Fundamentals Of Software Testing

Each verification activity is a process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether it satisfies the specified requirements. Validation, on the other hand, is the process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies the specified requirements. Since verification and validation are two distinct activities, it is true that each verification activity has its corresponding validation activity.

The amount of testing required cannot be determined without considering the specific risks associated with the industry, the contractual obligations, and any special requirements that need to be met. Different industries may have different levels of risk and compliance requirements, which would impact the amount of testing needed. Additionally, contractual agreements may specify certain testing criteria that must be met. Therefore, the answer to how much testing is enough will vary depending on these factors.

The correct answer is requirement verification because it is one of the activities involved in the verification process. Requirement verification ensures that all the specified requirements for a product or system are correctly documented, understood, and met. It involves reviewing the requirements, conducting inspections, and performing tests to ensure that the product or system meets the specified requirements. This activity is crucial in ensuring that the final product or system meets the desired functionality and quality standards.

All of the options listed (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) can be valid reasons for a failure. Testing fault, software fault, design fault, environment fault, and documentation fault can all contribute to the failure of a system or process.

If an expected result is not specified, it may be difficult to determine if the test has passed or failed. Without a clear expectation of what the outcome should be, it becomes challenging to evaluate the test results accurately. This lack of clarity can lead to ambiguity and subjective interpretations of the test outcomes, making it challenging to make informed decisions based on the test results.

A regression test is a type of software testing that is performed to ensure that previously developed and tested software still performs correctly after changes or updates have been made. It helps to identify any unintended side effects or issues that may have been introduced in the software due to the changes. By running a regression test, developers can ensure that the unchanged areas of the software have not been affected by the changes made, thus maintaining the overall stability and reliability of the software.

Error guessing is not a static testing technique because it involves using intuition and past experience to identify potential errors or issues in the software. It does not involve any formal or structured process of analyzing the code or documentation. On the other hand, walkthroughs, inspections, and data flow analysis are all static testing techniques that involve a systematic review of the software to identify defects and improve its quality.

The objectives of testing include identifying early defects, gaining confidence in the system's functionality and performance, and preventing defects from occurring in the future. By testing early, defects can be detected and fixed before they cause major issues. Testing also helps to build confidence in the system's reliability and ensures that it meets the required standards. Additionally, testing helps in preventing defects by identifying and addressing potential issues before they become problems. Therefore, all of the given options are correct objectives of testing.

The given correct answer is "Checking that we are building the system right." This means that verification involves ensuring that the system is being developed correctly according to the specified requirements and standards. It focuses on the technical aspects of the development process, such as code quality, adherence to design principles, and compliance with industry best practices. Verification is typically carried out by the development team itself to ensure that the system meets the desired functionality and performance criteria.

The inputs for developing a test plan are taken from the project plan. A project plan outlines the objectives, scope, and timeline of the project, and it provides important information about the project's requirements, resources, and stakeholders. This information is crucial for creating a comprehensive test plan that aligns with the project goals and ensures that all necessary testing activities are identified and scheduled appropriately. The project plan helps testers understand the project's context and enables them to develop a test plan that addresses the specific needs and requirements of the project.

The correct answer is Waterfall model. In the Waterfall model, the testing phase starts after the Development phase. This model follows a linear sequential approach where each phase is completed before moving on to the next one. Therefore, the testing phase is conducted only after the Development phase is finished. This model is known for its strict and rigid structure, with each phase having its own set of activities and deliverables.

Regression testing is the correct answer because it ensures that no new defects have been introduced after modifying the code. This type of testing is performed to verify that the existing functionality of the software has not been affected by the changes made to it. It helps to ensure that the system continues to work as expected and that any modifications or bug fixes do not introduce new issues. Therefore, regression testing is crucial to maintain the overall quality and stability of the software.

The purpose of the requirement phase is to freeze requirements, meaning to establish and document the specific needs and expectations for a project. This phase also involves understanding user needs, which is crucial for developing a solution that meets their requirements. Additionally, the requirement phase helps define the scope of testing by identifying what functionalities and features need to be tested. Therefore, all of the given options are correct as they accurately describe the purpose of the requirement phase.

Software testing accounts for a significant portion of software development costs, typically ranging from 40 to 50 percent. This is because testing is a crucial phase in the software development life cycle, ensuring that the software meets quality standards and functions as intended. Testing involves various activities such as test planning, test case creation, execution, and bug fixing, all of which require resources, time, and effort. Therefore, it is understandable that a substantial portion of the overall software development budget is allocated to testing.

Testing software developed by a contractor outside your country may result in cultural differences. This can lead to misunderstandings or miscommunication due to language barriers, different work practices, or varying business etiquettes. On the other hand, testing software developed by a contractor within your country may not have such cultural differences, making communication and collaboration easier.

Bottom-up integration is the correct answer because this process starts with the terminal modules, which are the lowest level modules in the system hierarchy. In bottom-up integration, these terminal modules are integrated first, and then progressively higher-level modules are integrated until the entire system is complete. This approach allows for early testing of individual modules and ensures that the system is built from the bottom up, following the natural flow of dependencies.

Robustness is not a characteristic for testability because it refers to the ability of a system to handle unexpected inputs or situations without crashing or failing. Testability, on the other hand, focuses on the ease with which a system can be tested, including factors such as operability, observability, and simplicity. While robustness is an important quality for a system, it is not directly related to testability.

The prioritization of tests ensures that the best possible testing is done within the available time. By prioritizing tests, the most critical and high-risk areas of the system are tested first, allowing for early detection of any faults or issues. This approach ensures that the limited time available for testing is utilized effectively and efficiently, maximizing the chances of finding and addressing potential faults.

During the planning phase of a test activity, faults can be found most cost effectively. This is because planning involves identifying the objectives, scope, and resources required for the testing process. By carefully planning and strategizing the testing approach, potential faults and issues can be anticipated and addressed early on, saving time and resources in the long run. This phase allows for thorough analysis and identification of potential risks, enabling the team to develop effective test cases and strategies to mitigate those risks. Therefore, planning is crucial in ensuring a cost-effective and efficient testing process.

A reliable system is one that is unlikely to cause a failure. This means that the system is expected to function properly without any major issues or malfunctions. A reliable system is dependable and can be trusted to perform its intended tasks without causing any disruptions or problems.

Component testing is a type of testing that focuses on testing individual components or modules of a software system in isolation. It is typically performed by the development team to ensure that each component functions correctly. Component testing is also known as isolation or module testing. It is important to have completion criteria planned for component testing to determine when the testing is considered complete. However, the statement that component testing does not involve regression testing is not true. Regression testing is performed to ensure that changes or fixes to a component do not introduce new defects or impact the functionality of other components. Therefore, component testing may include regression testing to ensure the overall stability of the system.

A good tester does not necessarily need to have the skill of being able to write software. While it can be beneficial for testers to have some knowledge of programming, it is not a fundamental requirement for their role. Testers primarily focus on identifying and reporting bugs, ensuring the quality of the software, and collaborating with developers to resolve issues. Writing software is typically the responsibility of developers, while testers focus on testing and quality assurance. Therefore, being able to write software is the least required skill for a good tester.

The given answer, "clear box testing," is a synonym for "structural testing." Structural testing is a type of testing that focuses on the internal structure of the software, examining the code and logic to ensure that all parts of the system are functioning correctly. Clear box testing refers to the tester having knowledge of the internal structure and implementation details of the software, allowing them to design test cases based on this knowledge. Therefore, "clear box testing" is an appropriate synonym for "structural testing."

A function/test matrix is a type of project status report. This report provides an overview of the progress and status of the project, including the testing activities and their corresponding functions. It helps the management and stakeholders to understand the current state of the project, identify any issues or risks, and make informed decisions. Therefore, the correct answer is project status report.

The Defect Management process involves identifying, tracking, and resolving defects in a project. It includes activities such as defect prevention, management reporting, and addressing issues that arise during the development process. However, deliverable base-lining is not a part of the Defect Management process. Deliverable base-lining refers to the process of establishing a stable version of a project's deliverables, typically after they have gone through thorough testing and have been approved for release. While it is an important aspect of project management, it is not directly related to the Defect Management process.