ISTQB 1 - 3

Re-testing involves running a test again to ensure that the previously identified faults have been fixed. On the other hand, regression testing aims to identify any unexpected side effects or issues that may have been introduced as a result of the fixes made during re-testing. Therefore, the correct answer accurately distinguishes between re-testing and regression testing by highlighting their respective purposes.

The correct answer is "Testing system attributes, such as usability, reliability or maintainability." Non-functional testing refers to the process of testing the attributes or characteristics of a system that are not related to its internal structure. This type of testing focuses on evaluating the system's performance, usability, reliability, maintainability, and other non-functional aspects. It helps ensure that the system meets the required standards and performs well in real-world scenarios.

Non-functional system testing refers to the testing of quality attributes of the system, such as performance and usability. This type of testing focuses on evaluating how well the system performs under different conditions and how user-friendly it is. It involves assessing aspects like response time, scalability, reliability, and user experience. By conducting non-functional system testing, organizations can ensure that their system meets the required standards and provides a satisfactory user experience.

Developers may have difficulty testing their own work due to a lack of objectivity. When developers test their own code, they may overlook certain flaws or biases that can affect their judgment. They may be too close to the code and have a biased perspective, making it difficult for them to identify potential issues or errors. Lack of objectivity can hinder their ability to critically evaluate their work and may result in inadequate testing. Therefore, having an objective perspective from external testers or quality assurance teams can help identify and address any issues more effectively.

Regression testing is required to ensure that defects have not been introduced by a modification. This means that when changes are made to the software, regression testing is done to check if any new bugs or issues have been introduced. It helps to ensure that the existing functionality of the software has not been affected by the changes. By conducting regression testing, the development team can have confidence that the modifications have not caused any unintended side effects.

Independent testing is beneficial because it allows for unbiased evaluation of the software. Testers who are independent from the development process are more likely to identify defects that may have been overlooked by the developers themselves. This helps to ensure that a wider range of issues are detected and resolved before the software is released to the end-users. By having a fresh perspective and not being influenced by the development team, independent testers can provide valuable feedback and improve the overall quality of the software.

The answer "It is normally impossible to test all input / output combinations for a software system" is the best description of one of the seven key principles of software testing because it acknowledges the limitation of testing every possible combination in a software system. This principle recognizes that it is impractical and inefficient to test every single input and output scenario, and instead focuses on prioritizing and selecting representative test cases to maximize test coverage and effectiveness.

The test process can start when the software requirements have been approved because testing is done to ensure that the software meets the specified requirements. Once the requirements have been approved, the development team can begin designing and implementing the software. Testing can then be carried out to verify that the software meets the approved requirements and functions as intended. Starting the test process at this point helps to identify and fix any issues or deviations from the requirements early on in the development process.

As the product moves towards live use, the cost of fixing a fault increases. This is because once the product is in use by customers, any faults or issues that arise can have a direct impact on the user experience and may even lead to customer dissatisfaction. In addition, fixing faults in a live product often requires more resources, time, and effort compared to fixing them during the development or testing phase. Therefore, it is crucial to address and fix any faults before the product reaches the live stage to minimize the potential negative impact on users and the overall cost of fixing the faults.

The goal of a test team is to identify and correct faults in a system. By causing as many failures as possible during testing, the team can identify the faults present in the system and take corrective measures. This approach helps in improving the quality and reliability of the system by addressing the identified faults. The other options either focus on testing execution or proving that faults are identified or will not cause failures, which are not the primary goals of a test team.

Automated tests allow better statements of confidence about the quality of software products. However, it is normally impossible to test all the input and output combinations for a software system. This is because the number of possible combinations can be extremely large, making it impractical to test each one individually. Therefore, software testing focuses on prioritizing and selecting representative input and output combinations to ensure that the most critical functionality and potential defects are covered.

A deviation from the specified or expected behavior that is visible to end-users is called a failure. This means that the system or software is not functioning as intended and is causing inconvenience or dissatisfaction to the users. It could be a result of errors, faults, or defects in the system, but the key point is that it is noticeable and impacts the user experience.

Reviewing the test basis is a part of the Test Analysis and Design phase. This phase involves analyzing the requirements and designing the test cases and test scenarios based on the test basis, which includes documents like requirements specifications, design documents, etc. Reviewing the test basis helps in understanding the system under test and identifying any gaps or inconsistencies in the requirements. This information is then used to design effective test cases and ensure that the testing process is aligned with the project objectives.

The best definition of quality is conformance to requirements. This means that a product or service meets the specified requirements and standards set by the customer or the organization. It focuses on delivering exactly what is expected and desired, without any deviation or defects. This definition emphasizes the importance of meeting customer expectations and ensuring that the product or service fulfills its intended purpose effectively.

Regression testing and acceptance testing are not the same. Regression tests are performed to find out if code changes have introduced or uncovered defects. Regression tests are typically well-suited for test automation. Therefore, C and D are true. A, B, and E are false.

Failure is the occurrence of incorrect program behavior due to a fault in the program. This means that the program is not functioning as intended or expected, and there is an error or mistake in the code that is causing this incorrect behavior. It is important to identify and fix these faults in order to ensure the program works correctly.

Incidents would not be raised against improvements suggested by users because incidents typically refer to problems or issues that occur during the implementation or use of a system or product. Improvements suggested by users, on the other hand, are recommendations for enhancements or modifications that can improve the system or product. These suggestions are not typically associated with any specific incidents or problems, but rather serve as valuable feedback for making enhancements to the system.

Testing is a process that helps identify defects or errors in software. Therefore, statement a is generally true as testing can show the presence of defects. Additionally, testing helps in reducing the probability of uncovered defects, which makes statement b generally true. Furthermore, testing can also show that a previously present defect has been removed, making statement c generally true. However, testing cannot prove that software is defect-free, so statement d is not generally true.

The given options are all fundamental test processes except for "None". "None" does not represent a specific test process, but rather indicates that none of the options listed are correct. Therefore, "None" is not the fundamental test process.

The purpose of a test completion criterion is to determine when to stop testing. This criterion helps in setting a specific condition or criteria that indicates when testing should be considered complete. It helps in ensuring that sufficient testing has been performed and that the desired level of quality has been achieved. By defining this criterion, testers can have a clear guideline on when they can confidently conclude that testing is finished and the software is ready for release.

Debugging defects is not a testing objective because debugging is the process of identifying and fixing defects that have already been found. Testing objectives are focused on preventing, identifying, and gaining confidence about the level of quality in a product. Debugging is a separate activity that occurs after testing, where defects are investigated and resolved.

Test independence refers to the practice of having testers who are separate from the developers and authors of the code. This helps in avoiding author bias in defining effective tests. When the same person who wrote the code also tests it, they may unintentionally overlook certain areas or make assumptions about its functionality. By having independent testers, there is a fresh perspective and a higher chance of identifying potential defects or issues that may have been missed. This ensures a more comprehensive and unbiased testing process, leading to higher quality software.

Confirmation testing is the process of retesting the software after a defect has been detected and fixed to ensure that the original defect has been successfully removed. It is performed to confirm that the software is functioning correctly and to validate that the fix did not introduce any new defects or issues. This type of testing helps to ensure the overall quality and reliability of the software after a defect has been addressed.

All of the options listed (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) could be valid reasons for a failure. Testing fault, software fault, design fault, environment fault, and documentation fault can all contribute to a failure in a system or process.

The Test Implementation and Execution Phase involves creating test suites from test cases, executing test cases manually or using test execution tools, and comparing actual results. Designing the tests, on the other hand, is part of the Test Planning and Design Phase. In this phase, test objectives and test conditions are defined, test cases are designed, and test data and test environment are prepared. Therefore, designing the tests is not a part of the Test Implementation and Execution Phase.

The objective of software testing is to uncover software errors. Testing helps identify any bugs, defects, or issues in the software so that they can be fixed before the software is released to the end-users. It is not possible to eliminate every error prior to release, as testing can never guarantee a completely error-free software. Testing also does not determine the productivity of programmers or eliminate the need for future program maintenance.

The task of a Tester includes preparing and acquiring test data, implementing tests on all test levels, executing and logging the tests, and creating test specifications. Option ii, iii, and iv correctly describe the tasks of a Tester. Option i is false because it does not involve the direct responsibilities of a Tester.

When working with software development models, it is important to adapt the models to the context of project and product characteristics. This means that the models should be customized and tailored to fit the specific needs and requirements of the project and the product being developed. This ensures that the development process is aligned with the unique characteristics and constraints of the project, increasing the chances of success and delivering a high-quality product. It also allows for flexibility and adaptability, as different projects may require different approaches and methodologies.

If testers and reviewers communicate defects as criticism against individuals instead of focusing on the software product, it can lead to problems and conflicts within teams. This approach creates a negative and hostile work environment, discourages collaboration, and hinders the overall goal of improving the quality of the software. It is important for testers and reviewers to provide constructive feedback and focus on the issues with the software rather than personal attacks.

The correct answer is ii & iii are true, i, iv & v are false. Test planning involves defining the overall approach to testing and assigning resources. Developing test cases, building the test environment, and writing test conditions are not part of test planning.

The given answer, "All of the above," is correct because all three statements mentioned in the options are important consequences of the impossibility of complete testing. Firstly, since we can never be certain that the program is bug-free, there is always a possibility of undiscovered errors or issues. Secondly, the absence of a definite stopping point for testing allows some managers to argue for minimal testing, which can compromise the quality and reliability of the program. Lastly, the lack of an easy answer for required testing tasks means that the allocation of time for testing becomes a challenge, as it competes with other high-priority tasks.

The purpose of test completion criteria in a test plan is to plan when to stop testing. This means that the criteria are used to determine the point at which testing activities can be considered complete. It helps in defining the conditions or requirements that need to be met in order to determine that testing has been sufficiently performed. This allows for a systematic and organized approach to testing, ensuring that resources are not wasted on unnecessary or excessive testing.

When determining when to stop testing, it is important to consider the risks associated with the system being tested. If the risks are high and there is a possibility of severe consequences, testing should continue until all the planned tests have been run and all faults have been fixed correctly. However, if the risks are low and the time allocated for testing has run out, it may be acceptable to stop testing even if all the planned tests have not been completed. Therefore, the decision to stop testing depends on the risks involved in the system being tested.

Static analysis tools are designed to analyze code without actually executing it, in order to identify potential defects and vulnerabilities. The typical defects found by static analysis tools include variables that are never used (option a), security vulnerabilities (option b), and unreachable code (option d). Poor performance (option c) and business processes not followed (option e) are not typically identified by static analysis tools.

The statement "Cause as many failures as possible so that faults can be identified and corrected" contains a valuable objective for a test team because it emphasizes the importance of identifying and correcting faults. By causing failures, the test team can uncover any hidden faults in the system and address them before the product is released. This objective helps ensure the quality and reliability of the software being tested.

Early test design can prevent fault multiplication by identifying and addressing potential faults early on in the development process. It can also find faults that may have been missed during the requirements gathering phase. Additionally, early test design can cause changes to the requirements as issues and improvements are identified. However, faults found during early test design are not necessarily more expensive to fix compared to later stages, and early test design does not necessarily require more effort.

Maintenance testing is used for making planned enhancements to an existing operational system. This type of testing is performed to ensure that the changes or enhancements made to the system do not introduce any new defects or issues. It helps in verifying that the system continues to function properly and meets the required quality standards after the enhancements are implemented.

Designing the test environment set-up and identifying any required infrastructure and tools are a part of the Test Analysis and Design phase. This phase involves analyzing the requirements, identifying test conditions, designing test cases, and preparing test data. It also includes designing the test environment, which includes setting up the necessary infrastructure and tools required for testing. Therefore, the correct answer is Test Analysis and Design.

The main purpose of the component build and integration strategy is to specify which components to combine when, and how many at once. This strategy helps in determining the sequence and timing of integrating different components of the software system. It ensures that the integration process is well-planned and organized, allowing for efficient and effective combination of components. By specifying the order and quantity of components to be integrated, this strategy helps in managing dependencies and minimizing risks associated with integration.

Maintenance testing refers to the process of testing a released system that has undergone changes. This type of testing is performed to ensure that the modifications made to the software do not introduce any new defects or issues. It helps in verifying the stability and functionality of the system after changes have been made. By conducting maintenance testing, organizations can ensure that the updated software continues to meet the required standards and operates smoothly without any adverse effects on the overall system performance.

The most important factor in the selection of a test approach is the availability of skills and experience in the proposed techniques. This is because having skilled and experienced individuals in the team ensures that they have the necessary knowledge and expertise to effectively carry out the testing activities. Without the required skills and experience, the test team may struggle to understand and implement the chosen approach, leading to ineffective testing and potentially missing critical defects. While the availability of tools, budget for training, and willingness to learn new techniques are also important, they can be addressed and improved upon if the team has the necessary skills and experience.

The purpose of the requirement phase is to freeze requirements, understand user needs, and define the scope of testing. Freezing requirements means finalizing and documenting the specific features and functionalities that the software or system should have. Understanding user needs involves gathering information about the intended users, their goals, and their expectations. Defining the scope of testing involves determining what aspects of the software or system will be tested and what criteria will be used to evaluate its performance. All of these activities are important in ensuring that the final product meets the needs and expectations of the users.

Inspection and Technical Review are the best fitted options for reviewing safety critical components in a software project. Inspection involves a rigorous examination of the code to identify defects and ensure compliance with safety standards. Technical Review focuses on the technical aspects of the software, including design and implementation, to identify any potential safety issues. Both of these review types provide a systematic and thorough approach to evaluating the safety critical components and ensuring their adequacy.

Test Closure Activities is the phase in which the handover of Testware takes place. This phase occurs at the end of the testing process and involves activities such as finalizing and archiving test deliverables, conducting a final review of the test project, and preparing a test closure report. Handing over the Testware is an important part of this phase as it ensures that all relevant documentation, scripts, and tools used during testing are properly transferred to the appropriate stakeholders or teams for future reference or use.

The Big-bang approach is not a type of incremental testing approach. Incremental testing involves breaking down the testing process into smaller, manageable parts and testing them individually before integrating them. In the Big-bang approach, all the components are tested together as a whole, without any incremental or step-by-step testing. This approach can be risky as it does not allow for early detection and resolution of issues. Therefore, Big-bang is not considered a type of incremental testing approach.

Exit criteria serve multiple purposes in testing. Firstly, they define when to stop testing, indicating when a sufficient level of testing has been conducted. Secondly, they mark the end of a test level, such as the completion of system testing or acceptance testing. Lastly, exit criteria are used to determine if a set of tests has achieved a specific pre-condition, such as a certain level of test coverage or meeting certain quality standards. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

Non-functional testing is conducted to measure the characteristics of a system that provide an indication of how the system performs its functions. This type of testing focuses on aspects such as performance, reliability, usability, security, and scalability. By evaluating these characteristics, testers can assess the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the system, ensuring that it meets the required standards and performs optimally in real-world scenarios.

Reporting discrepancies as incidents is a part of the Test Implementation and execution phase. This phase involves the actual execution of test cases and the identification of any discrepancies or defects in the system. By reporting these discrepancies as incidents, the testing team can ensure that they are properly documented and tracked for resolution. This helps in improving the overall quality of the system and ensures that all identified issues are addressed before the system is deployed.

Testing and debugging are two distinct activities in software development. Testing involves the process of identifying defects or errors in the software by executing it and observing its behavior. It focuses on pinpointing the source of these defects. On the other hand, debugging is the process of analyzing the faults or defects found during testing and proposing activities to prevent them. Debugging aims to find, analyze, and remove the causes of failures in the software. Therefore, the statement "Dynamic testing shows failures caused by defects. Debugging finds, analyzes, and removes the causes of failures in the software" best describes the difference between testing and debugging.

The statement "For every development activity there is a corresponding testing activity" is a characteristic of good testing that applies to any software development life cycle model. This means that at every stage of software development, there should be a corresponding testing activity to ensure that the developed feature or functionality is thoroughly tested. This helps in identifying any defects or issues early in the development process and ensures the quality of the software. It emphasizes the importance of integrating testing throughout the entire software development life cycle, rather than leaving it until the end.