1.
Tick the three (3) categories of the modes of transmission
Correct Answer(s)
A. Contact
B. Droplet
C. Airborne
Explanation
The correct answer is Contact, Droplet, and Airborne. These three categories refer to different ways in which diseases can be transmitted from one person to another. Contact transmission occurs when there is direct physical contact between individuals, such as touching or sexual intercourse. Droplet transmission happens when respiratory droplets from an infected person are inhaled by another person in close proximity. Airborne transmission occurs when infectious particles are suspended in the air and can be inhaled by people in the vicinity. These modes of transmission are important to understand in order to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
2.
Transfer of micro organisms results from direct physical contact is known as ________?
Correct Answer
A. Direct transmission
Explanation
Direct transmission refers to the transfer of microorganisms from one person to another through direct physical contact. This can occur through activities such as touching, kissing, or sexual intercourse. In direct transmission, the microorganisms are directly transferred from the infected person to the susceptible person without any intermediary. This mode of transmission is common for diseases caused by pathogens that can survive outside the body for a short period of time and can be easily transmitted through close contact.
3.
The passive transfer of an infectious agent to a susceptible host via an intermediate object is known as ________?
Correct Answer
A. Indirect transmission
Explanation
Indirect transmission refers to the passive transfer of an infectious agent to a susceptible host through an intermediate object. This means that the infection is not directly spread from person to person, but rather through objects or surfaces that have been contaminated with the infectious agent. This mode of transmission can occur through various means such as touching contaminated surfaces, sharing contaminated objects, or inhaling airborne particles. Therefore, indirect transmission is the correct term to describe this process.
4.
Tick the correct definition of 'formites'
Correct Answer
A. Anything that can carry infectious germs
Explanation
Formites are objects or materials that can carry infectious germs and contribute to the spread of diseases. They can include various items such as clothing, utensils, furniture, and surfaces. By coming into contact with formites, individuals can unknowingly transfer pathogens to themselves or others, leading to the transmission of infectious diseases. Therefore, the correct definition of 'formites' is "anything that can carry infectious germs."
5.
Tick from the list below that generates droplets (more than one permitted)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Coughing
B. Sneezing
C. Spitting
Explanation
The actions of coughing, sneezing, and spitting can generate droplets. When a person coughs or sneezes, tiny droplets containing respiratory secretions are expelled from their nose or mouth. These droplets can contain infectious pathogens if the person is sick. Similarly, spitting can also produce droplets that may contain saliva or mucus. These droplets can potentially transmit diseases if they come into contact with another person's eyes, nose, or mouth.
6.
True or False?Airborne organisms can survive outside the body and remain suspended in the air for long periods of time.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Airborne organisms can survive outside the body and remain suspended in the air for long periods of time. This is true because certain microorganisms, such as viruses and bacteria, can be transmitted through the air and remain viable for extended periods. These organisms can be inhaled by individuals, leading to the spread of diseases such as the common cold or flu. Therefore, it is important to take precautions such as wearing masks and practicing good hygiene to minimize the risk of airborne infections.
7.
From the statements below, which statement is true?
Correct Answer
A. Respiratory droplets are large and are not able to remain suspended in the air thus they are usually dispersed over short distances
Explanation
Respiratory droplets are large and heavy, which means they cannot stay suspended in the air for a long time. As a result, they tend to disperse over short distances, usually within a few feet from the source. This is why it is important to maintain physical distance from others to minimize the risk of respiratory droplets reaching and infecting others.
8.
True or False?A droplet nuclei is residue from evaporated droplets suspended in air, containing infective microorganisms
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
A droplet nuclei refers to the residue left behind after a droplet containing infective microorganisms evaporates. These droplet nuclei are tiny particles that remain suspended in the air and can potentially transmit infections to others who inhale them. Therefore, the statement that a droplet nuclei is residue from evaporated droplets suspended in air and containing infective microorganisms is true.
9.
Please tick the components of the "Chain of Infection"
Correct Answer(s)
A. Source of infectious agent
B. Mode of transmission
C. Susceptible host
Explanation
The components of the "Chain of Infection" are the source of the infectious agent, the mode of transmission, and the susceptible host. The source of the infectious agent refers to the origin of the pathogen, such as a person, animal, or contaminated object. The mode of transmission is the way in which the pathogen is spread, such as through direct contact, airborne droplets, or contaminated food/water. The susceptible host is an individual who is vulnerable to the infection and can become infected if exposed to the pathogen. The infectious disease is not a component of the chain of infection, but rather the outcome of the transmission of the pathogen to a susceptible host.
10.
True or False?Standard precautions are applied to those individuals where a risk is identified
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Standard precautions are not applied only to individuals where a risk is identified. Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices that are applied to all patients, regardless of their risk status. These precautions include hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, safe injection practices, and proper handling and disposal of sharps. By applying standard precautions to all individuals, healthcare workers can prevent the transmission of infectious diseases and protect both themselves and their patients.
11.
Standard precautions are not required if you follow transmission-based precautions.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Standard precautions are a set of infection control practices that should be followed in all healthcare settings to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. These precautions include hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, safe injection practices, and proper handling and disposal of sharps. Transmission-based precautions, on the other hand, are additional measures that are taken when a patient is known or suspected to be infected with a specific pathogen that requires additional precautions to prevent its spread. Therefore, standard precautions are still necessary even if transmission-based precautions are being followed.
12.
The acronym for the organisation that produces the Australian Guidelines that we must follow regarding infection control is ______?
Correct Answer
A. NHMRC
Explanation
The correct answer is NHMRC. NHMRC stands for National Health and Medical Research Council. This organization is responsible for producing the Australian Guidelines that outline the best practices and protocols for infection control. These guidelines are essential in ensuring the safety and well-being of individuals and preventing the spread of infections in healthcare settings.
13.
True or FalseItems that can cut or penetrate the skin, and in doing so, potentially cause cross-infection of micro-organisms are referred to as sharps
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Items that can cut or penetrate the skin and potentially cause cross-infection of micro-organisms are referred to as sharps. This includes objects like needles, scalpels, and broken glass. These sharps can carry infectious agents and can pose a significant risk to healthcare workers and others who come into contact with them. Therefore, it is important to handle and dispose of sharps properly to prevent the spread of infections.
14.
When managing small blood and fluid spills, you must always follow standard precautions and __?
Correct Answer
D. Manage with detergent solutions
Explanation
When managing small blood and fluid spills, it is important to follow standard precautions to prevent the spread of infection. Using detergent solutions helps to effectively clean and disinfect the area, ensuring that any potential pathogens are eliminated. This method is recommended as it helps to remove any remaining organic matter and reduces the risk of contamination. Additionally, detergent solutions are effective in breaking down and removing stains, making it a suitable choice for managing small blood and fluid spills.
15.
All of the following are included in the 5 Moments for hand hygiene, except?
Correct Answer
A. After touching a patient's records
Explanation
The 5 Moments for hand hygiene are a set of guidelines developed by the World Health Organization to prevent the spread of infections in healthcare settings. These moments include before touching a patient, before a procedure, after body fluid exposure risk, after touching a patient, and after touching a patient's surroundings. However, after touching a patient's records is not included in the 5 Moments for hand hygiene. This is because patient records are not considered a direct source of potential infection transmission.
16.
It is always best to use an alcohol based hand rub over hand washing with soap and water
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Hand Hygiene Australia defines that hand washing is reserved for situations when the hands are visibly soiled or when gloves have not been worn in the care of a patient
17.
All of the following statements are true for ABHR, except?
Correct Answer
A. ABHR are first choice if visible blood is present
Explanation
ABHR are not the first choice if visible blood is present. This is because alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHR) are not effective in removing visible dirt or organic material, such as blood. In such cases, it is recommended to wash hands with soap and water. ABHR are preferred when hands are not visibly soiled or when soap and water are not readily available.
18.
Using hot water is a causal factor increase hand dermatitis
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Using hot water can indeed be a causal factor in increasing hand dermatitis. Hot water can strip the skin of its natural oils and moisture, leading to dryness and irritation. This can further aggravate existing dermatitis or trigger its development. Therefore, it is important to avoid excessive use of hot water when washing hands, especially for individuals prone to hand dermatitis.
19.
True or false?Hands must be washed immediately after removing gloves
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
It is important to wash hands immediately after removing gloves because gloves can become contaminated during use, and washing hands helps to remove any potential pathogens or contaminants that may have been transferred from the gloves to the hands. This practice is especially important in healthcare settings to prevent the spread of infections.
20.
this symbol is for?
Correct Answer
A. Radioactive Waste
Explanation
This symbol is used to represent radioactive waste. It is commonly used to indicate materials that emit radiation and are potentially hazardous to human health and the environment. The symbol consists of a black trefoil on a yellow background, which is internationally recognized as a warning sign for radioactive substances. It helps to identify and handle radioactive waste safely and ensure proper disposal methods are followed.
21.
this symbol is for?
Correct Answer
D. Clinical Waste
Explanation
This symbol is used to represent clinical waste. Clinical waste refers to any waste generated during healthcare activities that may pose a risk of infection or injury to humans. This includes waste from hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and other healthcare facilities. The symbol helps in identifying and handling clinical waste properly to ensure the safety of individuals and the environment.
22.
True or false?Allowing the cleaned surface to dry is an important aspect of cleaning
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Allowing the cleaned surface to dry is an important aspect of cleaning because it helps to remove any remaining moisture or cleaning agents from the surface. Drying prevents the growth of bacteria or mold, reduces the risk of slipping or accidents, and ensures that the surface is ready for further use or application of any necessary treatments or products.
23.
Please tick the methods available to break the "Chain of Infection"
Correct Answer(s)
A. Staying home if sick
B. Vaccinations
C. Using barriers
Explanation
The methods available to break the "Chain of Infection" include staying home if sick, getting vaccinations, and using barriers. Staying home if sick helps prevent the spread of infectious diseases to others. Vaccinations provide immunity against certain diseases, reducing the likelihood of infection. Using barriers, such as masks or gloves, can help prevent direct contact with pathogens. Visiting a doctor may be helpful in treating an infection, but it does not directly break the chain of infection.
24.
According to The Guidelines, ____________ is the most important of the infection prevention and control strategy
Correct Answer
A. Hand hygiene
Explanation
According to The Guidelines, “hand hygiene is the most important of the infection prevention and control strategies” (p 218).
25.
Hand Hygiene Australia developed the 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene Program and developed manuals for all healthcare facilities within Australia.
Correct Answer
A. The first statement is false, the second statement is true
Explanation
The World Health Organisation (WHO) developed the Guidelines on Hand Hygiene - 5 Moments for Hand Hygiene Program and Hand Hygiene Australia have developed manuals for ALL healthcare facilities.
26.
Fingernail maintenance does not affect the efficacy of hand hygiene?
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
the presence of fingernail disease may reduce the efficacy of hand hygiene and result in the transmission of pathogens.
27.
All staff must also perform hand hygiene for the following, except?
Correct Answer
A. Before going to the toilet
Explanation
Staff should always perform hand hygiene before going to the toilet to prevent the spread of germs. This is because they may touch surfaces or objects that are contaminated with bacteria or viruses, and if they do not clean their hands before using the toilet, they can transfer these germs to their genitals or other body parts, increasing the risk of infection. Therefore, the correct answer is "Before going to the toilet."
28.
The 5 moments of hand hygiene policy is optional for healthcare facilities within NSW?
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The 5 moments of hand hygiene policy is not optional for healthcare facilities within NSW. This policy is a mandatory guideline that outlines the key moments when healthcare workers should perform hand hygiene to prevent the spread of infections. It is crucial for healthcare facilities to implement and adhere to this policy to ensure patient safety and reduce the risk of healthcare-associated infections.
29.
Alcohol based hand rubs is should be applied to ____ hands?
Correct Answer
A. Dry
Explanation
HHA also recommended, “that ABHR be applied to dry hands as alcohol is very sensitive to be diluted” (p 29).
30.
Selection of protective equipment must be based on assessment of the risk of transmission of infectious agents to the patient or carer?
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because selecting the appropriate protective equipment is crucial in preventing the transmission of infectious agents to patients or caregivers. By conducting a risk assessment, healthcare professionals can identify the potential sources of infection and determine the necessary level of protection required. This assessment helps in choosing the right equipment, such as gloves, masks, gowns, or goggles, to minimize the risk of transmission and ensure the safety of both patients and caregivers.
31.
All of the following are true statements of PPE, except?
Correct Answer
A. Should be used the same way in every situation
Explanation
Selection of protective equipment must be based on assessment of the risk of transmission of infectious agents to the patient or carer
32.
_________ provides detailed best practice guidelines for all aspects of environmental cleaning in healthcare facilities
Correct Answer
A. Environmental Cleaning Standard Operating Procedures
Explanation
The correct answer is Environmental Cleaning Standard Operating Procedures. This is because it provides detailed best practice guidelines for all aspects of environmental cleaning in healthcare facilities. These procedures ensure that the cleaning process is done effectively and efficiently, minimizing the risk of infections and maintaining a safe and clean environment for patients and healthcare workers.
33.
Keeping healthcare facilities clean is everybody’s responsibility?
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Healthcare facilities require a clean and hygienic environment to prevent the spread of infections and ensure the safety of patients, staff, and visitors. Maintaining cleanliness in healthcare facilities involves proper sanitation practices, regular cleaning of surfaces, equipment, and patient rooms, and following infection control protocols. All individuals, including healthcare professionals, patients, and visitors, have a role to play in keeping healthcare facilities clean by following proper hand hygiene, disposing of waste correctly, and adhering to infection control measures. Therefore, it is true that keeping healthcare facilities clean is everybody's responsibility.
34.
Cleaning procedures must be documented and available to relevant staff.
Correct Answer
A. Both statements are true
Explanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that cleaning procedures must be documented and available to relevant staff. This means that it is important to have written procedures outlining the steps and methods for cleaning, as well as making sure that these documents are easily accessible to the staff members who are responsible for carrying out the cleaning tasks. By having documented procedures and making them available, it ensures consistency in cleaning practices and allows staff members to reference the procedures whenever needed.
35.
Staff are to always handle, dilute, use, store and dispose of detergents and disinfectants in accordance with ___? Tick all that apply
Correct Answer(s)
A. Current Australian Standards
B. Manufacturer’s instructions
C. NSW Health policy
D. Workplace policy
Explanation
Staff are required to handle, dilute, use, store, and dispose of detergents and disinfectants in accordance with various guidelines and policies. These include the current Australian Standards, which provide industry best practices and safety guidelines. The manufacturer's instructions are also important to follow as they provide specific information on how to properly use and handle the products. Additionally, complying with NSW Health policy ensures that staff are following the regulations and guidelines set by the local health authority. Finally, adhering to the workplace policy ensures that staff are following the specific guidelines and procedures established by their organization.
36.
Delivery of cleaning services procedures should include all of the following, except?
Correct Answer
A. Material safety data
Explanation
The delivery of cleaning services procedures should include all of the following: cleaning frequencies and methods, who will carry out the services, and who will manage the process. However, material safety data is not directly related to the delivery of cleaning services procedures. Material safety data typically refers to information about the potential hazards and safe handling procedures for chemicals or substances used in cleaning. While it is important to have this information for safety purposes, it is not directly related to the procedures for delivering cleaning services.
37.
Tick all examples of frequently touched surfaces within a healthcare facility:
Correct Answer(s)
A. Doorknobs
B. Bedrails
C. Light switches
D. Tabletops
Explanation
The examples of frequently touched surfaces within a healthcare facility are doorknobs, bedrails, light switches, and tabletops. These surfaces are frequently touched by both healthcare staff and patients, making them more prone to contamination and the spread of germs. Regular cleaning and disinfection of these surfaces are essential to maintain a hygienic environment and prevent the transmission of infections.
38.
According to The Guidelines, "A spill kit should be readily available in each clinical area and should include:" (tick all that apply)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Scoop and scraper
B. Single -use gloves
C. Protective apron
D. Mask
E. Eye protection
Explanation
A spill kit should be readily available in each clinical area and should include various items to ensure safety and proper handling of spills. These items include a scoop and scraper to remove solid spills, single-use gloves to protect hands from contamination, a protective apron to prevent spills from contacting the body, a mask to protect against inhalation of hazardous substances, and eye protection to prevent eye contact with spills. These items are essential for minimizing the risk of exposure and maintaining a safe environment in clinical areas.
39.
Standard measures to avoid sharps injuries include to use instruments, rather than fingers, to grasp sharps and sharps may be passed directly from hand to hand.
Correct Answer
C. The first statement is true, the second statement is false
Explanation
The first statement is true because using instruments instead of fingers to grasp sharps reduces the risk of injuries. The second statement is false because passing sharps directly from hand to hand increases the risk of injuries.
40.
Regardless of where waste is generated the principles of determining whether it is to be treated as clinical or general waste remain the same.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
This statement is true because the determination of whether waste is to be treated as clinical or general waste is not dependent on where the waste is generated. The principles for determining the classification of waste remain consistent regardless of its origin. Therefore, regardless of the location, the same criteria and guidelines are applied to decide whether the waste should be treated as clinical waste or general waste.
41.
Identifying and analysing risks is an ineffective part of successful infection prevention and control, and adopting a risk-management approach at all levels of the facility is necessary.
Correct Answer
D. The first statement is false, the second statement is true
Explanation
The NHMRC describes in The Guidelines, that “identifying and analysing risks associated with health care is an integral part of successful infection prevention and control. Adopting a risk-management approach at all levels of the facility is necessary.
42.
A risk assessment is to measure the likelihood of someone being injured and how serious the injury could be.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
A risk assessment is a process used to evaluate potential hazards and determine the likelihood of someone being injured. It involves identifying hazards, assessing the probability of harm, and considering the severity of potential injuries. By conducting a risk assessment, organizations can implement appropriate measures to prevent accidents and protect individuals from harm. Therefore, the statement that a risk assessment is used to measure the likelihood of someone being injured and the seriousness of the injury is true.
43.
A risk means how likely it is that you will get injured if you come across a hazard
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
A risk means how likely it is that you will get injured if you come across a hazard
44.
Risk control means to do what you can to prevent problems and protect people's health and safety.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Risk control means to do what you can to prevent problems and protect people's health and safety.
45.
It is best to achieve the highest level of the Hierarchy of Risk Control which is_____?
Correct Answer
B. Level 1 - Eliminate risk
Explanation
It is best to achieve the highest level of the Hierarchy of Risk Control which is Level 1- Eliminate risk
46.
All of the following are Types of Level 2 hierarchy of risk control, except?
Correct Answer
D. Eliminating the hazard
Explanation
Types of Level 2 include: Substituting, Isolating and Engineering
47.
Tick all of the following Types of Level 2 hierarchy of risk control (more than one tick permitted)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Substituting
B. Isolating
C. Engineering
Explanation
3 Types of Level 2 include: Substituting Isolating and Engineering
48.
Tick all of the following are Types of Level 3 hierarchy of risk control, (more than one tick permitted)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Administrative
B. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Explanation
2 Types of Level 3 include: Administrative, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
49.
A residual risk refers to those risks that are still obvious after all controls have been put into place.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
A residual risk refers to those risks that are still obvious after all controls have been put into place
50.
If a residual risk is identified, then it is the employer who are responsible to raise the issue
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement is false because if a residual risk is identified, it is the responsibility of both the employer and the employees to raise the issue. Residual risks are the risks that remain after implementing control measures, and it is important for both parties to communicate and address these risks to ensure a safe working environment. The employer should provide a platform for employees to report any identified residual risks, and the employees should actively participate in identifying and reporting these risks to ensure their own safety.