NCLEX Practice Exam: Growth And Development! Trivia Quiz

Physical growth is measurable and includes changes in height, weight, bones, teeth, and so on. Development is demonstrated by changes in the level of skill. Learning how to respond in social situations describes maturation. Improved performance on intellectual tasks is related to cognitive development.

C. In the preschooler, play is simple and imaginative and includes activities such as crayons and coloring books, puppets, felt and magnetic boards, and Play-Doh. Large picture books are most appropriate for the infant. A radio and a sports video are most appropriate for the adolescent.

Adolescents are more likely to have a tendency towards eating disorders compared to other age groups. During this stage of development, individuals may experience body image dissatisfaction, peer pressure, and societal influences that can contribute to the development of eating disorders. Additionally, adolescents may face stress related to school, relationships, and identity formation, which can further increase the risk of developing unhealthy eating habits. Therefore, the answer is Adolescent.

D. Coping mechanisms are behaviors used to decrease stress and anxiety. In response to a death, ineffective coping is manifested by an extreme behavior that in some instances may be harmful to the individual physically or psychologically. Option D is indicative of a behavior that identifies an ineffective coping behavior in the grieving process.

During adolescence, individuals go through significant physical, emotional, and cognitive changes. This stage is marked by the search for personal identity, which involves exploring different roles, values, and beliefs. Adolescents often experience confusion, conflicts, and a sense of instability as they try to establish their own identity separate from their family and peers. They may experiment with different identities, leading to a challenging and unstable period of development.

D. Adolescents often are not sure whether they want their parents with them when they are hospitalized. Because of the importance of the peer group, separation from friends is a source of anxiety. Ideally, the members of the peer group will support their ill friend. Options a, b, and c isolate the child from the peer group.

A. The typical abuse victim is a woman of advanced age with few social contacts and at least one physical or mental impairment that limits the ability to perform activities of daily living. In addition, the client usually lives alone or with the abuser and depends on the abuser for care.

The child in this stage of development learns self-care activities and develops autonomy as part of the maturation process. Limiting choices or punishing the child can cause feelings of shame and doubt. Two-year-olds need supervision rather than strict control. The need for autonomy is typical of the 1- to 3-year-old child.

Moral development is the process by which the individual learns to distinguish right from wrong and acquires ethical values on which to base his or her actions. Cognitive development concerns knowledge and learning, whereas psychosocial development refers to the role of the individual in society. Psychoanalytic development is not correct.

B. By age 2 years, the child can use a cup and can use a spoon correctly but with some spilling. By ages 3 to 4, the child begins to use a fork. By the end of the preschool period, the child should be able to pour milk into a cup and begin to use a knife for cutting.

School children 6 to 10 years old are eager to work and play and thrive on their accomplishments and praise, a characteristic of the industry versus inferiority stage. The initiative versus guilt stage applies to children 3 to 6 years of age, when children begin to develop a conscience. The identity versus role confusion stage applies to young people at the time of puberty. The intimacy versus isolation stage applies to young adults, who begin to develop close meaningful relationships.

D. Exercise and activity are essential for health promotion and maintenance in the older adult and to achieve an optimal level of functioning. About half of the physical deterioration of the older client is caused by disuse rather that by the aging process or disease. One of the best exercises for an older adult is walking, progressing to 30 minutes session 3 to 5 times each week. Swimming and dancing are also beneficial.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is considered the leading cause of death during the first month of life. It is a sudden and unexplained death of an otherwise healthy baby. SIDS typically occurs during sleep, and the exact cause is still unknown. It is important for parents to follow safe sleep practices, such as placing babies on their backs to sleep, to reduce the risk of SIDS.

Adolescents need to participate in decisions regarding their care. They need to understand and are capable of understanding treatment issues. Providing diversions would be more appropriate for a school-aged child at the industry versus inferiority stage. Adolescents need parental presence but are also moving toward independence and separation from the family. A significant other is more relevant for a young adult, who is developmentally ready for intimacy.

Moral development theory describes values and the way people act toward one another. There is no effective way to predict a person's behavior or reaction in unknown situations. Cognitive development focuses on the thinking or intellectual aspect of development, not physical growth and development. Personality is related to moral development.

Growth encompasses physical changes that occur from the prenatal period through older adulthood. Development refers to the patterns of change that begin at conception and continue through life. Heredity refers to genetic inheritance. State of health is a subjective condition.

As people age, their liver function tends to decline, leading to a reduction in hepatic clearance. This means that drugs are metabolized and eliminated from the body at a slower rate in older adults. This can result in a buildup of drugs in the body, increasing the risk of adverse effects and drug interactions. Therefore, the reduced hepatic clearance is a major concern when providing drug therapy for older adults.

C. According to Erikson, the child focuses on independence between ages 1 and 3 years. Gaining independence often means that the child has to rebel against the parents’ wishes. Saying things like “no” or “mine” and having temper tantrums are common during this period of development. Being consistent and setting limits on the child’s behavior are the necessary elements.

D. A toddler should never be allowed to fall asleep with a bottle containing milk, juice, soda, or sweetened water because of the risk or nursing caries. If a bottle is allowed at nap time or bedtime, it should contain only water.

As individuals age, their bladder muscles may weaken, leading to a decrease in the ability to fully empty the bladder. This can result in urine residual, which is the amount of urine that remains in the bladder after urination. Therefore, when assessing an older adult, the nurse may expect an increase in urine residual.

B. Using monosyllabic babbling occurs between 3 and 6 months of age. Using simple words such as “mama” occurs between 9 and 12 months. Linking syllables together when communicating occurs between 6 and 9 months. Cooing begins at birth and continues until 2 months.

During the formal operations stage of development, the individual's thinking moves from abstract to theoretical subjects. During the concrete operations stage, children achieve the ability to perform mental operations. During the sensorimotor stage, infants develop the schemas or action patterns for dealing with the environment. During the pre-operational stage, children learn to think using symbols and mental images.

A. According to Erikson, the caregiver should not try to anticipate the newborn infant’s needs at all times but must allow the newborn infant to signal needs. If a newborn is not allowed to signal a need, the newborn will not learn how to control the environment. Erikson believed that a delayed or prolonged response to a newborn’s signal would inhibit the development of trust and lead to mistrust of others.

The stage of generativity versus self-absorption and stagnation occurs in middle age, and represents a time when individuals want to play a role in the development of the next generation. In the stage of integrity versus despair, during older adulthood, the individual either views life with despair and regret or acquires wisdom. Intimacy versus isolation is a stage seen in young adults. Identify versus confusion is the stage seen during puberty.

D. The phases through which young children progress when separated from their parents include protest, despair, and denial or detachment. In the stage of protest, when the parents return, the child readily goes to them. In the stage of despair, the child may not approach them readily or may cling to a parent. In denial or detachment, when the parents return, the child becomes cheerful, interested in the environment and new persons (seemingly unaware of the lost parents), friendly with the staff, and interested in developing superficial relationships.

A. The transition point for switching to the forward facing position is defined by the manufacturer of the convertible car safety seat but is generally at a body weight of 9 kg or 20 lb and 1 year of age. Convertible car safety seats are used until the child weighs at least 40 lb. Options b, c, and d are incorrect

The genital stage is the final stage of psychosexual development and is a time of turbulence during which earlier sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family. The anal stage is the second stage in which the focus of pleasure changes to the anal zone. The phallic or oedipal stage is the third stage in which the genital organs become the focus of pleasure. The latency stage is the fourth stage during which sexual urges are repressed and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable.

Repeated developmental failures can result in deficiencies in subsequent stages. The nurse should be alert to these developmental stages. Patterns of growth and development are predictable. The rate varies, but the pattern does not. Development progresses from simple to complex. Growth occurs at different rates in different individuals in the same developmental stage.

C. Nursing interventions for the client with Alzheimer’s disease who is angry, frustrated, or hostile include decreasing environmental stimuli, approaching the client calmy and with assurance, not demanding anything from the client, and distracting the client. For the nurse to reach out, touch, hold a hand, put an arm around the waist, or in some way maintain physical contact is important. Playing a radio may increase stimuli, and turning the lights out may produce more agitation. The client with Alzheimer’s disease would not be a candidate for group work if the client is agitated.

The stage of initiative versus guilt occurs from ages 3 to 6 years, during which children develop direction and purpose. Teaching impulse control and cooperative behaviors during this stage help the child to avoid risks of altered growth and development. In the autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt stage, toddlers learn to achieve self-control and willpower. Trust versus mistrust is the first stage, during which children develop faith and optimism. During the industry versus inferiority stage, children develop a sense of competency.

Persons of all ages need to feel valued. Loss of function due to physical changes can decrease self-esteem. Involvement in activities appropriate to one's age can increase the sense of belonging and self-worth. Participation in family activities leads to feelings of being needed. Although mistakes can cause feelings of failure, generally people learn and grow after making them.

The concrete operations stage from 7 to 11 years is characterized by the child's ability to think through things without performing them and mentally understand a viewpoint different from his or her own. Parallel play is characteristic of a younger child, 2 to 7 years of age. Simple communication skills are typical up to 7 years of age. Then the child begins to add a mental element that shows further development of communication. Abstract thinking is typical of an older child, 11 years to adulthood.

"The die is cast" is identified as a development theme in the forties and indicates resignation and the recognition that possibilities are limited. In the thirties, the theme is "Is what I am the only way for me to be?" The theme for the fifties is a realization of mortality and a concern for one's state of health. There is no specific theme for the seventies.

The development themes identified by Gould start when individuals are in their twenties and are seeking to get away from their parents. Gould believed his research describes a sequential process that occurs through interactions between the internal life (personality) of adults and their outer world (culture, lifestyle). Erikson focused on psychosocial development, Freud on psycho-sexual development, and Thomas on temperament.

Havighurst, as an educator, believed that schools have a lot of responsibility in helping a child attain the success needed for later development. Achievement affects preparation for a career rather than the reverse. Acceptance by peers, not parents, is stressed in Havighurst's theory. The temperament of the child is a factor emphasized in the theory of Stella Chess and Alex Thomas.

An infant's pulling up to a standing position demonstrates the change in skill and function that is development. It occurs in a predictable manner (i.e., the child sits up, then pulls up, then stands). Changes in height and weight illustrate growth. Changes in teeth are also the result of growth. Finding new ways of dealing with situations represents maturation.

At the preconventional stage of moral development, the person reflects on moral reasoning based on personal gain. An individual with the instrumental relativist orientation recognizes that there is more than one right view. At the conventional stage of moral development, the person's moral reasoning is based on his or her personal internalization of societal and others' expectations. Postconventional reasoning focuses on social orientation and ethical principles.

Infants have the greatest potential to demonstrate regression when they are sick. This is because infants are in the early stages of development and have not yet fully developed their skills and abilities. When they are sick, their bodies and immune systems are still developing, making them more vulnerable to illness and its effects. Additionally, infants rely heavily on their caregivers for support and may regress in their development or behavior when they are unwell.