that assist in managing and optimizing computer resources.

Information represents facts that are organized and meaningful. It refers to data that has been processed, organized, and presented in a way that is useful and understandable. Information provides knowledge and understanding, allowing individuals to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions based on the data provided.

The processor is considered the heart and brains of the computer because it is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It is the central processing unit (CPU) that controls all the operations of the computer and coordinates the activities of all the other hardware components. The processor carries out tasks such as fetching, decoding, and executing instructions, as well as performing arithmetic and logical operations. Without a processor, a computer would not be able to function or process any data. Therefore, the processor is essential for the overall operation and functionality of a computer system.

The correct answer is "Mouse, keyboard, scanner." These three devices are commonly used as input devices for computers. The mouse is used to navigate and interact with the graphical user interface, the keyboard is used for typing and entering commands, and the scanner is used to convert physical documents or images into digital format for the computer to process.

A GPU stands for Graphics Processing Unit. It is a specialized electronic circuit that is designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device. GPUs are commonly used in gaming, video editing, and other graphically intensive applications to enhance the performance and quality of graphics.

RAM, or Random Access Memory, is used as a temporary storage area for the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It is a type of computer memory that allows data to be read from and written to quickly by the CPU. RAM provides the CPU with fast access to data that is currently being processed or used by programs. Unlike the hard drive or ROM, which store data permanently, RAM is volatile and loses its contents when the computer is powered off. Therefore, it is an essential component for the CPU to perform tasks efficiently.

CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. It is a type of optical disk that is used to store and retrieve data. The term "compact" refers to the size of the disk, which is smaller compared to other types of disks. "Read Only Memory" indicates that the data on the disk is permanently written and cannot be modified or erased. CD-ROMs are commonly used for distributing software, games, music, and other multimedia content.

An output device is a device that receives information from a computer system and displays or presents it to the user. In this case, the speaker is the only device listed that fits this definition. A web cam is a video input device, while a mouse and keyboard are input devices used to send information to the computer. Therefore, the only correct answer is the speaker.

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the component most responsible for the processing part of the Information Processing Cycle. It is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer as it performs the majority of the calculations and data processing. The CPU carries out instructions, performs calculations, and manages the flow of data within the computer system. It is responsible for executing programs and coordinating the activities of all the other hardware components, including RAM, ROM, and the hard disk.

A laptop would be the best type of computer for a traveling salesman who spends half his time on the road and the other half in the office. Laptops are portable and lightweight, allowing the salesman to easily carry it with him during his travels. It provides the flexibility to work from any location, whether it's in a hotel room, coffee shop, or client's office. Additionally, a laptop offers the necessary computing power and functionality required for office tasks, such as creating presentations, managing emails, and running business applications.

The first electronic computer, the electronic numerical Integrator and computer (ENIAC), was developed in 1947. This was a significant milestone in the history of computing as it marked the transition from mechanical and electromechanical computers to electronic ones. The ENIAC was a massive machine that used vacuum tubes to perform calculations, and it was primarily used for military purposes. Its development paved the way for further advancements in computer technology and set the stage for the digital age.

The operating system is the software that controls and manages all the hardware and software components of a computer. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer, providing a platform for running applications and managing resources such as memory, storage, and input/output devices. The operating system also provides essential functions like file management, process scheduling, and security. Overall, the operating system plays a crucial role in ensuring the efficient and effective operation of a computer system.

The main criteria that reflects the Storage phase of the Information Processing Cycle for a computer is that it must be a permanent place to store information. This means that the computer's storage system should be able to retain data even when the power is turned off. Unlike temporary storage areas, such as RAM, which only hold data temporarily while the computer is running, permanent storage devices like hard drives or solid-state drives (SSDs) are designed to store data for the long term. Floppy disks were commonly used in the past but are no longer the main criteria for storage in modern computers. The ability to print out information to paper is not directly related to the storage phase of the Information Processing Cycle.

LED stands for Light-emitting diodes. Light-emitting diodes are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current passes through them. LEDs are commonly used in various electronic devices and lighting applications due to their energy efficiency and long lifespan.

Mobile devices designed mainly for reading e-books are called e-readers. E-readers are specifically designed to provide a comfortable reading experience with features like e-ink displays that mimic the appearance of paper, adjustable font sizes, and long battery life. They often have specialized software and hardware optimized for reading digital books, and may also include additional features such as internet connectivity and access to online bookstores. E-readers are distinct from other mobile devices like smartphones and tablets, which may also have e-book reading capabilities but are designed for a wider range of functions.

Booting is the process that occurs when you press the power button to turn your computer on. During this process, the computer's hardware is initialized, the operating system is loaded into memory, and various system checks and configurations are performed. This allows the computer to be ready for use by the user.

CD is not considered an input device because it is primarily used for storing and playing back data, rather than providing input to a computer. A microphone converts sound into an electrical signal, which is an input. A keyboard allows the user to input text and commands. A mouse allows the user to control the cursor and interact with graphical user interfaces.

The question is asking for the operating systems for personal computers that are not included in the given options. Microsoft Word is not an operating system, it is a word processing software. Therefore, the correct answer is Microsoft Word.

In OSI network architecture, the routing is performed by the network layer. The network layer is responsible for establishing connections and routes between different networks. It determines the best path for data packets to travel from the source to the destination through various routers. This layer also handles addressing and logical network topology. Therefore, the network layer is the correct layer for performing routing in the OSI network architecture.

The speed of a processor is measured in two units: Megahertz (MHz) and Gigahertz (GHz). Megahertz represents one million cycles per second, while Gigahertz represents one billion cycles per second. These units measure the frequency at which the processor can execute instructions and perform calculations. A higher frequency indicates a faster processor speed, allowing for quicker data processing and improved performance.

Before manually clearing a paper jam in a printer, it is important to turn off the printer's power and unplug it. This is necessary to ensure safety and prevent any electrical accidents that may occur while working on the printer. By turning off the power and unplugging the printer, the risk of electric shock or damage to the printer is minimized. Once the power is off and the printer is unplugged, it is then safe to proceed with clearing the paper jam.

CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory. It is a storage medium that uses optical technology to read and store data. It is not a semiconductor memory or magnetic memory, as it does not use semiconductors or magnetic materials to store data. It is also not a memory register, which is a small, high-speed storage location within a computer's CPU. Therefore, the correct answer is D. None of the above.

The session layer in the OSI network architecture is responsible for dialogue control and token management. Dialogue control involves establishing, managing, and terminating sessions between two communicating entities. It ensures that data is exchanged in an organized and synchronized manner. Token management refers to the process of controlling access to a shared resource in a network. The session layer handles the allocation and release of tokens, ensuring that only one entity has control of the shared resource at a time. Therefore, the session layer is responsible for both dialogue control and token management in the OSI network architecture.