Information Flow/Connections In The Retina
Neurophys final pg. 150-155, 162-164
- 1.
What is the purpose of having several different rod pathways?
- A.
More rods so need more pathways
- B.
Allow greater response over greater range of light levels
- C.
Able to differentiate between different wavelengths better
Correct Answer
B. Allow greater response over greater range of light levels -
- 2.
In the rod pathways, the rod A2 amacrine cell is involved in connections between:
- A.
Rod ON BP and cone ON BP
- B.
Rod BP and OFF GC
- C.
Rod OFF BP and cone OFF BP
- D.
A and b
- E.
B and c
Correct Answer
D. A and bExplanation
The rod pathway can also hijack the cone pathway. This is possible because the rods and cones are connected by gap junctions.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Where are BP cells found?
- A.
ONL
- B.
ELM
- C.
INL
Correct Answer
C. INLExplanation
Photoreceptors are found in the ONLRate this question:
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- 4.
The OPL is divided into 2 sublamina A and B
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
IPL is divided into sublamina A and BRate this question:
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- 5.
Sublamina A of the IPL is more ______ or closer to the ___ cells
- A.
Distal; GC
- B.
Distal; BP
- C.
Proximal; GC
- D.
Proximal; BP
Correct Answer
B. Distal; BPExplanation
Sublamina B is more PROXIMAL or closer to the GC cellsRate this question:
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- 6.
Sublamina A is associated with the ON pathway
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
A --> OFF (off BP teminate here)
B--> ON (on BP terminate here)Rate this question:
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- 7.
A biplexiform cell is a bipolar cell that receives info directly from the photoreceptors.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Biplexiform is a GANGLION CELL that receives direct info from the PRsRate this question:
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- 8.
Biplexiform cells receive mostly rod input and their function is unknown.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Gets info from 25 rods and 2-3 conesRate this question:
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- 9.
How much of the brain is used to process visual information?
- A.
20%
- B.
50%
- C.
60%
Correct Answer
C. 60%Explanation
40 different areas that process visionRate this question:
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- 10.
How many types of horizontal cells are there in primate retina?
- A.
1
- B.
2
- C.
3
Correct Answer
B. 2Explanation
H1: connects 7 cones with 300-500 RODS
H2: connects 11-14 cones with a few conesRate this question:
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- 11.
H1 cells ______ info and H2 cells ______ info
- A.
Concentrate; multiply
- B.
Multiply; concentrate
- C.
Multiply; multiply
Correct Answer
B. Multiply; concentrate -
- 12.
Horizontal cells have cell bodies in the _____ and synapses in the _____.
- A.
OPL; INL
- B.
INL; IPL
- C.
INL; OPL
Correct Answer
C. INL; OPLExplanation
Amacrine cells have cell bodies in INL and synapses in IPLRate this question:
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- 13.
Decribe how we know that horizontal cells are not involved with carrying color vision information.
- 14.
How do Horizontal cells contribute to receptive fields?
- A.
Produce the RF center of GCs
- B.
Produce the RF surround of GCs
- C.
Can produce both the RF center and surround
Correct Answer
B. Produce the RF surround of GCsExplanation
See picture on bottom of pg. 152
The horizontal cells provide inhibitory signals to the BP cells. In the picture, the 2 horizontal cells are in laterally placed and there's a central BP cell that is getting excitatory inpulses from the photoreceptor. Therefore, light entering the center PR will result in an excited GC and light that hits the peripheral PRs will provide inhibitory info to the BPs and then the GCs. So in the center we are excited by light (=RF center) and surrounding that area we are inhibited by light (=RF surround)Rate this question:
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- 15.
Amacrine cells have long axons which allows them to contact many different BPs
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Amacrine cells do not have axons, they only have dendritesRate this question:
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- 16.
Midget GCs receive as much input from amacrine cells as they do from BPs
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Amacrine cells connect with BPs, GCs, and other amacrine cells. They can provide direct input to GCs. Half of all info going to GCs goes through amacrine cellsRate this question:
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- 17.
There are 25 different amacrine cells each with a known visual function
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
ONLY the A2 cell has a known functionRate this question:
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- 18.
A2 cells mediate ___ vision and contain _____ as a neurotransmitter
- A.
Rod; glycine
- B.
Rod; glutamate
- C.
Cone; glycine
- D.
Cone; glutamate
Correct Answer
A. Rod; glycine -
- 19.
Describe how amacrine cells are involved in GC's response to high temporal frequency changes in the environment
- 20.
A smaller receptive field results in higher spatial resolution.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The smaller the RF the smaller the object that we can seeRate this question:
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- 21.
What cell is responsible for the feedback loop in the retina?
- A.
Biplexiform cells
- B.
Ganglion cells
- C.
Interplexiform cells
Correct Answer
C. Interplexiform cellsExplanation
carries info from amacrine cells back to bipoalars, other amacrine cells, rods/cones. These are the LAST cells in the lateral connection pathway.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Indicate what changes occur in the receptive field during dark adaptation.
- A.
Reduced color vision
- B.
More sensitive to low light levels
- C.
Reduced VA
- D.
RF center gets larger
Correct Answer(s)
A. Reduced color vision
B. More sensitive to low light levels
C. Reduced VA
D. RF center gets larger -
- 23.
What cell is thought to be involved in the changes that occur in the receptive field during dark adaptation.
- A.
Biplexiform cells
- B.
Ganglion cells
- C.
Interplexiform cells
Correct Answer
C. Interplexiform cellsExplanation
RF center gets larger leader to several consequences (see previous problem)Rate this question:
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- 24.
Describe the ON PATHWAY in terms of cells involved and cellular responses.
- 25.
Describe the OFF PATHWAY.
- 26.
The 'best' response we get from a GC (regardless of being an ON or OFF GC) is when:
- A.
Stimulate center only
- B.
Stimulate surround only
- C.
Stimulate entire RF
Correct Answer
A. Stimulate center only -
- 27.
In an ON CENTER RF, when light is turned on:
- A.
The center will produce more action potentials
- B.
The surround will produce more action potentials
- C.
The center will produce less action potentials
- D.
The surround will produce less action potentials
- E.
B and c
- F.
A and d
Correct Answer
F. A and dExplanation
When the light is turned off...the center will produce less APs and return to baseline and the surround will produce more APs before returning back to baseline.Rate this question:
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- 28.
In an OFF CENTER RF, turning on light will result in less action potentials from the center and less action potentials from the surround
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
less APs in center; more APs in surroundRate this question:
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- 29.
Horizontal cell inhibition of BPs only occurs in the OFF pathway.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
This can occur in both ON and OFF. This discribes the lateral information flow that occurs to inhibit vertical transmission of info to reine the neural signalRate this question:
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- 30.
Vertical pathways produce RF _____ and lateral pathways produce RF _____.
- A.
Surround; center
- B.
Center; surround
Correct Answer
B. Center; surround -
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