ITEC A&p (Nervous) A&q

The muscular and nervous systems work together to control and coordinate movement. The nervous system sends signals to the muscles, telling them when and how to contract. This allows for precise and coordinated movements. Without this coordination, movements would be uncontrolled and erratic. Additionally, the nervous system also receives feedback from the muscles, allowing for adjustments to be made in real-time. This collaboration between the muscular and nervous systems is essential for our ability to move and perform tasks efficiently.

Dendrites are long, branching structures that transmit nerve impulses. They are like branches of nerve fibers that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body of the neuron.

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for slowing down the heart rate in non-stressful situations. This system is part of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions. When the parasympathetic system is activated, it releases neurotransmitters that decrease the heart rate and promote relaxation. In contrast, the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and increases heart rate in stressful situations. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, while the term "reflex" does not specifically refer to a nervous system.

In non-stressful situations, the parasympathetic nervous system slows down the action of the heart. This is because the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for promoting rest and relaxation in the body. It works in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the fight or flight response and increases heart rate in stressful situations. Therefore, in non-stressful situations, the parasympathetic nervous system dominates and slows down the heart rate.

Facial paralysis is a symptom of Bell's palsy. Bell's palsy is a condition that causes sudden weakness or paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face. This can result in drooping of the mouth or eyelid, difficulty closing the eye on the affected side, and other facial muscle weakness. Pain down the lower back and leg, tremor, and loss of co-ordination are not typically associated with Bell's palsy.

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" response. It works in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. One of the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system is to reduce the rate and force of heart contractions, allowing the body to relax and conserve energy. This helps to lower heart rate and blood pressure, promoting a state of calm and relaxation.

The peripheral nervous system is responsible for transmitting information to and from the body. This includes both sensory information, which allows us to perceive and interpret our environment, and motor information, which controls our voluntary movements. It does not stimulate the body's involuntary organs or slow down the body. Therefore, the correct answer is that the peripheral nervous system transmits information (sensory and motor) to and from the body.

The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that helps to regulate body temperature. It is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body, including regulating body temperature. The hypothalamus receives information from temperature receptors in the body and sends signals to various parts of the body to adjust temperature accordingly. It can trigger responses such as sweating or shivering to cool or warm the body as needed.

The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling involuntary functions such as breathing. It is located at the base of the brainstem and plays a crucial role in regulating the respiratory system. The medulla oblongata sends signals to the muscles involved in inhalation, coordinating the contraction and relaxation of these muscles to facilitate the intake of oxygen. Therefore, it closely works with the respiratory system for inhalation.

The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling and regulating involuntary functions in the body, including breathing. It is located in the brainstem and contains specialized cells that send signals to the muscles involved in breathing, such as the diaphragm. Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in respiratory difficulties or even complete cessation of breathing. The pons varolii, cerebellum, and cerebrum are not directly involved in controlling breathing.

The sympathetic nervous system affects the heart by accelerating its action. This means that it increases the heart rate, making it beat faster. This response is part of the body's fight or flight response, where the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action by increasing heart rate and blood flow to the muscles. This allows the body to respond quickly in stressful or dangerous situations.

Reflexes are involuntary responses to stimuli that are controlled by the spinal cord and peripheral nerves, rather than the brain. These automatic reactions occur without conscious thought or decision-making. Reflexes allow the body to respond quickly to potential threats or dangers, such as pulling your hand away from a hot surface or blinking when an object comes close to your eye. While the brain may be involved in processing and interpreting the reflexive action, the actual response is carried out by the nervous system outside of conscious control.

Neuralgia is characterized by shooting pains along the course of a nerve. This means that individuals with neuralgia experience sudden, sharp, and intense pain that follows the path of a specific nerve. The shooting pains can be triggered by various factors such as pressure, movement, or even touch. This definition helps differentiate neuralgia from other conditions that may cause pain in different areas of the body or have different characteristics.

The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling cardiac output. It is located at the base of the brainstem and regulates various autonomic functions, including heart rate and blood pressure. The medulla oblongata receives signals from the cardiovascular centers and adjusts the cardiac output accordingly. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and ensuring proper blood flow throughout the body. The cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions, the cerebellum for motor coordination, and the pons varolii for relaying information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum.

The cerebrum is responsible for memory. It is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres. Within the cerebrum, there are different regions that play a role in memory formation, storage, and retrieval. The hippocampus, located in the temporal lobe, is particularly important for the formation of new memories. The cerebrum also houses the cerebral cortex, which is involved in higher cognitive functions, including memory. Therefore, the cerebrum is the correct answer as it is the main part of the brain responsible for memory processes.

There are 8 pairs of cervical nerves. The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves that originate from the cervical region of the spinal cord. There are 7 cervical vertebrae, and each vertebra has a pair of spinal nerves emerging from it, except for the first cervical vertebra which has only one pair. Therefore, there are a total of 8 pairs of cervical nerves.

The spinal nerves are the nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. There are a total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body. These nerves are named according to the level of the vertebrae from which they emerge, with 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves, and 1 pair of coccygeal nerves. Therefore, the correct answer is 31.

There are a total of 8 pairs of cervical nerves. The cervical nerves are the nerves that originate from the spinal cord in the neck region. They are numbered C1 to C8 and each pair corresponds to a specific vertebra in the cervical spine.

The cerebrum is responsible for memory. It is the largest part of the brain and is involved in higher cognitive functions such as memory, learning, and decision-making. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres, each responsible for different aspects of memory. The hippocampus, located in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum, is particularly important for the formation and retrieval of memories. Damage to the cerebrum, such as in cases of Alzheimer's disease, can result in memory impairment.

The optic cranial nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eyes to the brain, allowing us to perceive and interpret visual stimuli. It plays a crucial role in the sense of sight, enabling us to see and process the world around us.

A neurilemma is a fine, delicate membrane that surrounds axons. It provides protection and support for the axon, helping to maintain its structure and function. The neurilemma also plays a role in the regeneration of damaged axons, allowing for potential regrowth after injury.

The brachial nerves supply the muscles from the base of the neck to the fingertips and the skin. This means that the brachial nerves innervate the muscles that allow movement and control of the upper limb, including the muscles of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. Additionally, the brachial nerves also provide sensory innervation to the skin of the upper limb, allowing for the perception of touch, temperature, and pain in this region.

The peripheral nervous system consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and the autonomic system. The spinal nerves originate from the spinal cord and extend throughout the body, while the cranial nerves originate from the brain and primarily innervate the head and neck. The autonomic system controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

The peripheral nervous system consists of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, and the autonomic system. It does not include the spinal cord or the somatic system.

The myelin sheath is a protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers. Its main function is to insulate and protect the nerve fibers, as well as to speed up the transmission of nerve impulses. The myelin sheath acts as an electrical insulator, preventing the loss of electrical signals and allowing them to travel faster along the nerve fiber. Therefore, it speeds up nerve conduction by allowing the impulses to quickly and efficiently travel from one part of the nerve cell to another.

The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges and is responsible for supplying blood to the brain and spinal cord. It is highly vascularized and contains many blood vessels that nourish the nervous tissue. The other layers of the meninges, such as the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and outer membrane, do not have the same level of blood supply as the pia mater. Therefore, the pia mater is the correct answer for this question.

The midbrain is considered the relay station in the brain. It plays a crucial role in relaying sensory and motor signals between different parts of the brain. It connects the lower brainstem with the higher regions of the brain, allowing for the transmission of information. Additionally, the midbrain is involved in various functions such as visual and auditory processing, motor coordination, and regulation of sleep and wake cycles.