Fundamentals Of Testing (Question Paper 1)

The statement is true because debugging is the process of identifying and fixing errors in a code. It involves going through the code line by line, checking for any mistakes or issues that may cause the code to not execute as expected. Once the errors are identified, they are repaired to ensure that the code functions correctly. Therefore, the statement accurately describes the process of debugging.

Testing during development and maintenance refers to the practice of conducting testing activities throughout the entire software development lifecycle, from the initial development phase to ongoing maintenance. By continuously testing the software during these stages, potential issues and defects can be identified and resolved early on, reducing the likelihood of failures in the operational environment. This proactive approach helps to improve the quality of the operational system by ensuring that it is thoroughly tested and optimized before it is deployed.

Defects reported in acceptance tests can be costly. This is because acceptance tests are conducted to ensure that a software system meets the specified requirements and is ready for deployment. If defects are found during this phase, they may require additional time and resources to fix, which can result in increased costs. Additionally, if the defects are not identified and resolved, they can lead to issues in the production environment, causing further expenses for the organization. Therefore, it is important to address and fix any defects found during acceptance testing to minimize potential costs.

If the product meets its specifications, it means that it has been designed and developed according to the predetermined requirements. This indicates that the product has undergone the necessary testing and quality checks to ensure that it functions as intended. Therefore, if the product meets its specifications, it can be considered ready for use.

The Pesticide Paradox refers to the phenomenon where a set of test cases that initially find bugs become ineffective over time, as they are not updated or modified. This happens because the same tests are repeatedly executed without any changes, leading to a decrease in their effectiveness in finding new defects. As the system evolves and changes, the existing tests may not cover the new functionality or scenarios, resulting in undetected bugs. Therefore, the Pesticide Paradox is caused by the repeated execution of the same tests without updating or adding new tests to ensure comprehensive test coverage.

In the test planning and control phase, project goals and activities can be more clear. This phase involves creating a detailed plan for testing, including defining objectives, scope, resources, and schedules. It also involves identifying the activities and tasks required to achieve the testing goals. By having a well-defined test plan and control process, the project goals and activities can be more effectively communicated and understood by all stakeholders. This phase ensures that the testing process is organized, coordinated, and controlled throughout the project lifecycle.

Quality refers to the degree to which a process meets specified requirements. It is a measure of how well a product or service conforms to customer expectations and standards. In the context of the given options, quality is the most suitable answer as it directly relates to the concept of meeting requirements and ensuring customer satisfaction. Testing ability, adaptability, and analyzability are important factors, but they are not as encompassing as quality when considering the overall performance and success of a process.

An error refers to a human action that may produce an incorrect result. It can occur due to mistakes or lack of knowledge or understanding. Errors are different from bugs, which are defects in software code, faults, which are the underlying causes of errors, and failures, which are the observable consequences of errors.

In software development, one defect in requirements can lead to multiple defects in the code. Requirements serve as the foundation for the entire development process, and any flaws or errors in the requirements can result in incorrect or incomplete implementation. As a result, if there is a defect in the requirements, it can propagate to different parts of the codebase, causing issues in various places. Therefore, it is crucial to have accurate and well-defined requirements to minimize the occurrence of defects in the code.

Defects and failures in a system can occur due to environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures or humidity, which can affect the performance and reliability of the system. Additionally, malicious damage, such as intentional sabotage or vandalism, can also lead to defects and failures. Therefore, the correct answer is a combination of both environmental conditions and malicious damage.

Test control can be used to monitor the progress of the testing process. This involves keeping track of the testing activities, such as test execution, defect tracking, and test coverage, to ensure that the testing is proceeding according to plan and meeting the defined objectives. By monitoring the progress, any deviations or issues can be identified early on and appropriate actions can be taken to address them. This helps in ensuring that the testing is on track and any necessary adjustments can be made to meet the project goals and timelines.

When a defect is encountered during execution, it has the potential to cause a failure in the system. This means that the defect can result in the system not functioning as intended or producing incorrect results. Therefore, it is important to address and fix defects to prevent any failures in the system and ensure its proper functioning.

Testing reduces the probability of undiscovered defects because it involves systematically executing test cases to uncover any faults or errors in the system. Through testing, defects can be identified and addressed before the software is released, reducing the likelihood of defects going unnoticed and causing issues in the live environment.

Fit for use means that the software is capable of performing the required tasks and meets the needs of the users. It implies that the software has been thoroughly tested and is reliable, stable, and suitable for its intended purpose. In other words, it indicates that the software is ready to be used by the end-users without any major issues or limitations.

The cost of quality is divided into four categories: prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs. Prevention costs are incurred to prevent defects from occurring in the first place, while appraisal costs are incurred to evaluate the quality of products or services. Internal failure costs are the costs associated with defects or failures that are discovered before the product or service is delivered to the customer, and external failure costs are the costs associated with defects or failures that are discovered after the product or service is delivered to the customer. Therefore, the correct answer is "a & b both" because both internal failure costs and external failure costs are part of the cost of quality.

Validation is the process of checking whether a system or product meets the specified requirements and satisfies the intended purpose. It involves evaluating whether the system or product is the right specification, meaning it aligns with the intended requirements and objectives. This ensures that the system or product is fit for its intended purpose and meets the desired outcomes. The other options, such as "May not provide a quality solution" and "Is the system correct to specification?", do not fully encompass the concept of validation.

A test policy is a document that describes the major objectives of an organization for testing. It outlines the principles, guidelines, and standards that should be followed during the testing process. It provides a framework for the testing team to ensure that testing activities are carried out consistently and effectively. The test policy helps to define the overall approach to testing and sets the direction for the testing efforts within the organization. It is a key document that guides the testing process and ensures that testing aligns with the organization's goals and objectives.

The accuracy of a software product refers to its capability to provide results with the required level of precision. This means that the software should be able to produce outputs that are correct and exact, without any significant errors or deviations. The precision of the results is crucial as it ensures that the software can be relied upon for accurate calculations, measurements, or any other tasks that require precise outcomes. Therefore, the accuracy of a software product is directly related to its ability to provide results with the needed degree of precision.

Defects tend to cluster in complex code areas because these areas typically have more lines of code and are more prone to errors. Complex code areas often involve intricate logic and multiple dependencies, making it difficult to identify and fix defects. Additionally, the complexity may lead to misunderstandings or mistakes during development, resulting in defects. Therefore, defects are more likely to accumulate and cluster in these areas, requiring thorough debugging and testing to identify and resolve them.

The level of process formality depends on the level of associated risk. This means that the more risk involved in a particular process, the more formal and structured the process needs to be. This is because a higher level of risk requires more careful planning, control, and analysis to ensure that the process is executed correctly and effectively. On the other hand, if the associated risk is low, the process can be less formal and more flexible.

The correct answer is "Data definition" because in programming, a data definition statement is used to define or declare a variable and assign it a value. This statement is responsible for creating and initializing variables, specifying their data type, and allocating memory space for them. It is an essential part of programming as it allows us to store and manipulate data effectively.

Risk analysis and priorities can be used as an alternative to exhaustive testing. By analyzing the potential risks and prioritizing them based on their severity and effects, we can focus our testing efforts on the most critical areas. This approach allows us to allocate our limited resources effectively and efficiently, ensuring that the most important risks are addressed first.

Defect clustering refers to the phenomenon where a majority of operational failures or defects are found in a small number of modules or components. This suggests that there may be specific areas or sections of the system that are more prone to errors or issues. By identifying and addressing these clusters, it becomes possible to improve the overall quality and reliability of the system. Therefore, the correct answer "Most of the operational failures" aligns with the concept of defect clustering.

The given answer, "To understand the risk associated with putting the s/w in operational use," is the correct explanation because finding defects in software allows us to identify potential risks and vulnerabilities that may arise when the software is used in real-world operational environments. By understanding these risks, we can take appropriate measures to mitigate them and ensure the software is safe and reliable for users.

If there is a proper understanding of requirements, design is developed appropriately to meet requirements, and mistakes are made in the built, it implies that the product has been developed with the intention of being able to correct any defects that may arise. This suggests that the defects are not inherent or irreversible, but rather can be fixed or modified to meet the desired functional attributes. It also implies that the defects may not be easily detectable, requiring a redesign or further investigation to identify and correct them.

Complete testing refers to the process of testing a software application with all possible input combinations and preconditions. It involves testing the application in various scenarios to ensure that it functions correctly and meets all the requirements. In complete testing, the test suite includes all possible test cases, covering all functionalities and features of the software. This ensures that the application is thoroughly tested and any potential issues or bugs are identified and fixed before the software is released.

When the documents in the test basis are revised using a formal amendment procedure, the test basis is referred to as a "Frozen test basis". This means that the test basis is no longer subject to changes or updates and is considered stable for testing purposes. The term "frozen" implies that the test basis has reached a state where it is finalized and any further modifications require going through a formal process.

The correct answer is b & c both. This means that a defect can be both an incorrect statement or data definition, as well as a flaw that can cause the system to fail to perform its required function. This implies that a defect can refer to both incorrect information or a problem with the system's functionality that can lead to failure.

A test case is a specific set of conditions or actions that are designed to verify compliance with a specific requirement. By executing a test case, we can determine whether the system under test meets the specified requirement or not. Therefore, using test cases can help in verifying compliance with a specific requirement.

The correct answer is "A purpose for executing tests" because the objective of testing is to execute tests in order to achieve specific goals. By executing tests, defects can be detected and identified, ensuring that the software or system being tested is functioning correctly. Testing also involves planning and preparation, but the main purpose is to execute the tests themselves.