Gateway B2 Unit 8 Grammar and Vocabulary

When there is a sudden drop in one side of the ocean under the sea, it leads to the formation of a tsunami. A tsunami is a series of large ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides. It can cause significant damage and destruction when it reaches the coastal areas.

Lava is the correct answer because it is a molten rock that comes out of a volcano during an eruption. It contains valuable minerals that can be extracted once it cools down.

Barriers set up to protect residents from the rising waters have proved inadequate, leaving many people to complain that not enough money has been spent on flood defences, despite many warnings. This suggests that the correct answer is "spent" because it fits grammatically in the sentence and conveys the meaning that insufficient funds have been allocated to flood defences.

A rush of water away from the coastline can indicate the arrival of a wave, which is a natural disaster that can cause significant damage. However, waves can also occur without any warning, making it difficult to predict and prepare for them. Despite the risks, some countries like Iceland and New Zealand choose to live in such places because they can harness the geothermal activity associated with waves to generate electricity.

The text is discussing the current weather conditions and predicting future weather patterns. It mentions that there has already been bad weather, such as hurricanes and droughts, and the word "And worse is yet to come" suggests that the weather will continue to be severe. The correct answer, "torrential," fits this context as it describes heavy, intense rainfall.

Precise predictions of the height and timing of a tsunami can now be sent to areas in danger within minutes of an earthquake happening at sea. This suggests that there is a method or system in place that allows for the transmission of this information quickly and accurately. The use of "be sent" implies that the predictions are actively being transmitted to the areas at risk, rather than passively waiting to be received.

Following the unexpected eruption of the Pacific island volcano last Tuesday, more people living close by have been forced to move because of landslides that are threatening to cut off several local towns and villages.

Flights are being diverted because of a cloud of volcanic ash that is making it difficult for pilots to navigate in the region.

The correct answer is "survivors" because it is the correct form of the word "survive" to fill in the blank. The sentence is talking about hundreds of people who have survived the original disaster and are still living in temporary shelters. Therefore, "survivors" is the appropriate word to use in this context. The sentence also mentions that experts will assess the "destroy" in the area, indicating that the word "destroy" should be used in the blank after "assess."

The given correct answer is "earthquakes". The passage mentions that the Ring of Fire in the Pacific Ocean is a string of volcanoes and an area of intense seismic activity. It further states that almost 90 percent of the world's earthquakes occur in this region. Therefore, earthquakes are the natural disasters that are particularly vulnerable in this area.

The correct answer is "to be done" because it is used to express future actions or tasks that still need to be completed. In this context, the scientists are saying that there is still a lot of work to be done in the field, indicating that there are tasks and research that have not yet been accomplished. The phrase "to be done" suggests that there are ongoing efforts and future plans to continue working and advancing in this field.

The text mentions that some parts of the world haven't seen any rain for several months, causing prolonged (1) droughts in many countries. This means that the lack of rain has resulted in a prolonged period of drought in these countries. Therefore, the correct answer is "droughts".

The correct answer is "was shown". This is because the sentence is in the past tense, indicating that the science programme already aired last night. Therefore, the correct verb form to use is "was shown".

The answer "was found" is correct because it matches the tense and subject of the sentence. The sentence is in the past tense and the subject is "A headstone marked '1665'". Therefore, the correct verb form is "was found", indicating that the headstone was discovered in the past.

The correct answer is "be analysed." In this sentence, the verb "will" is used to indicate future tense, and it is followed by the base form of the verb "analyse." This construction is used to express an action that will happen in the future. Therefore, the remains will be analysed by experts at the Museum of London archaeology in order to learn more about the disease.

The correct answer is "it is". The sentence is discussing the considerable amount of money that has been invested in developing the technology. The phrase "it is estimated" is used to introduce the estimation of the number of lives saved. This construction is commonly used to attribute the estimation to a non-specific entity, in this case, the estimation is attributed to the money that has been invested.

The correct answer is "have evacuated, have been evacuated" because the sentence is referring to multiple people who have taken the action of leaving their houses due to flooding. "Have evacuated" is used to indicate that they themselves have chosen to leave, while "have been evacuated" suggests that they were forced to leave by authorities or other external factors. Both verb forms are necessary to accurately convey the different ways in which people have left their homes.

The correct answer is "was made." This is because the sentence is in the past tense and refers to a discovery that happened during excavation for the eastern entrance of the new railway. The verb "was made" correctly matches the subject "discovery" and the past tense of the sentence.

Too much rain has caused rivers across Europe to burst their banks, causing widespread damage in many areas.

Hundreds of survivors of the original disaster are still living in temporary shelters and it is expected to be some time before experts will be able to properly assess the destruction in the area.

The correct answer is "is spreading". This is because the sentence is describing an ongoing action of the forest fire spreading. The use of the present continuous tense "is spreading" indicates that the fire is currently in the process of spreading. On the other hand, "is spread" would imply that the fire has already finished spreading, which does not match the context of the sentence.

The sentence should be corrected to say "The news of the earthquake was reported on the six o'clock news programme yesterday." The verb "is" should be changed to "was" to match the past tense of the sentence.

The word "depend on" is the correct answer because it fits logically in the sentence. The sentence is stating that many people rely on or need the jobs and income that tourism provides. The phrase "wait for" does not make sense in this context, as it does not convey the same meaning as depending on something. Therefore, "depend on" is the appropriate choice.

The correct answer is "would be discussed, will be discussed" because both verb forms are used to express future actions. "Would be discussed" suggests a conditional future action, indicating that the discussion of the need for more money is dependent on certain conditions being met. "Will be discussed" indicates a definite future action, stating that the discussion of the need for more money is scheduled to take place at the council meeting tomorrow.

The correct answer is "develop" because it is the correct form of the verb to fit the sentence structure. The sentence is discussing ongoing work in the field and the hope for further financial support to advance the necessary technology even further. The word "develop" is the present participle form of the verb that accurately describes the ongoing process of creating and improving the technology.

The correct answer is "damage" because the excessive rain has caused rivers across Europe to overflow their banks, resulting in widespread damage in many areas.

Construction workers on a major underground railway project in London have uncovered a burial site that is expected to provide important information about the plague or 'Black Death'.

Following the unexpected eruption of the Pacific island volcano last Tuesday, more people living close by have been forced to move because of landslides that are threatening to cut off several local towns and villages.

The correct answer is "should arrive, should be arriving" because the sentence is referring to a future action. "Should arrive" indicates that the rescue workers are expected to reach their destination at a specific time in the future. "Should be arriving" suggests that the process of their arrival is ongoing or about to happen soon. Both verb forms are used to express future actions in English.

The sentence suggests that the individuals were buried on the same day, according to the archeologists. The phrase "appear to" indicates that this is a conclusion based on evidence or observations. The use of "have been buried" in the answer suggests that the burial has already taken place in the past.