Geriatric Medical Terms! Trivia Quiz Questions!

Sigmoidoscopy: rectum & lower colon --> every 5 years
Colonscopoy: rectum & entire colon & biopsy --> every 10 years
Usually recommend fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

Ischemic: BVs in brain get clogged
Hemorrhagic: weakened BV bursts and blood compresses brain (much more deadly) (2 types: intracerebral & subarachnoid)

The statement is true because women with a history of breast cancer and men with a history of lung cancer have a high risk of metastasis, which refers to the spread of cancer cells from the primary site to other parts of the body. A DFE (Digital Fundus Examination) is a medical procedure that examines the back of the eye for signs of metastasis. Therefore, it is recommended for individuals with a history of these types of cancer to undergo a DFE to monitor for any potential spread of cancer cells to the eye.

Carotid endarterectomy is indicated if there is 70% narrowing, shown to not be effective if less than 50% blockage

ESR helpful in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis

Be careful if pt is already on another blood thinner...

Lame

Diabetic patients are often prescribed ACE inhibitors for renal protection. ACE inhibitors help to lower blood pressure and reduce the strain on the kidneys, which can be beneficial for individuals with diabetes who are at a higher risk of developing kidney disease. By protecting the kidneys, ACE inhibitors can help to prevent or slow down the progression of diabetic nephropathy, a common complication of diabetes that can lead to kidney failure.

Lipofuscion: yellow/brown pigment granules mostly composed of lipid residues deposited into nerve cells secondary to mitochondiral/lysozyme damage

Amyloid: hard deposits composed of proteins/polysacchardies

The most common cause of anemia is a decrease in iron levels. Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. When iron levels are low, the body is unable to produce enough healthy red blood cells, leading to anemia. Sickle cell anemia is a specific type of anemia caused by a genetic mutation, while vitamin B12 deficiency and blood loss can also contribute to anemia but are not as common as low iron levels.

Before initiating tx for giant cell arteritis, a temporal artery biopsy should be conducted.

Hep treated w/ interferon --> can lead to interferon retinopathy

Longer BV length = more resistance = inc BP

Opposite...pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lung --> heart (to then go to rest of body). The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart --> lung (to get oxygen). This is the opposite of how we usually think of arteries carrying oxy blood & veins carrying de-oxy blood

Stable: not enough blood flow during exercise, but ok at rest Unstable: can occur during exercise OR rest

Beta blockers can mask symptoms of hypoglycemia such as sweating & palpitations

Thickening of BM of glomerulus --> protein leak in urine

Tetra 250 mg QID
Doxy 100 mg BID
+ Metro gel given (antibiotic)

Brainstem --> think cranial nerves

- If acute vison loss occurs w/ giant cell arteritis, give IV steroids followed by oral steroid
- If no vision loss occurs, give oral steroids

Osteoporosis is diagnosed if the bone loss is greater than 2.5 standard deviations below the normal mean bone mineral density (BMD) of a young adult. This means that if an individual's BMD falls more than 2.5 standard deviations below the average BMD of a young adult, they are considered to have osteoporosis. This measurement is used to determine the severity of bone loss and diagnose the condition.

BPH does NOT increase the risk for prostate cancer

Pre-hypertension falls under the systolic/diastolic range of 120-139 / 80-89. This means that if a person's blood pressure readings fall within this range, they are considered to have pre-hypertension. It is important to monitor blood pressure in this range closely, as it indicates an increased risk for developing hypertension. Lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and stress management may be recommended to prevent the progression to hypertension.

ECHO: ultrasound to visualize structures of the heart EKG: measure the electrical activity of heart Cardiac Catherization: catheter placed in heart, dye injected, an x-ray taken to visualize coronary arteries & heart valve fxn Also... Cardiac Enzyme: creatine kinase & troponin released when heart damaged MUGA: inject radioactive material to visualize pumping action of heart Exercise stress test: treadmill + monitor heart

HTN Urgency: >/= 180 &/or >/= 110 HTN Emergency: > 200-220 &/or 120-130

Blockage of the subclavian artery at the location will cause reversal of blood in the vertebral artery which is sending blood up to the brain. Can lead to brain damage. There will be decreased BP on affected side usually greater than 20 mmHg and is a common reason for unequal pressures between the 2 arms.

No more screening after 75 yo

Normal: Pre-DM: 100-125

There is also a 20% decrease in cerebral flow

RBC lifespan + total blood volume are stable w/ age

A doctor will consider coronary bypass surgery if there is 70% blockage. This means that when the patient's coronary arteries are narrowed by 70% due to plaque buildup, the doctor will consider performing bypass surgery. This procedure involves redirecting blood flow around the blocked or narrowed part of the artery to improve blood supply to the heart. It is typically recommended when the blockage is severe and other treatments such as medication or angioplasty are not sufficient.

Amiodarone & lithium can cause HYPOthyroidism

Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which narrows and hardens them over time. This condition is the leading cause of coronary artery disease. It occurs when cholesterol, fat, and other substances accumulate in the artery walls, causing them to become thick and less flexible. This restricts blood flow to the heart, leading to various cardiovascular problems. Smoking, high blood pressure, and arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) can contribute to atherosclerosis, but atherosclerosis itself is the primary cause of coronary artery disease.

Thrombolytics or 'clot busters' dissolve blood clots quickly and are used if someone is experiencing a heart attack or stroke; administered via IV (ex. streptokinase) Other Meds: - Aspirin/Plavix: blood thinners to prevent clots - Nitrates: open up blood vessels - Beta-Blockers: dec HR - Calcium Channel Blockers: relax arteries, dec HR - Statins: Dec chl to dec plaque formation

Bronchitis --> Blue Bloaters --> Hypoxic --> chronic cough (inc CO & weight)
Emphysema --> Pink Puffers --> usually not hypoxic --> SOB (dec CO & weight)

Cortisol is found to be low in post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) patients. PTSD is a mental health disorder that occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Cortisol is a hormone released by the body in response to stress, and it helps regulate the body's stress response. In individuals with PTSD, the chronic activation of the stress response system can lead to a dysregulation of cortisol levels. Studies have shown that PTSD patients often have lower levels of cortisol, which may contribute to the symptoms and difficulties associated with the disorder.

Type I aka post-menopausal Type II aka senile Type III secondary to steroid use

Bisphosphonates work by inhibiting osteoCLASTS

Symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis: - Mean age of onset is 70 yo - 3x more common in females - 35% of time occurs w/ polymyalgia rheumatic (pain of shoulders/pelvic girdle) - fever & weight loss - new-onset temporal HA - tenderness of scalp (where the temporal artery is located) - jaw claudication - vision issues

The appropriate dosage for Acyclovir for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia is 800 mg, 5 times per day, for 10 days. This dosage and frequency is recommended to effectively manage the symptoms and duration of postherpetic neuralgia, which is a painful condition caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus. By taking 800 mg of Acyclovir 5 times a day for 10 days, the medication can help reduce the severity and duration of the pain associated with postherpetic neuralgia.

NSAIDs: retain fluid Migraine meds: BV constriction

Methotrexate is a last resort med in Sjorgren's

Progressive supranuclear palsy: eventually all EOMs impaired, retraction of upper lid, blepharospasm, convergence difficulties, square wave jerks (can't fixate), loss of Bell's phenom

Alzheimer's: recognizing objects, copying images, dec contrast sensitivity, difficult w/ blue hues, dec depth perception, loss of RNFL, decrease retinal vein size, hard time reading things when crowded, VF loss, inc cup size/pallor/PPA

Age-Related Changes of CV System: - Inc thickness of arterial walls - Narrowing of vascular lumen - Inc vascular stiffness (dec ineffectiveness of elastin) - Inc LV wall thickness (dec myocyte #, but inc myocyte size) - Inc plaques in arteries - Overall mild dec in HR (mild dec when sitting, normal when standing) - Inc stroke volume in women, stable for men - Peak O2 consumption dec during exercise - Dec in the function of sarcoplasmic reticulum